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Infection and inflammation > Physiological response to inflammation > Flashcards

Physiological response to inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What resident cells of immune system are present in epidermis and dermis of skin

A
  • macrophages
  • platelets
  • rbc’s
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2
Q

What happens after you get a wound

A

1) first found
2) resident macrophages, platelets and RBCs already found in epidermis and dermis of skin
3) Coagulation (clotting) to prevent blood loss
4) Immune cells then congregate (PMNs)
5) macrophages then found at site
6) Proliferation (collagen)
7) Remodelling

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3
Q

What does microcirculation have a role in

A
  • Acute and intermediate inflammation
  • Oedema formation
  • Long term inflammatory conditions
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4
Q

Normally, what does the blood glow through a tissue depend on

A
  • systematic arterial pressure (function of CO and and total peripheral resistance)
  • Local vascular resistance
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5
Q

What is local vascular resistance determined by

A
  • Neural constrictor+dilator influences

- Endocrine+paracrine hormones (influences diamater)

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6
Q

Why can blood vessels change in diameter

A

-All blood vessels except capillaries have endothelial cell monolayer surrounded by smooth muscle cells so can change in diameter

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7
Q

In acute inflammatory state, whats the role of histamine

A

-formed by skin mast cells (vasodilation) and causes redness

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8
Q

In acute inflammatory state, what’s the role of bradykinin

A

Direct vasodilation and release of prostaglandins (causes pain)

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9
Q

What else does bradykinin do

A

Stimulate nociceptors which are pain sensors

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10
Q

What are released to relax muscles

A
  • Substance P
  • VIP
  • CGRP
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11
Q

Whats the consequence of relaxed muscle

A

Increase blood flow and redness

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12
Q

IN microcirculation in acute extraversion, whats. the blood vessel like

-what can pass through the different components

A
  • Surrounded by water filled pores (water soluble substances can pass through these)
  • also surrounded by endothelial cells (Lipid soluble substances passes through endothelial cells)
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13
Q

What do all cells contain

A

Actin, myosin and tropomyosin

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14
Q

What are the proteins distributed like in arteries and veins (arteriolar endothelium)

A

Evenly in cell in arterial endothelium

Selective distribution in venular endothelium

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15
Q

When is oedema formed

A

In acute extraversion (1hr)

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16
Q

How is oedema formed

A
  • leakage of plasma proteins and fluids into extracellular space which causes swelling
  • There is endothelial damage
17
Q

How do agents increase venular permeability

A

-Contract pore protein by elevating Ca2+

18
Q

Examples of agents that increase venular permeability

A
  • Histamine (H1 receptors)
  • Bradykinin
  • Leukotriene C4 and D4 and PAF
19
Q

How do agents decrease venular permeability

A

Relax pore proteins by cyclic AMP

20
Q

Examples of agents that decrease venular permeability

A
  • B2 adrenoceptor agonists

- PGI2

21
Q

What are the two B2 adrenoceptor agonists that decrease venular permeability

A

Terbutaline

Salbutamol

22
Q

Whats the triple response

A

1) damage detected by sensory neurons (e.g. bee sting)
2) signal goes to brain which registers pain
3) However in sensory neurone, some of the action potentials go to blood vessels in the area affected
4) Area of redness spreads because of activation of branches which causes the release of substance P, CGRP and VIP (causes increased venular permeability)
5) inner area becomes white because of oedema (because of vascular permeability)

23
Q

What happens in intermediate extravasation

A
  • TNF and C5a attract neutrophils to injury site and attract endothelial cells and interleukin-8 is released
  • TNF activates proteins on surface of endothelial cells. Cells stick to surface of endothelial cells and slow down
  • Cells can then move into extravascular space and can bring water with them which contributes to the formation of oedema
24
Q

What happens in neutrophil dependent extravasation

A
  • Infection occurs
  • Cytokines are released
  • endothelial cells activated
  • Endothelial cells display surface proteins called selections
  • Selectins bind to carbs on leucocytes causing them to stick to blood vessels
  • Leucocytes roll along vessel wall and exit through holes in endothelium
  • Leucocytes enter connective tissue
25
Q

What does neutrophil dependent extravasation do

A

Allow leucocytes to enter connective tissue

26
Q

What does intermediate extravasation do

A

Allow neutrophils and water to enter extravascular space which allows the formation of oedema

Infection and inflammation (7 decks)

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