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REPRO > PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what releases mature egg in ovary?

A

ovarian follicles that undertake oogeynesis

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2
Q

3 layers of ovary explain each layer ?

A

surface - connective tissue capsule covered with layer of simple cuboidal epithelium

cortex - peripheral part - connective tissue
- containing ovarian follicles

medulla - central part - connective tissue with bv

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3
Q

what is an ovarian follicle?

A

one oocyte surrounded by single layer of cells

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4
Q

function of ovaries? 2

A

oocyte production

steroid hormone production

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5
Q

how many eggs per menstrual cycle?

A

one mature egg and majority other eggs perish

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6
Q

what happens to number of eggs as you age?

A

decrease

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7
Q

progesterone role?

A

prepares endometrium for implantation

causes changes to vascularity of endo wall and adds thickness

desiculisation - leading to mentstruation

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8
Q

follicles contain what type of egg?

A

immature egg

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9
Q

in what stage is oogenesis arrested pre-puberty?

then what happens after puberty?

A

pre-puberty - in stage of first meoitic division

after puberty first meotic division completes and second meoitic division starts

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10
Q

when does second meoitic division complete?

A

after fertilisation of oocyte and sperm

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11
Q

explain stages of the follicles?

A
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12
Q

explain stages/names of the follicles (describe appearance at each stage too)? 4

A

primordial follicle - arrested in first meoitic division

primary follicle - oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells

secondary follicle - increased oocyte size, multiple layers of granulosa cells and first meoitic division completes

tertiary/graffian follicle - secondary oocyte formed and start of secondary meotiic division

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13
Q

what is the number of chormosomes before and after birth in oogenesis ?

A

46 then 23

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14
Q

LH AND FSH referred as and originate from?

A

gonadotrophins and originate from anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what happens to LH during ovulation?

A

LH surge allowing ovulation to occur and egg to release

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16
Q

what happens to E and P after ovulation?

A

P increases

E slightly decreases

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17
Q

what increase in hormone causes ovulation?

A

LH surge

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18
Q

luteal phase explain?

A

ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum and secretes progestrone

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19
Q

degenerating corpus luteum forms?

A

forms corpus albicans

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20
Q

how many days is one mentsrual cycle?

A

28 days

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21
Q

follicular phase is and controlled by?

A

FSH causes follicle to mature and produce E - inhibit development of other follicles

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22
Q

what hormone increases in follicular phase?

A

eostrogen

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23
Q

what hormone increases in luteal phase?

A

progesterone

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24
Q

amenorrhoea? primary and secondary

A

primary - never had a period ever

secondary - late/missed/irregular

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25
Q

3 causes to amenorrhoea?

A

problem with hormones

problem with ovary

problem with uterus and outflow tract

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26
Q

hypogonadism explain? 2 types?

A

hypogonadotrophic - problem with pituitary gland/hypothalamus - suprressed
low lsh, fh

hypergonadotrophic - problem with ovary(not responsive to hormones)
high lsh, fh

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27
Q

hypogonadism meaning?

A

means low function of ovaries

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28
Q

synechiae? and its consequences

A

scar tissue in uterus - obstruct and cant bleed

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29
Q

epididymis of testes function? and where is it?

A

sperm storage and maturation before release

posterior to testes

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30
Q

why is testes in scrotum?

A

testicular temp needs to be below body temp in order to facilitate sperm making

31
Q

what structures in male produce semen?

A

seminal vesicles and prostate create it and carry it along with sperm to urethra

32
Q

how do sperm travel to urethra?

A

through ductus deferens to urethra

33
Q

in testes where is sperm production site?

A

seminiferous tubules

34
Q

tunica albuginea?

A

fibrous capsule of testes that penetrates into structure of testis and divides it into tubules

35
Q

rete testis?

A

all tubules merge and where it leads to epididymis

36
Q

three types of cells in seminiferous tubules and their function?

A

germ cells - produce sperm

sertoli cells - support sperm

interstitial/leydig cells - produce testesterone

37
Q

GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone - in hypothalamus

38
Q

gonadotrophins?

A

FSH and LH - in anterior pituitary

39
Q

sperm average time from production to ejaculation?

length of spermatogenesis

A

64 days

40
Q

affect of LH AND FSH on testes?

A

stimulate spermatogenesis

and testosterone secretion by testes

41
Q

inhibin inhibit what? and made by?

A

inhibit anterior pituatry and LH and FSH secretion

made by sertoli cells

42
Q

normal sperm count and sperm motility ?

A

15 million/ml and 32% motility

43
Q

prestesticular and testicular causes means?

A

prestesticular - in brain and affects hormones

testsiuclar - in testis

44
Q

varicocoele?

A

dilating testicular veins

45
Q

oligospermia ?

A

sperm count is low

46
Q

spermiogenesis?

A

spermatid into a sperm

differenciation into mature sperm cells

47
Q

spermatocytogenesis?

A

clonal expansion of germ cells and maturation through mitotic and meiotic process

48
Q

what divisions does spermatogenesis include?

A

1 mitotic division

2 meoitic divisions

49
Q

what factors affect spermatogenesis. 3

A

medical factors
lifestyle factors

combined factors

50
Q

spermatogenesis occurs when?

A

starts at puberty and ocntinues lifelong

51
Q

2 phases of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. spermatocytogenesis

2. spermiogenesis

52
Q

what happens to joints in preganancy?

A

become less stable

53
Q

level of Oetstrogen and progestrone in preg?

A

increased level

54
Q

what happens to connective tissue in preg?

A

increased extensiblity and pliability

55
Q

basal metabolic rate in preg?

A

increases in preg

56
Q

reflux in preg?

A

relaxation of lower oeso sphoincter - means more likley to reflux from stomach

57
Q

oedema in preg?

A

sodium and water retention and decreased ability to excrtee soium and water load - leading to increased oedema in preg.

58
Q

pre-eclampsia?

A

high bp during preg can affect arteries carrying blood to plaenta

59
Q

levels of thyroxine T3/T4 in preg women?

A

liver makes more thyroid binding globulin TBG

T4 and T3 also increase

so free T3/T4 remain same

60
Q

Iodine levels in preg women?

A

iodine deficiency high

as iodine actively transported to fetoplacental unit and iodine excretion is increased

61
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum?

A

sever nausea and vomiting during pregancy

62
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum associated with what?

A

biochemical HYPERTHYROIDISM - increased level of T4

63
Q

why important to ensure good thyroid function in preg women?

A

as foetus dependant on maternal thryoid funciton till 12 weeks gestation

64
Q

blood volume and red cell mass in preg? result in?

A

blood volume increases by 60%
red cell mass increases less

results in haemodilution

PHYSIOLOGICAL ANAEMIA

65
Q

vena cava in preg?

A

compressed by uterus grwoing - HENCE WHY NEVER LIE PREG LADY FLAT ON BACK - OR WILL FAINT

66
Q

ventilation in preg women means and results in?

A

hyperventilation
PCO2 levels lower

result in state of COMPENSATED RESP. ALKALOSIS

67
Q

coagulation in preg women? what subtsances increases?

A

hypercoagulable state - clotting increase, fibrogen increase

68
Q

renal system in preg see what mostly?

A

physiological hydronephrosis - more on right seen

69
Q

what seen in urine in preg? 3

A

UTI
microscopic haematuria
gycosuria

70
Q

haemaglobin increase or decrease in preg?

A

decrease

71
Q

GFR increases or decreases in preg?

A

increases rate

72
Q

urea in preg - up or down?

A

down

73
Q

albumin in preg - up or down?

A

down - liver protein that helps carry stuff

REPRO (4 decks)

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