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REPRO > EMBRYOLOGY > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

early blastocyst is formed on what day of fertilisation process?

A

DAY 5

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2
Q

FERTILISATION is also known as “what” process?

A

generalised acrosomal process

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3
Q

acrosome of sperm is?

A

cap on sperm

this releases hydrolytic enzymes

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4
Q

what is the role of the hydrolytic enzymes?

A

dissolves the zona and allows reaction with the zona pellucida + acrosome of the sperm

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5
Q

early embryo development? day 1 - 5 explain what happens

A 
day 1 - formation of pronuclei 
day 2 - first cell division 
day 3 - cell division continues (2-4-8)
day 4 - formation of morula 
day 5 - blastocyst forms and goes to attach on the uterine cavity
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6
Q

trophoblast goes to form what?

A

placenta

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7
Q

blastocyst made of?

A

outer trophoblast

inner cell mass - embryoblast

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8
Q

pinopodes? what are they? function?

A

microvilli like structure on the endometrium - allow connection between blastocycst and endometrium

attracted to the microvilli of the trophoblast

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9
Q

stages of implantation/placentation? and what days?

at what stage can a preg test be taken? and why?

A

hatching - day 5/6
apposition - day 6/7
adhesion - day 7/8
invasion - day 8/9

preg test can be taken on stage of adhesion as hCG is secreted

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10
Q

premature hatching means what? explain process and consequences

A

5th day after fertilisation
inability to prepare to implant results in infertility and premature hatching can result in abnormal implantation in uterine tube - ectopic preg etc

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11
Q

decidualisation change explain when this occurs?

and when in women?

A

prior to invasion stage and placentation and implantation/blastocyst invasion

endometrium is decidualised in prep during each monthly cycle in women

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12
Q

decidualisation under control of what hormone?

A

progesterone

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13
Q

what 3 main changes are within decidualisation?

A

1 - stromal cell/elongated fibroblast cells differentiation into decidual/rounded epithelial cells

2 - angiogenesis - new vessel formation - increase vascularity

3 - increased macrophages, lymphocytes and leukocytes - for maternal immune tolerance

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14
Q

what is the function/ reason for decidualisation?

A

transform endometrium into vascular receptive tissue for blastocyst invasion and implantation

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15
Q

is the placenta mothers property?

A

NO

composed of mostly fetal tissue

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16
Q

placentation - explain stages briefly ?

A

trophoblast invade and form primary chorionic villi

secondary villi

tertiary villi

remodelling of spiral arteries and increase blood flow

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17
Q

at what stage is placenta functional?

A

when tertiary villi are formed - as mothers circulation is now connected

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18
Q

placenta subunits called?

A

cotyledons

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19
Q

functions of placenta? 5

A

acts as immunological barrier

gas exchange

nutrient exchange

waste excretion

endocrine function

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20
Q

embryogenesis is what weeks in pregnancy? snd what is developing within these weeks?

A

first 8 weeks of embryo development post fertilisation - embryoblast development

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21
Q

what does the inner cell mass form in the blastocyst?

A

forms baby

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22
Q

what are the three germ layers?

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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23
Q

through which processes do the three germ layers form?

A

gastrulation

neural tube formation

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24
Q

what period begins after at the end of week 8?

A

embryonic period ends

fetal periods starts

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25
Q

bilaminar disc is made up of? what do they each go on to form?

A

epiblast forms 3 germ layers

hypoblast forms extra-embryonic mesoderm

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26
Q

what is the extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

mesoderm around the embryo

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27
Q

what layer of trophoblast forms chorionic villi?

A

inner layer of cytotrophoblast

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28
Q

explain cavity’s on either side of bilaminar epiblast?

A

yolk sac on side of hypoblast

amniotic cavity on side of epiblast

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29
Q

gastrulation occurs what days of development?

A

day 13-16

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30
Q

how does gastrulation begin?

A

begins as primitive streak between epiblast and migrates further down into hypoblast

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31
Q

ectoderm forms?

A

CNS
PNS
NEUROENDOCRINE ORGANS

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32
Q

mesoderm forms?

A 
dermis 
CVS 
MSK 
kidneys 
ureters 
bladder
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33
Q

endoderm forms?

A

GI tract
pancreas
bladder
urethra

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34
Q

mesoderm split into? 3

A

paraxial
intermediate
lateral plate

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35
Q

intermediate mesoderm forms what structures?

A

kidneys
ureter
GONADS

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36
Q

DIZYGOTIC TWINS - explain meaning and process?

A

NON-IDENTICAL - 2 SEPERATE EGGS - 2 SEPERATE fertilising and implanting
two or more eggs fertilising and implanting

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37
Q

MONOZYGOTIC TWINS - explain meaning and process?

A

one embryo splitting AFTER IMPLANTATION

IDENTICAL TWINS

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38
Q

WHY is division/splitting of egg timing important?

A

timing of embryo splitting determines nature of pregnancy - will determine if they share placenta/amniotic sac or not

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39
Q

dichorionic diamniotic twins - explain division day/nature of preg?

A

day 1-4 division

seperate placenta and amniotic sac

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40
Q

monochorionic diamniotic twins - explain splitting day and nature of preg?

A

day 5-8 splitting

share placenta and seperate amniotic sac

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41
Q

monochorionic monoamniotic twins - explain splitting day and nature of preg ?

A

day 7 - 14 splitting day

share placenta and amniotic sac

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42
Q

when is the splitting day for conjoined twins?

A

of embryo splits after 14 days

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43
Q

if embryo implants AND THEN splits right after - result in what type of twins?

A

shared placenta and separate inner sacs

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44
Q

organogenesis occurs in what weeks?

A

week 5-8

45
Q

from where do both urinary system and reproductive system form from?

A

from urogenital ridge in intermediate mesoderm

46
Q

urogenital ridge forms what next?

A

gonadal ridge - medially

nephrogenic ridge - laterally - forms kidney and ureter

47
Q

when/which week are kidneys finally formed and in their position?

A

12th week

48
Q

bladder and urethra formed from which origin?

A

urogenital sinus

49
Q

kidney and ureter form from which origin?

A

nephrogenic cord portion of urogenital ridge - pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

50
Q

is mesonephros functional?

A

functional but transient!!

51
Q

ureteric duct forms what?

A

ureter

52
Q

nephric duct does what?

A

drains into cloaca - common temporary outlet for different systems in embryo

53
Q

renal agenesis means?

A

no kidney

54
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

caudal end of enfolded yolk sac

55
Q

cloaca divisions? and how is it divided? what does it go on to form?

A

divided by urorectal septum
INTO
urogenital sinus - - - bladder and urethra
anal canal - - - rectum/hindgut

56
Q

indifferent gonad meaning?

A

capable of developing into bothe testes and ovary

57
Q

what forms the indifferent gonad? and where does it originate from?

A

combination of primordial germ cells and primitive sex cords

primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac

sex cords form from epithelium of gonadal ridge

-

58
Q

what determines MALE formation? explain

A

Y chromosome contains SRY gene - to produce SRY PROTEIN which is testis determining factor

59
Q

what are primitive sex cords?

A

elongated projections along gonad

60
Q

sertoli cells derived from where?

A

from surface epithelium under affect of AMH

61
Q

LEYDIG CELLS produced from?

and what is their function?

A

from intermediate mesoderm

produce testosterone

62
Q

what the primitive sex cords form in both testis and ovary?

A

ovary -
ovarian primordial follicles

testes -
future semineferous tubules & rete testis

63
Q

what happens to testes once the form?

A

descend into scrotal sac

64
Q

where are gonads originally formed?

A

posterior abdominal wall

65
Q

how do testes descend?

A

abdominal wall to

deep inguinal ring to

scrotal area

66
Q

lower part of mesonephric duct below ureteic bud forms what?

A

incorporated into bladder to form trigone and part of bladder

67
Q

differentiation into testis and ovary determined by presence of what 2 things?

A

AMH

Y chromosome

68
Q

2 sets of genital ducts? name, position and WHAT each go on to form?

where do they open into?

A

mesonephric duct, next to gonad —- male

paramesonephric duct, lateral — female

both open into urogenital sinus

69
Q

AMH determines what?

A

determines which genital duct stays and develops AND which one regresses and vanishes

70
Q

AMH present in male or female?

A

male it is present

71
Q

mesonephric duct in male?

A

persists and forms epidiymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

72
Q

paramesonephric duct in females?

A

fuse medially and canalise

fused portion —- uterus and upper 2/3 vagina

unfused portion — f tubes

ducts fuse with urogenital sinus at sinus tubercle and form hymen

73
Q

why is anus separate from opening of urinary system?

A

as cloaca is split by urorectal septum

74
Q

hypospadias?

A

urethral development problem - opening of it is weirdly placed

75
Q

crytochordism?

A

absence or undescended testis

76
Q

resorption defect menaing?

A

ducts have fused BUT not undergone canalisation

77
Q

lower 1/3 of vagina formed from?

A

urogenital sinus

78
Q

MKRH syndrome?

A

failure of ParaMesonephric ducts to develop normally in females

79
Q

reprodUctive anomalies are associated with what other anomalies and WHY?

A

renal anomalies - as common developmental origin

80
Q

what “derm” forms urogenital system?

A

intermediate plate mesoderm

81
Q

what weeks do blastocyst form?

A

week 1/2

82
Q

what weeks are the organogenetic period?

A

week4-8

83
Q

what week do gastrulation, neuralation and somite form?

A

week 3

84
Q

whats the only way for gonads to form?

A

for germ cell migrate from yolk sac into gonads - to form sperm/ovum

85
Q

how do para-mesonephirc duct form?

A

epithelium of mesonephros invaginates to form tube

86
Q

paramesonephric duct projects into what?

A

urogenital sinus/ bladder

87
Q

paramesonephric duct and mesonephric duct disappears in which gender?

A

mesonephric duct - disappear in female

paramesonephric duct - disappear in male

88
Q

y chromosome also known as? encodes for?

A

SRY encodes for TDF = testis determining factor

89
Q

sertoli cells do what in presence of TDF?

A

sertoli cells secrete MIS - making paramesonpehric duct degenerate (like in males)

90
Q

what week do TDF stimulate primary sex cords?

A

week 7

91
Q

what week do leydig cells produce testosterone?

A

week 8

92
Q

repro system post-natal development?

A

after puberty is when the repro system can complete development

93
Q

how do seminal vesicles form?

A

outgrowth from caudal end of mesonephric duct

94
Q

no TDF mean what?

A

by default - ovary formed

95
Q

how are primordial follicles formed?

A

primordial germ cells then bud off sex cords with single surrounding layer of cortical cord cells to form it

96
Q

what happens to oocytes before birth?

A

arrested in meiosis - arrested in prophase 1st meiotic division

UNTIL puberty

97
Q

at what month are all follicles formed in female foetus?

A

7 month

98
Q

what happens to ovary afteer menopause?

A

fibrosed

99
Q

lower 1/3 of vagina formed from?

A

urogenital sinus

100
Q

cranial open end of paramesonephric duct becomes what in females?

A

ovary

101
Q

descent of testis explain over weeks?

A

week 7 - undescended - t10
week 12 - level of deep inguinal ring
enters scrotum just prior to birth

102
Q

gubernalaculum does what?

A

causes descent - contracts and pulls gonad down to pelvis

its like a fibrous cord

103
Q

descent of gonads in females explain over weeks?

A

week 7 - level t10
week 12 - broad ligament made,
round ligament drawn through inguinal canal to attach to labia majora

104
Q

who has larger inguinal canal and why?

A

male - as gonad descends through it - gubernalaculum

105
Q

remnant of gubernalaculum?

A

ovarian ligament

round ligament

106
Q

MIS do what?

A

mullerian inhibiting substance - leads to paramesonephric duct degenerating

107
Q

what week do mammary crests appear?

A

4th week

108
Q

what do mammary crests do? and what happens to them?

A

crests extend from axillary region to inguinal region

disappear except pectoral region

109
Q

process of the mammary buds?

A

primary
secondary
mammary gland
lactiferous ducts and branches

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