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REPRO > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

epithelium of f tube?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium

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2
Q

epithelium that covers the ovary?

A

mesothelium

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3
Q

endocervix lining of epithelium?

A

simple columnar mucus secreting epithelium

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4
Q

ectocervix lining of epithelium?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinising surface epithelium

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5
Q

type of epithelium in breast?

A

glandular epithelium

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6
Q

where are sperm formed in testes?

A

in seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

what is rete testis in testes?

A

where all seminiferous tubules all converge

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8
Q

epididymis occurs where?

A

beginning of ductus deferens

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9
Q

epithelium of epididymis?

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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10
Q

function of epididymis?

A

accumulation, storage and maturation of sperm

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11
Q

epithelium of rete testis?

A

single layer of cuboid epithelial cells

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12
Q

type of tissue is the rete testis?

A

highly vascular collagneous connective tissue

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13
Q

epithelium of ductus deferens?

A

pseuodostratified columnar

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14
Q

layers of the ductus deferens?

A

epithelium

muscle layer - circ and longitudanal

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15
Q

type of epithelium in the seminal vesicle?

A

pseudostratified tall columnar

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16
Q

what is the appearance of seminal vesicles described as?

A

highly irregular
honeycombed appearance in lumen
secretary cells

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17
Q

what 2 things make up the prostate ?

A

glands and stroma

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18
Q

sertoli cells do what?

A

support and nourish the developing sperm

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19
Q

leydig cells do what?

A

endocrine cells - present between tubules - in interstitial space

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20
Q

type of epithelium of vagina?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinising surface epithelium

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21
Q

what is the inferior opening of the pelvis?

A

pelvic outlet

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22
Q

true and false pelvis termed as?

A

true - lesser pelvis

false - greater pelvis

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23
Q

true pelvis explain position?

A

inferiorly- within lesser pelvis

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24
Q

false pelvis explain position?

A

superiorly, provides support of lower abdominal viscera

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25
Q

sacroiliac joint type?

A

synovial plane between ilium and sacrum

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26
Q

pubic symphysis is what type of joint?

A

secondary cartiliginous joint

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27
Q

describe the female pelvis?

A

wider and broader greater pelvis
oval shaped inlet
subpubic angle is OBTUSE - greater than 90 degrees
obturtaor foramen is smaller/ triangler

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28
Q

describe the female pelvis?

A 
wider and broader greater pelvis 
oval shaped inlet 
subpubic angle is OBTUSE -  greater than 90 degrees 
obturtaor foramen is smaller/ triangler
shallow pelvic cavity
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29
Q

describe male pelvis?

A 
narrower greater pelvis 
heart shaped inlet 
acute subpubic angle - less than 90 degrees 
obturator foramen is larger
deeper pelvic cavity
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30
Q

narrowest diameter of pelvic inlet for foateus to pass through?

A

11cm wide

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31
Q

anterior- inferior wall of pelvic cavity formed by what ?

A

bodies and rami of pubic bones and pubic symphysis

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32
Q

posterior wall of pelvis formed by what muscle?

A

piriformis muscle

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33
Q

what nerve plexus exists on posterior wall of pelvis?

A

sacral plexus

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34
Q

perineal body - what is it?

A

central tendon of perineum - fibro-muscular structure located in midline of perineum

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35
Q

anococcygeal body- what is it?

A

fibrous median in floor of pelvis
band of tough connective tissue
extends between coccyx and margin of anus

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36
Q

what muscle of the pelvic floor is 3 paired seperate muscles?

A

levator ani

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37
Q

what are the 2 functions of the pelvic floor?

A

support abdominaopelvic organs

reisistance to increases in pelvic/abdo pressure

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38
Q

what is the innervation of the pelvic floor?

A

sacral nerve roots - s2,3,4

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39
Q

2 muscles make up the majority of the pelvic floor?

A

coccygeus

levator ani

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40
Q

cystocele?

A

when wall between vagina and bladder weaken

bladder drops and vagina sags

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41
Q

rectocele ?

A

posterior vaginal prolapse

tissue between rectum and vagina weaken - rectum bulge into vagina

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42
Q

superior and inferior vesical arteries to?

branch of?

A

to bladder, prostate, seminal gland

branch of umbilical artery and internal iliac artery

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43
Q

uterine artery to?

branch of?

A

to uterus

from internal iliac

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44
Q

vaginal artery branch of?

A

uterine artery

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45
Q

whats so special of venous drainage in pelvic structures?

A

involves interplay in portal and systemic circulations

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46
Q

which part of rectum drain into portal and systemic circulation?

A

superior rectal vein TO portal

middle and inferior TO systemic

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47
Q

why is the venous drainage important in the rectum?

and what is its significance?

A

portal and systemic circulation involved

portal system transports blood from one part to another BUT systemic doesn’t - involves heart - and rets of body - can spread stuff

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48
Q

the venous drainage of the prostate?

A

prostatic venous plexus

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49
Q

prostatic venous plexus drains into what? and communicate with?

A

into internal iliac vein

communicates with vertebral venous plexus

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50
Q

why is the venous drainage of prostate significant?

A

prostatic venous plexus communicates with vertebral venous plexus

therefore prostatic spread can occur into vertebra

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51
Q

what nerve supply skin at root of penis and labia in female?

and its nerve root?

A

ilioinguinal nerve

L1

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52
Q

genito-femoral nerve nerve root?

and nerve pathway?

A

L1-2

enters deep inguinal ring

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53
Q

ilioinguinal nerve - nerve root?

nerve pathway?

A

L1

enters inguinal canal - and through superficial inguinal ring

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54
Q

genital branch of genito-femoral nerve supplies what?

A

anterior scrotum skin and mons pubis

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55
Q

cremastic relfex ?

A

in boys - its the function of L1 - genitofemoral nerve

stimulate thigh and cremaster muscle - contracts and draws testis out of scrotum

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56
Q

pudendal nerve - arises from?

innervates?

A

arises from the sacral plexus

innervates skin and the muscles of the perineum

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57
Q

nerve roots of pudendal nerve?

A

s2-4 nerve roots

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58
Q

course of pudendal nerve explain?

A

travels from pelvis to perineum VIA gluteal region

  • formed from sacral plexus - from VENTRAL RAMI - anterior divisions S2,3,4
  • descends and passes between piriformis and ischiococcygeus muscles
  • leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen
  • crosses behind sacrospinous ligament
  • re enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen
  • in pelvis - accompanies internal pudendal artery/vein
  • through pudendal canal
  • gives off its branches
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59
Q

what bony landmarks used to perform nerve block during labour?

A

ischial spines palpated

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60
Q

somatic nerves mean?

A

sensory and motor included

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61
Q

autonomic supply includes?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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62
Q

autonomic nerve supply to pelvis is?

A

pelvis plexus

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63
Q

sympathetic fibres to pelvis via?

supply what in male and female?

A

L1-L2 via hypogastric nerve and terminal aspect of the sympathetic trunk

supply all internal pelvic organs

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64
Q

parasympathetic fibres to pelvis via?

supply what?

A

from pelvic splanchnic nerves - s2-4

to all internal pelvic organs and erectile tissues

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65
Q

pelvis splanchnic nerves are para OR sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

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66
Q

4 groups of lymph nodes in pelvis?

A

external iliac LN
internal iliac LN
common iliac LN
sacral LN

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67
Q

testis travel through what during development to hang outside?

A

inguinal canal - descends down abdomen and through inguinal canal to reach scrotum

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68
Q

spermatic cord is what?

A

refers to collection of vessels, nerves and ducts that run to and from testes

covered by fascia into a cord like structure

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69
Q

spermatic cord travels in what and starts where?

A

starts at beginning in the opening of inguinal canal - deep ring to superifical ring

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70
Q

list 6 contents of spermatic cord? 6

A 
testicular A/V
cremasteric A/V
vas deferns artery 
lymph vessels 
genitofemoral nerve 
vas deferens
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71
Q

what forms the obturator foramen?

A

muscles - obturator internus and obturator externus

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72
Q

what forms the obturator foramen?

A

muscles - obturator internus and obturator externus

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73
Q

what is the tough outer fibrous layer of testis called?

A

tunica albuginea

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74
Q

tunica vaginalis 2 layers called

A

parietal laminae - reflected onto scrotum surface

visceral laminae - covers tunica albuginea of testes

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75
Q

where is the tunica vaginalis compared to the tunica albuginea?

A

tunica vaginalis - another layer outer to tunica albuginea

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76
Q

what between the layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A

viscous fluid

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77
Q

hydrocele ?

A

swelling in scrotum - fluid collects around testicle

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78
Q

haematocele?

A

accumulation of blood in between layers of tunica vaginalis

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79
Q

testicular artery branch of?

A

abdominal aorta

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80
Q

what level do testicular artery arise at?

A

L2

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81
Q

TESTICULAR ARTERies cross over what structures near pelvic brim? 3

A

ureter
genitofemoral nerve
EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY

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82
Q

what is the anastomosing veins called in testes?

and describe

A

pampiniform plexus

netwrok of veins wrapped around testicular artery

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83
Q

right and left testicular vein drains into what?

A

right - into inferior vena cava

left - into left renal vein

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84
Q

varicocele?

A

enlargement of veins that transport blood away from testes

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85
Q

testicular torsion - what is it?

A

when blood supply has been completely cut off from one of testis - risk of necrosis in a few hrs

emergency!

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86
Q

2 LN groups recieve lymph from testis?

A

lumbar and para-aortic nodes

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87
Q

epididmysis function?

A

stores sperm that is produced by testis

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88
Q

vas deferens course?

A

srises from tail of epididymis
tranverses inguinal canal and enters pelvis by crossing over external iliac vessels

terminates by joining duct of seminal gland

FORMS ejaculatory duct

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89
Q

seminal glands where?

what do they produce?

A

posterior surface of bladder

produce seminal fluid / semen

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90
Q

what fluid is produced by prostate?

A

fluid that nourishes and protects sperm - alkaline fluid

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91
Q

bulbourethral glands?

location
empty into what tube?
produce what secretion?

A

in the urogenital diaphragm

empty into penile and spongy urethra

produce semen - lubricating mucus secretion

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92
Q

what cells are between the seminiferous tubules in the interstitial spaces?

A

leydig cells

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93
Q

characteristic of ductus deferens histology?

A

very thick muscular tube

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94
Q

obturator enters through hole where?

A

hole in obturator internus muscle

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95
Q

birth canal is?

made up of?

A

muscular canal that goes from uterus to outside the body

cervix
vagina
vulva

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96
Q

cervix does what?

A

tube that connects vagina and uterus

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97
Q

vulva is what?

A

external genitalia

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98
Q

rectouterine pouch is what?

A

folding of peritoneal between rectum and posterior wall of uterus

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99
Q

uterovesical pouch is what?

A

double folding between anterior surface of uterus and bladder

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100
Q

broad ligament decsribe?

A

flat sheet of peritoneum - associated with uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

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101
Q

3 layers of uterus?

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

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102
Q

when CS delivery is done - which part of uterus is opened to deliver baby? and what type of surgical cut is made?

A

cervix - both vertical and horizontal cut is made

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103
Q

upper and lower segment of uterus split how?

A

cut off is at the isthmus of uterus - just above cervix

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104
Q

normal position of uterus?

A

anteflexed and anteverted

cervix tipped forward to abdomen

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105
Q

what would happen if uterus if retroverted and retroflexed in pregnancy?

and what does this position mean?

A

can weaken pelvic muscles and ligaments - apply stress on bladder and increase incontinence/issues with urinating

means cervix is tipped backwards

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106
Q

how many fornices of vagina?AND what are they?

A

2

ARCHES - AT UPPER END OF VAGINA SURROUNDS CERVIX CREATING 2 FORNICES

anterior
deeper - posterior

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107
Q

posterior fornice is reservoi for what?

A

natural reservoir for semen after intravaginal ejaculation

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108
Q

posterior fornix can be accessed by what?

and significance of this?

A

through rectouterine pouch

this is the site where infection and fluids typically collect
extraction of fluid through needle inserted through posterior fornix of vagina

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109
Q

ligament of ovary explain attachements?

A

attached to ovary and connects it to side of uterus

lies within broad ligament

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110
Q

suspensory ligament of ovary attachements?

A

from ovary to lateral wall of abdomen

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111
Q

round ligmaent of uterus course?

A

from uterine horns(where f tubes enter uterus)
to labia majora
through inguinal canal

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112
Q

cardinal ligament - function? attachements?

A

supports uterus

contains uterine artery/veins

from cervix to pelvic wall

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113
Q

cervix and uterus mobility explain?

A

cervix - fixed structure - held by ligaments to not move

uterus - ability to move and increases in size in preg.

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114
Q

perineum in pelvis is?
WHAT IS IT? shape?

contains what?

A

area between genitals and anus - between thighs

diamond shape- 2 triangles

contains

  • perineal body
  • central attachment for perineal muscles (support pelvic floor)
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115
Q

fimbriae?

A

finger like projections - captures ovum from surface of ovary

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116
Q

which part of f tube is where fertilisation usually occurs ?

A

ampulla

widest & longest section of f tube

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117
Q

ectopic pregnancy means?

A

fertilised eggs get stuck on way to uterus - in f tube

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118
Q

what happens to ovaries after menopause?

A

atrophied and fibrous

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119
Q

2 ligaments associated with ovary?

A

ovarian ligament

suspensory ligament of ovary

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120
Q

ovarian arteries branches of what?

A

from abdominal aorta

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121
Q

what level do ovarian arteries arise?

A

L2

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122
Q

course of ovarian artery?

A

descends down
passes within suspensory ligament to supply ovaries
via broad ligament

freely anastomoses with uterine artery

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123
Q

left and right ovarian veins drain into what?

A

left - left renal vein

right - IVC

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124
Q

uterine artery crosses over ureter where?

A

crosses over ureter at level of ischial spine - junction of cervix, lateral part of fornix of vagina

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125
Q

water under the bridge means?

A

ureter runs under uterine artery

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126
Q

LN that drains ovary?

A

para aortic nodes

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127
Q

LN of fundus of uterus and upper uterine body?

A

pre-aortic LN

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128
Q

UTERINE BODY LN?

A

external iliac LN

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129
Q

UTERINE CERVIX AND UPPER VAGINA - LN?

A

internal iliac

sacral

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130
Q

vagina LN?

A

superior - external iliac LN
middle - internal iliac
inferior - superficial inguinal

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131
Q

BREATS ARE what type of gland?

A

exocrine glands - lactating

compound tubular acinar gland

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132
Q

each breast consists of?

A

15-25 lobes
tubulo-acinar glands - acini that empty into ducts lined by cuboidal epihtleial cells
stroma

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133
Q

breast extend from between what costal cartilages?

and horizontally extend from where to where?

A

2 -6 costal cartilage rib

horizontally from lateral border of sternum to mid-axillary line

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134
Q

what muscles associated with deep surface of breast? 3

A

pect major
pect minor

serratus anterior

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135
Q

axillary tail of breast - explain? and explain its importance?

A

extension of breast tissue into axilla -

important to appreciate the spread of breast cancer

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136
Q

mammary glands supplied by what arteries?

A

by branches of subclavian and axillary arteries

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137
Q

why is lymphatic drainage of breast so key?

A

assumes great importance - as cancer of breast spread through these routes

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138
Q

2 phases of menstrual cycle in uterus?

A

proliferative - first half

secretory - 2nd half - vasculatory

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139
Q

follicles contain what type of eggs?

A

immature eggs in ovary

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140
Q

oocyte is ?

A

immature egg

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141
Q

what happens to oocytes in each cycle?

A

each cycle - only one oocyte becomes a mature gg and is ovulated from follicle

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142
Q

stages of follicles explain? 4

A

primordial
primary
secondary
tertiary - graffian

ovulation - oocyte/egg released

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143
Q

placenta is what type of organ? and why?

A

feto-maternal organ

as forms connection and exchnage between maternal and foetal circulation

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144
Q

placenta develops when and where?

A

develops in uterus when preganant

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145
Q

placenta develops from what ?

A

develops from the outer trophoblast cells and inner cell mass after implantation

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146
Q

surface of placenta explain?

A

one surface - MATERNAL SIDE - placenta is rough and spongy, disc shaped

other surface - FOETAL SIDE - smooth, bears attachment of umbilical cord

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147
Q

chorion?

A

outermost membrane around the embryo

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148
Q

4 functions of placenta?

A 
gaseous exchange 
hormone secretion 
metabolic transfer 
foetal protection 
removal of waste
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149
Q

when in labour does placental abruption occur ?

A

3rd trimester - over 20 weeks of preg

when placenta seperate from uterine wall

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150
Q

structures in umbilical cord? 4

A

2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein
whartons jelly

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151
Q

function of the umbilical arteries?

A

carry deoxygenated/nutrient depleted blood from foetus to placenta

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152
Q

umbilical vein function?

A

carries oxygenated nutrient rich blood from placenta TO foetus

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153
Q

umbilical vein persists as what?

A

remnant of umbilical vein - ligamentum teres

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154
Q

whartons jelly?

A

provide cushion and support to umbilical vessels - prevent compression and torsion and bending

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155
Q

which group of LN are first to recieve lymph in breast ?

A

axillary LN group

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156
Q

bony landmarks that create boundaries of the perineum?

A

pubic symphysis and tip of coccyx

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157
Q

what are the two triangles in perineum for?

A

seperate the two areas that associate with different components of perineum

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158
Q

what bony prominence seperate each of triangles in perineum?

A

transverse line between ischial tuberosities

159
Q

innervation of ALL pelvic floor muscles ?

A

S2-S4

branches of pudendal nerve

160
Q

what are the muscle attachments in the perineum?

A

perineal and anococcygeal bodies

161
Q

what 2 fascia make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

parietal and visceral

162
Q

what structures pierce through pelvic diaphragm? 3

A

urethra hiatus

rectum hiatus

vaginal canal

163
Q

3 parts of urethra?

A

prostatic
membranous
penile

164
Q

widest and narrowest part of urethra?

A

widest - prostatic

narrowest - membranous

165
Q

penis is made up of what?

A

left and right corpus cavernosa

single corpus spongiosum

166
Q

terminal aspect of penis called?

A

glans penis

167
Q

urthra transmitted through what corpus?

A

spongiosum

168
Q

which corpus in penis - is the majority of the erectile tissue positioned?

A

spongiosum - fills up to reduce pressure

169
Q

sensory innervation of the penis through what nerve?

A

pudendal nerve branch

170
Q

innervation of penis explained FULLY?

A

innervated by autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) and somatic (sensory and motor) nerves

pudendal nerves - gives rise of dorsal nerve - roots are s2-4
cavernous nerves - from pelvic plexus - roots of spinal ganglia

171
Q

WHERE IS INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER?

A

neck of bladder

172
Q

what nerve provides parasympathetic, sympathetic and somatic fibres to bladder/urethra?

A

pelvic nerve - para

hypogastric nerve - sympathetic

somatic - pudendal nerve

173
Q

where (location ) is external urethral sphincter in males?

A

same level of membranous urethra

174
Q

what nerve innervates external urethral sphincter?

A

pudendal nerve

175
Q

what are the labia majora and labia minora?

A

majora = 2 external skin folds

minora = 2 skin folds lie within labia majora

176
Q

vestibule in vulva is?

A

area enclosed by labia minora and - holds terminal aspects of vagina and urethra

177
Q

female external genitalia innervated by and arteries are?

A

pudendal and internal pudendal artery

178
Q

bartholins glands ?

A

part of female vulva

on either side of vaginal orifice

secrete lubricating mucus from ducts during sexual arousal

179
Q

mons pubis in vulva is?

A

subcutaneous fat pad anterior to pubic symphysis

180
Q

clitoris is made up of what type of tissue?

A

corpus cavernous tissue - erectile tissue

181
Q

structure of clitoris explain?

A

2 crura that meet at midline to form the body
projects downwards
to glans which lies in anterior labial commissure

182
Q

approx length of anus?

A

4cm long

183
Q

ischio-anal fossa?
where?
how many?
function?

A

2 fat containing fossa
lateral to anal canal and inferior pelvic floor

allow anal canal to expand when defaecation

184
Q

what neurovascular bundle enters the ischio-anal fossae?

whats present in this bundle?

A

pudendal canal

  • pudendal nerve
  • internal pudendal artery
  • internal pudendal vein
185
Q

3 muscles that make up levator ani?

A

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus

186
Q

what 2 muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

coccygeus

levator ani

187
Q

cardinal ligment is also known as?

A

lateral cervical ligament

188
Q

round ligament is remnant of?

A

ovarian gubernaculum

189
Q

uterine artery branch of?

A

internal iliac artery

190
Q

region of external genitalia referred as?

A

perineum

191
Q

pudendal canal enters through which muscle?

A

obturator internus

192
Q

compare the sacrum of females to males?

A

female sacrum is shorter - less curved

193
Q

what prevents upward tilting of sacrum?

A

ligaments of pelvis

194
Q

puborectalis fibres do what?

A

fibres skirting around rectum

195
Q

somatic innervation of vulva? list

A

lots of nerves -

ilioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral nerve
pudendal nerve
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

196
Q

what nerve stimulation increases vaginal secretion and erection/engorgement?

A

parasympathetic

197
Q

lymphy drainage of vulva? 3

A

superifical inguinal
deep inguinal
internal iliac

198
Q

duct of greater vestibule gland opens into vestibule WHERE to vaginal orifice?

A

lateral

199
Q

innervation of perineal muscle?

A

pudendal nerve

200
Q

what 2 ducts join to form ejaculatory duct?

A

ductus deferens + duct of seminal vesicle

201
Q

which level do testes develop initially at?

A

L2

202
Q

which muscle of pelvic floor more likely to be injured during normal childbirth?

A

pubococcygues

203
Q

uterus lymph drainage? 4

A

lots of types -

lumbar LN
superificial inguinal LN
external iliac LN
internal iliac LN

204
Q

what is the content of medial umbilical ligament? (remnant of?)
and the remnant of the median umbilical fold?

A

remnant of embryonic umbilical artery

urachus

205
Q

where is the rectal venous plexus in relations to rectum?

A

lies deep to mucosa of rectum

206
Q

area above and below pectinate line in rectum suppled by which artery?

A 
above = inferior mesenteric artery 
below = inferior rectal artery
207
Q

where would urine leak to if the membranous urethra were damaged in male?

A

superficial perineal space

208
Q

which bony landmark is palpated before administering a pudendal block?

A

ischial spine

209
Q

greater and lesser pelvis in male and female difference?

A

greater pelvis - deep in males & shallow in female

lesser pelvis - narrow and deep in males & wide/shallow in females

210
Q

arcuate line seperates what?

A

seperates true and false pelvis

211
Q

coccygeus also known as?

A

ischio coccygeus

connects to ischial spine

212
Q

piriformis goes out of what foramen?

A

greater sciatic foramen

213
Q

obturator internus muscle goes out of what foramen?

A

out of lesser sciatic foramen

214
Q

what muscle is sacral plexus on surface of?

A

piriformis

215
Q

what muscle is sacral plexus on surface of?

A

piriformis

216
Q

course of piriformis?

A

through greater sciatic foramen
posterior to ischial spine

enters ischio-anal fossa

217
Q

pudendal nerve in relation to ischial spine?

A

nerve posterior to it

218
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands situated?

A

in deep perineal pouch

219
Q

tyep of muscle on internal and external urethral sphincters?

A

internal - smooth

external - skeletal

220
Q

ejaculatory duct eneters where?

A

prostatic urethra

221
Q

ovarian ligament where in relation to f tube?

A

in front of

222
Q

bulb of vestibule next to? and size comparison?

A

next to greater vestibular gland

greater in size !

223
Q

what is inside of ischiorectal fossa?

A

pudendal nerve

224
Q

perineal nerves branches of?

A

pudendal nerve

225
Q

rectouterine pouch AKA?

A

douglas pouch

226
Q

psoas major lateral and medial is what nerve?

A

lateral - femoral nerve

medial - obturator nerve

227
Q

breast is what type of gland?

A

compound tubular acinar gland

228
Q

why do breasts enlarge during puberty?

A

due to adipose tissue increasing

229
Q

breast location describe?

A

2nd/3rd rib to 6th rib
&
sternal edge to mid axillary line

230
Q

why is breast mobile?

A

due to retromammary space -bursa

on surface of pect major muscle

231
Q

what muscle(s) is the breast overlying?

A

2/3rd breast - over pect major

1/3rd breast - over serratus anterior

232
Q

what does suspensory ligament of cooper do?

A

connect to skin

divide breast into lobes and show changes during malignancy - helps support lobules of gland

233
Q

areola?

A

pigmented area around nipple

contains sweat and sebaceous glands

234
Q

explain structure of internal breast?

A

15-20 lobules

each lobule drained by lactiferous duct towards nipple
each duct has lactiferous sinus

235
Q

what does nipple contain?

A

colleganous dense connective tissue and smooth muscle, elastic fibres

236
Q

breast quadrants explain?

A

superolateral
superomedial
inferolateral
inferomedial

237
Q

blood supply to breast by what arteries?

A

axillary artery, internal thoracic, intercostal arteries

238
Q

innervation of breast?

A

anterior and lateral cutaneous branhces of intercostal nerves

sensory and sympathetic

239
Q

excretory and secretory part of breast?

A

excretory - duct system

secretory - acini

240
Q

tissue surrounding lobules in breast vs intra-lobular tissue?

A

surrounding - dense and fibrocollagenous

intralobular - loose texture

241
Q

cells in breast do what?

A

myoepithelial cells and luminal epithelial cells

contracting cells - squeeze secretion out from acini

242
Q

how does prostate look on imaging?

A

split into its 2 lobes

243
Q

ischiorectal fossa fills with what?

A

fat

244
Q

what colour would bladder appear on imaging?

A

white due to urine

245
Q

true ligaments of pelvis? 3

A

transverse cervical ligaments - cardinal
CERVIX TO LATERAL WALL OF PELVIS

uterosacral ligaments -
CERVIX TO MIDDLE SACRUM

pubocervical ligament

246
Q

innervation of female reproductive tract from what places?

A

superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses - t10-l1

pelvic splanchnic nerves - s2,3,4 - pudendal nerve

247
Q

what muscle does pudendal canal go through?

A

obturator internus

248
Q

WHAT FORMS THE INFERIOR HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS? what root level are they and what type of nerve fibres are they?

A

AKA PELVIC PLEXUS = INFERIOR HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS

superior HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS(L1/2)/sacral sphlanchnic  = s 
\+
PELVIC SPHLANCHNIC (s2-4) = p

symp & parasympathetic = TO ALL PELVIC ORGANS

249
Q

sacral plexus roots and 2 main branches?

A

l4-s3

sciatic nerve - lower limb
pudendal nerve - perineum

250
Q

lymph drainage from uterine body?

A

external iliac lymph nodes

251
Q

arterial and venous supply of rectum

A

upper 1/3 - superior RA / portal
middle 1/3 - middle RA / systemic
lower 1/3 - inferior RA / SYSTEMIC

252
Q

THROUGH which formaen is pudendal nerve leave?

A

greater sciatic foramen

253
Q

branches of pudendal nerve?

A

inferior rectal
perineal
dorsal

254
Q

ischiocavernosus muscle function?

A

maintain clitoris erection

255
Q

bulb of vestibule and great vestibular gland is where in relation to muscles?

A

underneath bulbospongiosus muscle

256
Q

lumbar plexus roots?

A

t12 - l5

257
Q

inferior epigastric vessels arise where?

A

from external iliac artery - just above inguinal ligament

258
Q

cremaster muscle ? function?

A

testes muscle

moves the testis, promoting healthy and motile sperm

259
Q

what makes up the spermatic cord wall? 2

A

spermatic fascia

cremaster muscle

260
Q

pampiniform plexus? function?

A

loose network of veins in spermatic cord

drainage of blood into veins

261
Q

spermatic cord includes what

A 
pampiniform plexus of testicular veins 
vas deferens 
testicular artery
cremasteric artery/vein 
Artery to the vas deferens
genitofemoral nerve - genital branch
262
Q

borders of inguinal traingle?

A

rectus abdomis muscle - medial
inferior epigastric vessels - lateral
inguinal ligament - inferior

263
Q

what are TWO key surface landmarks to locate pudendal nerve?

A

ischial spine

sacro-spinous ligament

264
Q

difference from suspensory ligmaent of ovary and round ligament?

A

suspensory - from ovary to later wall of pelvis

round - from uterus to inguinal canal

265
Q

2 remnants of gubernaculum?

A

round ligament

ligament of ovary

266
Q

what structure is part of thermoregulatory process of testes?

A

pampiniform venous plexus

267
Q

parasympathetic fibres in what towards bladder?

affect on bladder and internal urethral sphincter

A

The parasympathetic fibres are motor to detrusor muscle and inhibitory to internal urethral sphincter of male urinary bladder

pelvic nerve

268
Q

difference between varicocele and hydrocele?

A

Hydrocele is a swelling caused by fluid around the testicle. Varicocele is a swelling caused by dilated or enlarged veins within the testicles.

269
Q

innervation of bladder explain each -

nerve?
type of fibres?
action?

A

sympathetic - hypogastric nerve = relaxation of detrusor muscle, stops urinating

parasympathetic - pelvic nerve = contraction of detrusor muscle, stimulates urinating

somatic - pudendal nerve = innervates external urethral sphincter - voluntary control of urinating

270
Q

what nerves innervates obturator internus and externus?

A

internus - branch of sacral plexus

externus - obturator nerve

271
Q

pudendal nerve is what type of fibers?

A

MIXED
motor
sensory
sympathetic

272
Q

EJACULATION IS WHAT TYPE OF STIMULATION?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC
SYMPATHETIC
SOMATIC

273
Q

function of bulbospongiosus muscle in male ?

A

Support and fixes perineal body or pelvic floor, Compress bulb of penis to expel last drop of urine or semen.Assists erection by compressing deep perineal vein and pushing blood from bulb into body of penis

274
Q

what superficial perineal pouch structure is an erectile tissue in female?

A

bulb of vestibule

275
Q

great vestibular gland does what in female anatomy? is it erectile tissue?

A

not erectile tissue

secretes mucus

276
Q

what nerves of vulva?

A

ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, and branches of the pudendal nerve

277
Q

explain perineal pouches?

where are they and what are they ?

A

only in urogenital triangle

they are the layers of the urogenital triangle

superificial and deep perineal pouches

278
Q

deep perineal pouch - explain structures present males and females?

and explain boundaries?

A

a potential space between the deep fascia of the pelvic floor (superiorly) and the perineal membrane (inferiorly) -aka = urogenital diaphragm
female - part of the urethra, external urethral sphincter, and the vagina

males - SAME and bulbourethral glands and the deep transverse perineal muscles

279
Q

superficial perineal pouch - explain structures present(3) and boundaries of pouch?

A

a potential space between the perineal membrane (superiorly) and the superficial perineal fascia (inferiorly) & pouch is bounded posteriorly to the perineal body

erectile tissues that form the penis and clitoris e.g. - bulb of vestibule/greater vestibular gland

three muscles – the ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles.

The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands)

external anal sphincter

280
Q

lymph drianage of vulva?

A

superifical inguinal !!!
deep inguinal
internal iliac

281
Q

innervation of vulva?

type of fibres?

A

sensory and parasympathetic nervous supply.

pudendal nerve
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
ilioinguinal nerve,
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

282
Q

lymph drainage of testes and epididymis ?

A

para-aortic LN

lumbar LN

283
Q

LYMPHdrianage of scrotum?

A

superficial inguinal nodes.

284
Q

lymph drainage of prostate?

A

internal iliac ln and sacral ln

285
Q

lymph drainage of seminal vesicles and ductus deferns?

A

external iliac and deep inguinal and internal iliac

286
Q

lymph drainage of ovaries?

A

right and left lumbar/ para-aortic LN

287
Q

f tube lymph drainage?

A

para-aortic LN

288
Q

what artery enters obturator foramen?

A

obturator artery

289
Q

what forms the walls of the pelvis?

A

posterior wall - piriformis & coccyx/sacrum

anterior-inferior wall - pubic bones/pubic symphysis & obturator internus muscle (antero-lateral wall)

2 lateral walls - right and left hip bone

290
Q

true ligaments? function

aka?

A

fasical support to cervix and uterus

aka - cervical ligaments

pubocervical ligament

transverse cervical ligament

uterosacral ligament

291
Q

innervation and lymph drainage of spermatic cord?

A

genitofemoral nerve

lumbar/para-aortic LN

292
Q

course of vas deferen? explain full pathway

A

posterior aspect of the spermatic cord.

crosses the inguinal canal before it emerges from the spermatic cord at the deep inguinal ring

It then curves around the inferior epigastric artery

then crosses superior/over the ureter

expands and is then referred to as the ampulla of the vas (ductus) deferens. It then passes between the upper aspect of the seminal vesicle

293
Q

function of ischiocavernosus muscle and bublospongiosus in males?

A

IC - maintain erection in penis

BS - Compresses bulb of penis during urination/ ejaculation, assists in erection of penis

294
Q

function of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscle in females?

A

bulbospongiosus - it facilitates clitoris erection as well as the emptying of the greater vestibular glands

ischiocavernosus - tense the vagina during orgasm and compress crus clitoris

295
Q

what is the significance of the pouch of douglas?

A

it is where infection is most likely to collect

296
Q

is the vesicouterine pouch present in everyone?

A

no - only in females

297
Q

puborectalis slings around what?

A

elevates the ano-rectal junction

298
Q

what makes up pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani

coccygeus

299
Q

does broad ligament support uterus?

A

no

300
Q

what supports the uterus? 2

A

pelvic diaphragm - muscles

pelvic fascia - cervical true ligaments
transverse cervical
uterosacral

301
Q

3 layers of uterus?

A

perimetrium - outer
myometrium
endometrium - inner

302
Q

cremaster muscle derived from?

A

internal oblique muscle

303
Q

muscles of testes? 2
explain location
explain function

A

cremaster muscle - deeper - skeletal muscle

dartos muscle - being closer to scrotal skin layer - smooth muscle

both regulate testes temp by contraction

304
Q

how to differenciate between epididymis and testes histology?

A

testes - multiple layer of sperm cells

epididymis - one layer of cells - sperm

305
Q

3 glands of male repro system?

what they do - why they are important

A

seminal vesicle
testes
bulbo-urethral glands

make the fluid part of the ejaculated semen- semen is important for survival, growth and motility of sperm

306
Q

outer WHITE fibrous layer of testes?

A

tunica albuginea

307
Q

erection - what nerve fibre type?

ejaculation and emission - wha nerve fibre type?

A

erection - para.
emission and expulsion from the glands/contractions og genital organs e.g. - labour pains - symp.
ejaculation - para., symp, somatic(sensory visceral)

308
Q

what nerve lies on the lateral side all of the pelvis?

A

obturator nerve - over the obturator internus

309
Q

one phrase to describe prostate tissue?

A

fibro-muscular - glandular tissue

310
Q

bulb–urethral gland secretes what?

A

mucus - to moisten the urethra for passage of sperm

311
Q

how do you know if histology is a seminal vesicle?

A

honey comb appearance in lumen

312
Q

what the difference between pubic cresta dn pubic tubercle?

A

pubic tubercle first THEN area to pubic bone/symphysis

is called pubic crest

313
Q

pubic symphysis is what type of joint?

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

314
Q

pubic symphysis is what type of joint?

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

315
Q

sacroiliac is what type of joint?

A

synovial plane joint

316
Q

3 functions of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

support of abdominal pelvic organs
Resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure
Urinary and faecal continence

317
Q

obturator nerve roots?

A

l2,3,4

318
Q

what ligament is most anterior in female repro system?

A

round ligament

319
Q

erection of clitoris is done what in the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus?

both innervated by what?

A

its held by BS muscle through contractions, holds clitoral erection

maintained by ischiocavernosus muscle, maintain the erection

BRNAHC OF PUDENDAL - PERINEAL BRANCH

320
Q

WHAT structures contribute to perineal body? 4

A

BS muscle
superfical transverse muscle
deep trasnverse muscle
external anal sphincter

321
Q

coprus cavernosum or spongiosum erectile?

A

cavernosum- erectile - and enlarges

spongoisum - erectile - but does not enlarge

322
Q

what forms the glans penis at end of penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

323
Q

bulb and 2 crura of penis form what ?

and what muscles cover each?

A

bulb - corpus spongiosum
crura - corpus cavernosum

bulbospongiosus - associated with the bulb of the penis

ischiocavernosus - associated with 2 crura of penis

324
Q

pudendal nerve is what type of nerve fibre?

A

somatic nerve type - sensory and motor

325
Q

what is corpus cavernosum?

A

a mass of erectile tissue with large interspaces capable of being distended with blood especially

326
Q

what is corpus spongiosum?

A

A column of spongy tissue that runs through the shaft (body) and glans (head) of the penis

and surrounds the urethra

327
Q

piriformis and obturator internus in relation to the foramen in pelvis?

A

piriformis - through the greater sciatic foramen

obturator internus - through the lesser sciatic foramen

328
Q

femoral and obturator nerve in relation to psoas major?

A

femoral - lateral

obturator - medial

329
Q

special thing about pudendal nerve route?

A

it leaves greater sciatic foramen THEN crosses over ischial spine THEN re-enters through lesser sciatic foramen

330
Q

SECRETIONS FROM THE BUBL-URETHRAL GLANDS ENTERS WHERE?

A

ENTERS spongy urethra = penile urethra

331
Q

why medial-lateral episotomy preferable?

A

to avoid perineal body

332
Q

remnant of umbilical artery, vein and urachus?

A

artery - medial umbilical ligament

vein - ligamentum teres

urachus - allontois

333
Q

artery supply to rectum explain and their branches? 3

A

superior rectal artery – terminal continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery.
Middle rectal artery – branch of the internal iliac artery.
Inferior rectal artery – branch of the internal pudendal artery

334
Q

Visceral afferent (sensory) fibres follow what?

A

Visceral afferent (sensory) fibres follow the parasympathetic supply

335
Q

special information about rectal veinous drainage?

A

Venous drainage is via the corresponding superior, middle and inferior rectal veins. The superior rectal vein empties into the portal venous system, whilst the middle and inferior rectal veins empty into the systemic venous system

336
Q

what forms the lower limit of either the deep or superifical pouch?

A

lower limit of the superficial pouch = superficial perineal fascia

lower limit of deep pouch/urogenital diaphragm = perineal membrane

337
Q

perineal membrane present where?

A

only in urogential traingle

338
Q

what nerve supplies external anal sphincter?

A

inferior rectal nerve branch from pudendal nerve

339
Q

what is the external anal sphincter?

A

it is a continuation of levator ani

340
Q

What are the 3 main structures found in the ischioanal fossae

A

inferior rectal artery - branch of inferior pudendal artery
inferior rectal vein
inferior rectal nerve

341
Q

above pectinate line - epithelium of rectum?

A

squamous simple columnar

342
Q

what neves go through the inguinal canal in both genders?

A

ilioinguinal nerve

343
Q

lumbosacral nerve roots?

A

l1-s4

344
Q

What are the roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

l4-s3

345
Q

what nerves responsible fro engrogement of erectile tissues?

A

pelvic sphlanchnic - s2-4 - parasympathetic - erection

346
Q

where is the ejaculatory duct formed?

A

within the prostate

347
Q

function of the seminal vesicle

A

produce semen - fluid rich in substances to provide energy for sperm

348
Q

what innervation prevents reflux of semen in males?

A

sympathetic fibers innervate the bladder via the hypogastricplexuses and cause contraction of the internal urethral sphincter (in males)
during ejaculation to prevent reflux of semen into the bladder.

349
Q

what nerve(s) descends in the spermatic cord?

A

genitofemoral nerve - genital branch - IN spermatic cord

ilioinguinal nerve - alongside the spermatic cord

350
Q

perineal membrane - does what to the pouches?

A

it forms inferior border of deep perineal pouch

it forms superior border of superifical perineal pouch

351
Q

importance of puborectalis?

A

helps to maintain fecal continence

352
Q

fascia of spermatic cord & their origin?

A

external spermatic fascia - external oblique fascia
cremasteric fascia - internal oblique
internal spermatic fascia - tranversalis fascia

353
Q

which perineal pouch is the erectile glands of female and male?

A

bulbourethral glands - deep

greater vestibular gland - superificial

354
Q

2 muscles in the deep perineal pouch in males?

A

external urethral sphincter

deep transverse perineal muscle

355
Q

testicular artery in relation to ureter and vas deferens?

A

runs anterior to ureter

cross over vas deferens

356
Q

describe the lymph drainage of rectum?

A

upper segment - above pectinate line - inferior mesenteric LN
lower segment - below pectinate line - internal iliac LN AND sacral LN

357
Q

vaginal artery - branch of?

A

uterine artery

358
Q

vaginal artery - branch of?

A

uterine artery

359
Q

genitofemoral and ilioinguinal nerve - roots? and TYPE OF NERVE FIBRE

A

ilioinguinal nerve - L1 - SENSORY

genitofemoral - L1-2- SENSORY

360
Q

pudendal nerve - course?

A

passes between piriformis and ischiococcygeus muscles
leaves through greater sciatic foramen
crosses sacrospinous ligament
re-enters lesser sciiatic foramen
through pudendal canal - in neurovascular bundle

361
Q

lymph drainage of penis?

A

superficial and deep inguinal nodes

362
Q

ovarian artery anastomose with what?

A

uterine artery

363
Q

breast main lymph drainage?

A

axillary - lateral breast

internal mammary - medial breast

364
Q

differences in lactating and pregnant breat?

A

lactating - stroma thins - alveoli fill up - epithelia of glandular alveoli increase

365
Q

differences in lactating, pregnant breast and pre-pubertal ?

A

lactating - stroma thins - alveoli fill up - epithelia of glandular alveoli increase

pre-pubertal - lots of fat

366
Q

2 function sof cremaster muscle?

A

cremaster reflex

thermoregulation

367
Q

what type of tissue is perineal body?

A

fibro-muscular body

368
Q

borders of ischioanal fossa?

A

obtruator internus - lateral

levator ani - medial

369
Q

what urethra goes through deep perineal pouch?

A

membraneous urethra

370
Q

function of bulbospongiosus?

A

contracts the bulb (of clitoris/penis)
expel and empty fluid from the glands
asisst erection too

371
Q

function of perinela body?

A

provides attachement of perineal muscles- maintain the pelvic floor and pelvic viscera and maintaining continence

372
Q

what is closely related to the ischial spine- artery + nerve?

A

internal pudendal artery

pudendal nerve

373
Q

what lymph nodes do breast drain into?

A

lateral - axillary group
medial - parasternal group (internal mammary)

==== axillary + internal mammary + clavicular(supra/infra)

374
Q

innervation of piriformis and obturator internus?

A

branches of sacral plexus

nerve to - (said muscle)

375
Q

sacral plexus leaves where?

A

greater sciatic foramen

376
Q

male or female - who has thick and heavy bone?

A

MALE

377
Q

rectum - explain peritoneal covering?

A

retroperitoneal
rectum - upper 1/3 - covered with peritoneum front and lateral sides

middle 1/3 - covered on front only

lower 1/3 - no perionteal covering

378
Q

peritoneal covering of bladder?

A

superior and part of the posterior surface covered

379
Q

subperitoneal organs?

A

The bladder, the cervix of the uterus and the last part of the rectum lie subperitoneal

380
Q

role of the broad ligament

A

keeps uterus centrally BUT DOES NOT SUPPORT UTERUS

381
Q

NAME the thickenings of the pelvic fascia?

A

cardinal ligament AND uterosacral ligament

382
Q

origin of superior rectal artery??

A

inferior mesenteric artery

383
Q

what gland makes up most of the semen?

A

seminal vesicle

384
Q

is left or right testicular cancer spread worse?

A

left - as involves kidney!

385
Q

where are the median and medial umbilical ligmaents found ?

A

anterior abdominal wall

386
Q

ilioinguinal innervates?

genitofemoral innervates?

A

ilioinguinal - root of penis & labia in female

genitofemoral - cremaster muscle, anterior scrotum & mons pubis

387
Q

narrowest diameter in pelvic outlet?

A

between ischial spines

388
Q

narrowest diameter of pelvic inlet and outlet?

A

inlet - distance from sacral promontary and pubic symphysis

outlet - the distance between the ischial spines

389
Q

superior vesical artery branch of?

A

umbilical artery

390
Q

WATER UNDER THE BRIDGE - OCCURS at what 3 locations?

A

ischial spine
junction of cervix
lateral part of fornix of vagina

390
Q

WATER UNDER THE BRIDGE - OCCURS at what 3 locations?

A

ischial spine
junction of cervix
lateral part of fornix of vagina

391
Q

action of deep and superifical transverse perineal muscles?

A

Constricts urethra and vagina, maintains urinary continence

392
Q

action of sphincter muscles?

A

maintain the urinary/faecal continence

REPRO (4 decks)

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