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Swallowology > Head and Neck Cancer > Flashcards

Head and Neck Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Possible causes of cancer

A

Tobacco, HPV, poor oral hygiene, consumption of certain processed foods, radiation exposure, mechanical irritation

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2
Q

What is the biggest cause of head and neck cancer?

A

tobacco

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3
Q

What percentage of individuals with HNC experience some form of malutrition?

A

30-50%

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4
Q

Why do HNC individuals report weight loss?

A

difficult (coughing/choking), painful to eat

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5
Q

What is cachexia?

A

a state of ill health, malnutrition and muscle wasting

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6
Q

What is annorexia?

A

loss of appetite

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7
Q

Is annorexia always “annorexia nervosa”?

A

no, the “nervosa” refers to the mental illness

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8
Q

What are possible side effects of HNC?

A

anorexia, nausea, constipation, fatigue, weight loss

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9
Q

Who is on the MD team for patients with HNC?

A

head and neck surgeon, radiation oncologist, medical oncologist, dentist, social worker, rehab specialists, dietician

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10
Q

How are HNCs diagnosed?

A

radiography ,CT and MRI imaging, endoscopy, biopsy, histopathologic confirmation, physical exam

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11
Q

What is a histopathology?

A

the pathology lab find out what kind of cell and these specialists stage the cancer as well

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12
Q

What is the TNM system?

A

tumor (size), node (spread to lymph nodes; number), metastasis (spread to other organs)

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13
Q

What is the number scale for tumors?

A

1-4

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14
Q

What is the number scale for nodes?

A

1-3

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15
Q

What is the number system for metastasis?

A

0-1

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16
Q

What is the most common organ to which the HNC metastasizes?

A

lungs

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17
Q

When do you use a radical neck dissection?

A

when the lymph nodes are especially affected

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18
Q

What kinds of surgery are there?

A

resection or removal

19
Q

When do they use flaps post surgery?

A

to replace lost tissue

20
Q

What is the kind of prosthesis used post-surgery in HCN patients?

A

to construct artificial dental or facial parts

21
Q

T/F Many ENTs are also board certified in plastics

A

T

22
Q

When would they rebuild the mandible?

A

during surgery

23
Q

Depending on the HCN involvement, what might a patient have to have?

A

tracheotomy, gastrostomy, laryngectomy

24
Q

What is a laryngectomy?

A

the larynx is taken out and the airway is reconstructed to a stoma site

25
Q

What is external beam radiation?

A

aims high energy radiation at the tumor site (older practice)

26
Q

What is intensity-modulated radiation therapy?

A

more effective doses of radiation delivered to the tumor while hitting less healthy tissue around the tumor

27
Q

Why can they get away with lower doses or more confined RT?

A

surgical robotic surgery and chemo are better now

28
Q

What is internal radiation or brachytherapy?

A

implanting small pellets or rods containing radioactive material into the cancer site

29
Q

What is proton therapy?

A

beam of protons aimed at tumor site

30
Q

What are some side effects to RT?

A

salivary glad changes, redness, skin irritation, mouth sores, sore throat, dental problems, odynophagia (painful swallowing), reduced/altered sense of taste, earaches, fibrosis leading to reduced movement

31
Q

What is the worst thing about RT?

A

the latency and they don’t show up until much later

32
Q

Why do you need to know if a patient has had RT in their lifetime even if it was a long time ago?

A

the latent effects of RT

33
Q

How can RT affect salivary glands?

A

dry them up (xerostomia), cause them to be gummy and stringy/stretchy, chronic thick mucus

34
Q

How to take care of mouth sores or prevent them after a person has had RT for HNC?

A

oral care

35
Q

Why does RT cause earaches?

A

RT hardens the wax in your ears

36
Q

What are some side effects of chemo?

A

nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dry mouth, hair loss, loss of appetite, reduced sense of taste, weakened immune system

37
Q

What is the big differences between side effects of RT and those of chemo?

A

the chemo side effects are only when they are getting the treatment, RT side effects are forever

38
Q

What is mucositis?

A

painful inflammation and ulceration of the oral mucosa, increased mucus and thicker saliva usually accompany

39
Q

What is trismus?

A

reduced mouth opening from radiation; oral masseter more tense

40
Q

How do you treat trismus?

A

mouth exercises

41
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

the fluid is not draining so there is edema

42
Q

How do OT treat lymphedema?

A

massage and move the fluid

43
Q

How can a HNC patient who is going to receive RT improve swallowing outcomes?

A

by completing swallow-related exercises before and during RT

44
Q

What is recommended to maintain nutrition and hydration during RT?

A

enteral feeding tube

Swallowology (15 decks)

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