Anatomy Flashcards
What are the functions of the Cerebellum?
Responsible for coordinating voluntary movements. It is also responsible for a number of functions including motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture.
What functions are the Medulla Oblongata associated with?
Responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing.
What functions are the Pons associated with?
Connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as a communications and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain. It is involved in the regulation and control of breathing.
What functions are the Midbrain associated with?
Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
What are the components of the Brain Stem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
What are the components of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Pineal Gland
What components make up the sub-cortex?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum, Pituitary Gland, Spinal Cord
What components make up the Cortex and what are their primary functions?
Frontal Lobe (consciousness), Parietal Lobe (movement and stimulus perception), Occipital Lobe (Visual perception), Temporal Lobe (speech, language and hearing recognition).
What physiological properties of the body system contribute to homeostasis?
Temperature, state of hydration, Nutrients, eliminate waste, exchange electrolytes and hydrogen Ions (pH).
What are the two types of Neurons and what are their functions?
Motor (efferent) Neurons - recieve signals from the Movement Control Centres of the brain via the spinal cord and transmit them to the movement effector organs, Sensory (afferent) Neurons - sense changes in the internal or external environment and transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord.
What is an Axon?
A single conductive fibre that conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.
What is a Dendrite?
Dendrites are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells. They look like roots extending outward from the cell body.
What is a Node of Ranvier?
The Node of Ranvier is the gap between the glial cells of the myelin sheath. These glial cells are called Schwann cells, and they help to electrically insulate the neuron.
What is a Myelin Sheath?
Myelin is an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances.
Describe the circulation of De-oxygenated Blood through the Heart.
Blood enters the relaxed right Atrium from the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. When the Sinoatrial (SA) Node is activated, the Atriums contract, forcing blood from the Right Atrium into the relaxed Right Ventricle through the Tricuspid Valve. The electrical impulse arrives at the Atrioventricular (AV) Node, which delays the transmission for 100ms whilst the Right Ventricle fills with blood. The Bundles of His (Purkinje Fibres carry the impulse to the Heart Apex. The impulse spreads across the Ventricles causing them to contract, forcing blood out of the Right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Arteries through the Pulmonary Valve.
Describe the circulation of Oxygenated Blood through the Heart.
Blood enters the relaxed left Atrium from the Pulmonary Vein. When the Sinoatrial (SA) Node is activated, the Atriums contract, forcing blood from the Left Atrium into the relaxed Left Ventricle through the Mitral Valve. The electrical impulse arrives at the Atrioventricular (AV) Node, which delays the transmission for 100ms whilst the Left Ventricle fills with blood. The Bundles of His (Purkinje Fibres carry the impulse to the Heart Apex. The impulse spreads across the Ventricles causing them to contract, forcing blood out of the Left Ventricle into the Aorta through the Aortic Valve.
What are the five layers of the Heart from the outside in?
Fibrous Pericardium, Serous Pericardium (Parietal Layer), Serous Pericardium (Visceral Layer; Epicardium), Myocardium, Endocardium
What are the four layers of a major artery from the outside in, and what distinguishes them from a vein?
Tunica Externa, Tunica Media, Tunica Intima (Internal Elastic Layer, Endothelium)
What are the four layers of a major vein from the outside in?
Tunica Externa, Tunica Media, Endothelium, Tunica Intima
What are the five types of bones with an example for each?
Long bones (Humerus), Flat bones (Sternum), Irregular bones (Vertebrae), Sesamoid bones (Patella), Short bones (Trapezoid - Wrist bone)
What are the five functions of the Skeletal System?
Provide a framework of support for the body, Protection – connective tissue which forms boundaries of the cranium, thorax and pelvis, Movement & Posture– Form joints with leverage that are moved by muscle, Haematopoiesis – production of blood cells Storage and homeostasis
Name all of the bones of the leg from the Sacrum to the toes.
Illium, Pubis, Ischium, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsels, Metatarsels, Phalanges
Name all of the bones of the arm from the Acromioclavicular joint to the fingertips.
Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpels, Metacarpels, Phalanges
What are the three types of joint?
Fibrous joint, Synovial joint, Cartilaginous joint
What is the filtration path of urine through the Kidney?
Nephron, Collecting duct, Papillary duct, Minor Calyx, Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder
From entry to exit, what is the path of fluids filtered through the Nephron?
Blood enters via the Glomerulus. Plasma travels through the Bowman’s Capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and into a collecting duct
What is the path of Urine through the Bladder?
Urine enters through the Ureteral Openings from the Ureters. It is held in the Bladder by the Internal Urethral Sphyncter. When the Bladder fills, stretch receptors in the lining of the Bladder send a signal to the brain, giving the urge to urinate. The internal urethral sphyncter relaxes, and the Detrusor Muscle contracts. The external Urethral Sphyncter relaxes voluntarily, allowing urine to pass into the Urethra and out of the body.
What is the path of Oxygen (and other gases at first) through the respiratory tract and into Circulation?
Nasal Cavity/Oral Cavity, Nasopharynx/Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Tranchea, Bronchi (left and right), Bronchioles, Alveoli, Venules, Pulmonary Veins
What are the 8 components of the Alimentary Canal?
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus
What are the 9 functions of the GI Tract?
Ingestion, Deglutition, Secretion, Mixing and propulsion (Peristalsis), Digestion – Mechanical & chemical, Absorption, Metabolism, Synthesis, Defecation
What are the four layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract?
Serosa, Connective tissue (Epithelium, Muscle -Circular -Longitudinal), Submucosa, Mucosa (modifications occur associated with specialised functions eg villi)
Which organ connects the Oesophagus with the Duodenum?
Stomach
What are the four layers that make up the lining of the Small Intestine from the inside out?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
What are the three main sections of the Small Intestine?
Duodenum, Jejenum, Ileum
What is the role of a Goblet cell found in the Epithelium of the Small Intestine?
Production of Mucus
What is the role of a Paneth Cell in the Epithelium of the Small Intestine?
Production of Lyzosome and Phagocytose
What is Peptidase?
An enzyme that digests peptides into their individual amino acids
What is Maltase?
An enzyme that converts disaccharide Maltose into monosaccharides (2 x Glucose)
What is Lipase?
An enzyme that breaks down Lipids
What four chemical compounds make up “Pancreatic Juice”?
Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin and Sodium Bicarbonate
Label the five phases of Mitosis shown here
Label this brainstem
Label this Cortex
Label this Skeleton
Label this Motor Neuron
Label this Heart
Label this Kidney
Label this Nephron
Label this bladder
Label the Alimentary Canal
Label this Stomach
Complete this diagram of a basic cell
