Nursing Practice Flashcards
Someone who lacks capacity is unable to make a decision because they cannot?
understand information about the decision, remember that information, use that information to make a decision, communicate their decision by talking, using sign language or any other means
What are the four main mediums of communication?
Verbal, Non-verbal, Written, Visual
What are the three models of Communication?
Linear, interactional, transactional
Define clinical reasoning.
Use of changes in and understanding of a patient’s condition to inform clinical decision making.
What are the five stages of assessment included in ADPIE?
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
Provide a definition of Safeguarding?
Safeguarding means protecting people’s health, wellbeing and human rights, and enabling them to live free from harm, abuse and neglect. It is fundamental to high quality health and social care.” (Care Quality Commission, 2019)
What are the 12 forms of abuse?
Physical abuse forced marriage, honour based violence and FGM, Sexual abuse, Psychological or emotional abuse, Financial or material abuse, Modern slavery, Discriminatory abuse, Organisational or institutional abuse, Neglect or acts of omission, Self-neglect, Sexual exploitation, Radicalisation
Describe the Medical Model of Health and Disability?
Ill health is a disease that needs to be treated, Deviation from normal, Assumption of generic disease, Diagnosis & treatment
Describe the Social Model of Health and Disability?
Person as a whole, Wellbeing is subjective, Social phenomena affect individuals, Disability is a socially created problem, Limitations are not impairments
Name six aspects of health in person centred care?
Physical health, Social wellbeing, Spiritual, Vocational, Emotional wellbeing, Mental Health
Briefly describe Behavioural Theory?
Based on the learning theories of classical and operant conditioning. There is a stimulus/response effect which we can manipulate to change behaviours through reinforcement.
Briefly describe Psychodynamic Theory?
The existence of the unconscious mind (Freud, 1915), Id, ego, and superego (Freud, 1923), Psychosexual development (Freud, 1905), Developed the first talking therapy (Breuer and Freud (1895)
Briefly describe Cognitive Theory?
The way we think about a situation will impact on how we feel about a situation as well as how we behave. By learning to become aware of our thought processes we can challenge them, thereby changing our feelings and behaviours.
Briefly describe Person Centred Theory?
Carl Rogers proposed that there are three core conditions that underpin the therapeutic relationship: Empathy, Congruence, Unconditional Positive regard. The aim is to; Put the person at the centre of care delivery, Involve the person in all decisions about their care, See the person as an expert in their own care
What is a Therapeutic Relationship?
One in which the patient feels comfortable being open and honest with the nurse (Dart 2011: 503, cited in Doherty & Thompson 2014). Productive relationship and positive patient outcomes, showing empathy and warmth to help patients feel relaxed and secure. Need to be caring open, warm and genuine; listening, questioning, information, support patient centeredness – an adept communicator
What are the 6 links in the chain of infection?
Causitive Agent, Reservoir or Source, Portal of Exit, Method of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Susceptible Host
What is a Causitive Agent?
A microorganism capable of producing an infection
What is a Reservoir or Source?
The place the microorganism resides
What is a Portal of Exit?
The way in which a microorganism leave the reservoir or source
What is a Method of Transmission?
The way in which the microorganism travels to another host, directly or with intermediate help
What is a Portal of Entry?
The place where the infectious agent enters the body
What is a Susceptible Host?
A person who is susceptible to an infection, or to be a “compromised host” is to be considered at increased risk
What are the four broad processes involved in Pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, Metabolism, Distribution, Excretion
At which of the four stages of Pharmacokinetics does Intravascular Administration enter the body?
Distribution
What factors can commonly affect absorption of drugs?
Age, Diet, Other medicines, Medical conditions, Route of administration
What factors can affect drug distribution (in the body, not to your homies on the street)?
Blood Flow Rate; Tissues with good blood supply e.g. liver, kidneys or tissues with poor blood supply e.g. fat. Drug Reservoirs; Low plasma Protein Binding, tissue binding e.g. storage sites (fat) or bone (eg. tetracycline). Permeability of capillaries for drug molecules e.g. lipid solubility (as cell membranes contain a fatty acid layer, drugs which are lipid soluble can easily pass through cell membranes). Increased total body water as % of total body weight - As a percentage of total body weight, the total body water and extracellular fluid volume decrease with increasing age. Neonates require higher doses of water-soluble drugs, on an mg/kg basis, than adults.
What factors can affect drug metabolism?
Altered Liver Enzyme function, Hepatic Blood Flow, Physiological Status (functional capacity, i.e. liver disease or being very young)
What factors can affect drug excretion?
Renal disease - impairment causes excretion of drug and produces toxicity, Age, Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Decreased renal blood flow
What are the margins for commonality of drug reactions?
Very common - >1 in 10, Common - >1 in 100, Uncommon - >1 in 1000, Rare - >1 in 10,000, Very rare - <1 in 10,000
