Physiology Flashcards
hard palate
stable structure for tongue to apply pressure to in speech articulation and swallowing
soft palate
elevates to articulate with the posterior pharyngeal wall or depresses anteriorly; sensory innervation is the maxillary nerve of the CN V (trigeminal)
How does the soft palate aid in RESPIRATION?
by controlling the location of air flow either in the down position for quiet respiration through oral/nasal cavities or elevating for forcing air through mouth
How does the soft palate aid in RESONANCE?
by controlling the location of sound flow either in the down position for saying sounds like /n, m, ng/ through the nasal cavity or elevated for saying all other phonemes
How does the soft palate aid in DEGLUTITION?
by controlling the location of bolus flow either in the down position during chewing, bolus manipulation and retronasal olfaction, or in the elevated position during the swallow to prevent nasal regurgitation
How does the pharynx aid in RESPIRATION?
at rest, the pharynx is open to allow gas exchange from nasal and oral cavities to the trachea/lungs
How does the pharynx aid in DIGESTION?
by constricting in a pharyngeal stripping wave to move bolus through towards the stomach
pharyngeal constrictors
muscle fibers contract from superior to middle to inferior to decrease size of the tube in order to move bolus down
salpingopharyngeus
elevates the larynx during swallowing; elevates and shortens the pharynx
palatopharyngeus
elevates larynx during swallowing; elevates and shortens the pharynx during swallowing
stylopharyngeus
elevates the larynx during swallowing; elevates and shortens the pharynx
musculus uvulae
elevates and retracts the velum
tensor veli palatini
dilates the eustachian tube during swallow to equalize air pressure
levator veli palatini
elevates and retracts the velum
palatoglossus
depresses the velum, pushes it anteriorly; retracts and elevates the tongue
vertical muscle
causes tongue to flatten
transverse muscle
contraction causes tongue to narrow and elongate
superior longitudinal muscle
contraction shortens the tongue and lifts the tip
inferior longitudinal muscle
contraction shortens the tongue and pulls the tip down
styloglossus
contraction causes lingual retraction and elevation
genioglossus
posterior contraction protrudes tongue; anterior contraction retracts tongue
hyoglossus
retracts and depresses tongue by approximating it with the hyoid during swallowing
anterior belly digastric
elevates tongue and floor of mouth; depresses jaw if hyoid is in fixed position
mylohyoid
elevates hyoid during swallow
geniohyoid
elevates hyoid during swallow and draws it forward; depresses mandible
posterior belly of the digastrics
elevates hyoid during swallowing
stylohyoid
elevates hyoid during swallowing
thyrohyoid
elevates larynx during swallow
sternohyoid
depresses hyoid
sternothyroid
depresses hyoid
omohyoid
depresses hyoid
larynx
protects the airway and the vocal folds
cricoid cartilage
base of the larynx; attachment point for muscles
arytenoid cartilage
posterior attachment site of vocal folds; aid in vocal fold movement
thyroid cartilage
anterior attachment point of the vocal folds
epiglottis
in non-swallowing tasks, it stands upwards and allows for free airflow into trachea; during swallow, epiglottis closes off entrance to the larynx
cuneiform cartilage
provide structure to the aryepiglottic folds
aryepiglottic folds
help channel bolus around airway during swallow
hyoid bone
serves as attachment point to almost all other structure in the area
cricothyroid muscle
lengthens and tenses the vocal folds to change the pitch; rocks thyroid forward relative to the cricoid
thyroarytenoid muscle
thyrovocalis- tenses vocal folds, draws thyroid and cricoid farther apart, and adducts membranous portion of the vocal folds; thyromuscularis- relaxes vocal folds
lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
primary means of arytenoid medial movement and vocal fold adduction
transverse interarytenoid muscle
causes arytenoid adduction and medial compression of vocal folds, which aids in vocal loudness
oblique interarytenoid muscle
causes arytenoid adduction, medial vocal fold compression, rocks arytenoid down and in; works closely with the aryepiglottic muscles
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
the only abductor of the vocal folds; active for respiration and the production of voiceless consonants
aryepiglottis muscle
aids in epiglottic invasion or posterior/inferior movement (down/back) to close laryngeal inlet during swallowing; pivots arytenoids forward
thyroepiglottis muscle
brings epiglottis and thyroid closer together; functions antagonistically to the aryepiglottis because it brings the epiglottis to an anterior, superior position (up and forward)
