Physiology

Question 1

hard palate

Answer 1

stable structure for tongue to apply pressure to in speech articulation and swallowing

Question 2

soft palate

Answer 2

elevates to articulate with the posterior pharyngeal wall or depresses anteriorly; sensory innervation is the maxillary nerve of the CN V (trigeminal)

Question 3

How does the soft palate aid in RESPIRATION?

Answer 3

by controlling the location of air flow either in the down position for quiet respiration through oral/nasal cavities or elevating for forcing air through mouth

Question 4

How does the soft palate aid in RESONANCE?

Answer 4

by controlling the location of sound flow either in the down position for saying sounds like /n, m, ng/ through the nasal cavity or elevated for saying all other phonemes

Question 5

How does the soft palate aid in DEGLUTITION?

Answer 5

by controlling the location of bolus flow either in the down position during chewing, bolus manipulation and retronasal olfaction, or in the elevated position during the swallow to prevent nasal regurgitation

Question 6

How does the pharynx aid in RESPIRATION?

Answer 6

at rest, the pharynx is open to allow gas exchange from nasal and oral cavities to the trachea/lungs

Question 7

How does the pharynx aid in DIGESTION?

Answer 7

by constricting in a pharyngeal stripping wave to move bolus through towards the stomach

Question 8

pharyngeal constrictors

Answer 8

muscle fibers contract from superior to middle to inferior to decrease size of the tube in order to move bolus down

Question 9

salpingopharyngeus

Answer 9

elevates the larynx during swallowing; elevates and shortens the pharynx

Question 10

palatopharyngeus

Answer 10

elevates larynx during swallowing; elevates and shortens the pharynx during swallowing

Question 11

stylopharyngeus

Answer 11

elevates the larynx during swallowing; elevates and shortens the pharynx

Question 12

musculus uvulae

Answer 12

elevates and retracts the velum

Question 13

tensor veli palatini

Answer 13

dilates the eustachian tube during swallow to equalize air pressure

Question 14

levator veli palatini

Answer 14

elevates and retracts the velum

Question 15

palatoglossus

Answer 15

depresses the velum, pushes it anteriorly; retracts and elevates the tongue

Question 16

vertical muscle

Answer 16

causes tongue to flatten

Question 17

transverse muscle

Answer 17

contraction causes tongue to narrow and elongate

Question 18

superior longitudinal muscle

Answer 18

contraction shortens the tongue and lifts the tip

Question 19

inferior longitudinal muscle

Answer 19

contraction shortens the tongue and pulls the tip down

Question 20

styloglossus

Answer 20

contraction causes lingual retraction and elevation

Question 21

genioglossus

Answer 21

posterior contraction protrudes tongue; anterior contraction retracts tongue

Question 22

hyoglossus

Answer 22

retracts and depresses tongue by approximating it with the hyoid during swallowing

Question 23

anterior belly digastric

Answer 23

elevates tongue and floor of mouth; depresses jaw if hyoid is in fixed position

Question 24

mylohyoid

Answer 24

elevates hyoid during swallow

Question 25

geniohyoid

Answer 25

elevates hyoid during swallow and draws it forward; depresses mandible

Question 26

posterior belly of the digastrics

Answer 26

elevates hyoid during swallowing

Question 27

stylohyoid

Answer 27

elevates hyoid during swallowing

Question 28

thyrohyoid

Answer 28

elevates larynx during swallow

Question 29

sternohyoid

Answer 29

depresses hyoid

Question 30

sternothyroid

Answer 30

depresses hyoid

Question 31

omohyoid

Answer 31

depresses hyoid

Question 32

larynx

Answer 32

protects the airway and the vocal folds

Question 33

cricoid cartilage

Answer 33

base of the larynx; attachment point for muscles

Question 34

arytenoid cartilage

Answer 34

posterior attachment site of vocal folds; aid in vocal fold movement

Question 35

thyroid cartilage

Answer 35

anterior attachment point of the vocal folds

Question 36

epiglottis

Answer 36

in non-swallowing tasks, it stands upwards and allows for free airflow into trachea; during swallow, epiglottis closes off entrance to the larynx

Question 37

cuneiform cartilage

Answer 37

provide structure to the aryepiglottic folds

Question 38

aryepiglottic folds

Answer 38

help channel bolus around airway during swallow

Question 39

hyoid bone

Answer 39

serves as attachment point to almost all other structure in the area

Question 40

cricothyroid muscle

Answer 40

lengthens and tenses the vocal folds to change the pitch; rocks thyroid forward relative to the cricoid

Question 41

thyroarytenoid muscle

Answer 41

thyrovocalis- tenses vocal folds, draws thyroid and cricoid farther apart, and adducts membranous portion of the vocal folds; thyromuscularis- relaxes vocal folds

Question 42

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Answer 42

primary means of arytenoid medial movement and vocal fold adduction

Question 43

transverse interarytenoid muscle

Answer 43

causes arytenoid adduction and medial compression of vocal folds, which aids in vocal loudness

Question 44

oblique interarytenoid muscle

Answer 44

causes arytenoid adduction, medial vocal fold compression, rocks arytenoid down and in; works closely with the aryepiglottic muscles

Question 45

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Answer 45

the only abductor of the vocal folds; active for respiration and the production of voiceless consonants

Question 46

aryepiglottis muscle

Answer 46

aids in epiglottic invasion or posterior/inferior movement (down/back) to close laryngeal inlet during swallowing; pivots arytenoids forward

Question 47

thyroepiglottis muscle

Answer 47

brings epiglottis and thyroid closer together; functions antagonistically to the aryepiglottis because it brings the epiglottis to an anterior, superior position (up and forward)