Physiological Systems Flashcards
What are the main glands of the Endochrine System?
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testes
Although poorly understood, what is the main known function of the Pineal gland?
Production of Melatonin, responsible for sleep regulation
What are the main functions of the Hypothalamus?
Modulation of: body temperature, thirst, appetite and weight control, emotions, sleep cycles, sex drive, childbirth, blood pressure and heart rate via the release of; corticotrophin-releasing hormone, dopamine, growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.
What 8 hormones are controlled by the Pituitary Gland and what are their functions?
ACTH: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Stimulates the production of cortisol, a “stress hormone” that maintains blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone. Promotes sperm production and stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen.
LH: Luteinizing hormone. Stimulates ovulation in women and testosterone production in men.
GH: Growth hormone. Helps maintain healthy muscles and bones and manage fat distribution.
PRL: Prolactin. Causes breast milk to be produced after childbirth. It also affects hormones that control the ovaries and testes, which can affect menstrual periods, sexual functions and fertility.
TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone. Stimulates the thyroid gland, which regulates metabolism, energy and the nervous system.
Oxytocin: Helps labor to progress, causes breast milk to flow, affects labor, breastfeeding, behavior and social interaction and the bonding between a mother and child.
ADH: Anti-diuretic hormone, or vasopressin. Regulates water balance and sodium levels.
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
It regulates blood calcium levels
What is the function of the Thyroid gland and what hormones are involved?
Helps regulate the body’s metabolism via the production of triiodothyronine and thyroxine
What is the main function of the Thymus?
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells mature.
What is the function of the Adrenal gland and what hormones does it produce?
Adrenal glands produce adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
What are the functions of the Pancreas?
During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones
What hormones are produced in the Ovaries and what are their functions?
The major hormones secreted by the ovaries are oestrogen and progesterone, both important hormones in the menstrual cycle
What hormones are produced by the Testes?
The main hormone secreted by the testes is testosterone, an androgenic hormone.
What four levels make up the hierarchy of complex organisms?
Specific types of cells are grouped together to become Tissues (bone tissue, muscle tissue etc).
Tissues can be grouped together to form organs (liver, heart, lung, etc).
Organs can be grouped together to form systems. (Cardiac system etc).
These systems interconnect to maintain the health of their own and other organs.
What 5 organelles make up the basic cell anatomy?
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria
What is the function of the Nucleus of a cell?
To control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle
What is the function of a Ribosome?
Ribosomes are minute particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins that function to synthesize proteins.
What is the function of the Cytoplasm?
Liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules. Some intracellular organelles, such the nucleus and mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm.
What is the function of the Cell membrane?
Double layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds a cell. It separates the cytoplasm (the contents of the cell) from the external environment.
What is the function of a Mitochondrion?
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions via the release of a Phosphate Ion from ATP to produce ADP.
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins
What are the four components of DNA used to build the genetic code?
Adenine (A) , Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C).
What are the five phases of Mitosis?
Interphase - Cell functions normally and Nuclear material is contained within the Nucleus.
Prophase – Each replicated chromosome pairs up with the other. They are joined at the Centromere. Two centrioles separated by mitotic spindle appear at each end of the cell. Nuclear envelope disappears.
Metaphase – Chromatids align down centre of the spindle attached by their centromeres.
Anaphase – The Centromeres separate and Chromosomes drawn to either end of cell as spindles shorten.
Telophase – Mitotic spindle disappears. Nuclear envelope reforms. The plasma membranes and intracellular organelles split. New identical cell formed ready to start G1.
What are the components of blood plasma and what are their functions?
Plasma proteins - Albumin stays in circulatory system and regulate osmotic pressure of blood. Stops blood becoming hyper or hypo tonic. Globulins – Fight infection. Clotting factors – Regulate blood clotting and bleeding.
