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Behavioral Nueroscience > Physiological Psychology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs

A

any chemical substance that alters the structure or function of the body

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2
Q

psychopharmacology

A

brain and behavior

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3
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

drugs and the body

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics tells us the time of the drug by…

A

ADME

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5
Q

ADME

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

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6
Q

what is the therapeutic window?

A

the primary effects desired between too high of dose and too low of dose

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7
Q

oral administration

A

easiest and oldest way, the drugs pass through the GI tract (stomach, small intestine, liver)

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8
Q

Why are orally administered drugs given in elevated doses?

A

because they have to pass through the GI tract

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9
Q

what are some problems with oral administration?

A

GI tract state changes, stomach distress, stomach acid may destroy some drugs, amount of enzymes body enzymes

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10
Q

rectal administration

A

suppositories absorbed through thin rectal membrane

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11
Q

when would you take a suppository?

A

when you cannot stop vomiting or you are unconscious

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12
Q

problems with rectal administration?

A

there are so many unknowns because it is not natural

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13
Q

what is the fastest way of administration?

A

Inhalation

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14
Q

problems with inhalation?

A

highly prone to abuse, cigarettes which leads to cancer and other issues

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15
Q

Intranasal administration (insufflation)

A

relatively fast and easy like a humidifier

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16
Q

problems with insufflation?

A

addiction and can lose sense of smell, deviated septum

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17
Q

sublingual administration

A

absorption through the mouth, it is fast and self administered

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18
Q

problems with sublingual administration?

A

few drugs can be absorbed this way, things like tobacco have risk for cancer

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19
Q

transdermal patch administration?

A

absorption through the skin, very easy and discrete

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20
Q

problems with transdermal patch?

A

slow absorption, doesn’t work for obese people, can irritate skin

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21
Q

Types of injections (5)

A

intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (Sub-Q), spinal

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22
Q

What is the fastest way of INJECTION?

A

IV

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23
Q

advantages of IV injection?

A

fastest way and specific doses

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24
Q

disadvantages of IV injection?

A

cannot reverse it

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25
advantages of IP injection?
good for distribution because of high surrounding fluid, good for animal studies
26
disadvantages of IP injection?
slow and risk injury to organs
27
IM injection
injection into a large muscle, rapid onset unless administered by depot
28
subcutaneous delivery
skin-popping
29
spinal administration types
epidural, lumbar puncture, intrathecal injections
30
epidural injection
inserted into epidural space in spine
31
lumbar puncture
withdraw CSF from subarachnoid space
32
Intrathecal injections
inserted into subarachnoid space
33
2 types of drug distribution
bloodstream and CSF
34
body membranes
cells membranes, walls of capillary vessels, blood-brain barrier, placental barrier
35
4 ways drugs can exit the body...
kidneys, lungs, bile, skin
36
biotransformation
the process of transforming a drug into a metabolite to be excreted through urine
37
2 types of dependance?
physical and psychological
38
physical dependance explained...
the body becomes used to the drug and thinks that that is now the natural state of homeostasis in the body, so when it is taken away it has withdrawal effects because it is trying to tell you to get more of the drug so it can go back to it's false homeostasis state
39
2 types of psychological dependance?
primary and secondary
40
primary psychological dependance is...
the strong desire for the pleasurable effects of drugs
41
secondary psychological dependance is...
strong desire for drug to take away negative feelings
42
morphine type dependance?
occurs with opiates (heroin) and stimulants (cocaine)
43
ethanol type dependance?
occurs with sedative-hypnotics such as alcohol and dezapamines
44
what is abstinence syndrome associated with?
ethanol dependencies
45
the difference between drug tolerance and dependance?
tolerance is when you have to keep taking more and more to experience the effects while dependance is when your body needs it to stay in its homeostatic state
46
enzyme induction (pharmacokinetic) tolerance
when the drug is an inhibitor of certain enzymes (cross tolerance, the drug acting as an enzyme)
47
pharmacodynamic tolerance
tachyphylaxis is when the body becomes used to the drug
48
behavioral tolerance
classical conditioning at work
49
reverse tolerance
less amount of drug produces same effect such as alcohol abuse can lead to liver damage, now it takes less alcohol than before to become intoxicated
50
what happens to the therapeutic window in pharmacodynamic tolerance?
it decreases in size
51
therapeutic index is...
quantitive comparison between the effective dose amount and lethal dose amount
52
margin of safety is...
the ratio of safety of a drug in the entire population
53
What are the 3 classes of conventional, small NTs?
amino acids, monoamines, acetycholine
54
Neuropeptide class is what?
for larger molecules of NTs- endorphins
55
What are the different amino acid NTs?
glutamate, glycin, GABA
56
2 types of monoamine NTs?
catecholamines and indolamines
57
types of catecholamine NTs?
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
58
types of indolamine NTs?
seratonin
59
what does dopamine do?
motor control, emotionality and craving feelings
60
norepinephrine and epinephrine both...
deal with stress and increased heart rates
61
what is seratonin do?
a lot of things such as mood and social behaviors
62
2 types of acetylcholine receptors?
muscarinic and nictinic
63
endorphins function in our reception and dealing with...
pain
64
How are drugs classified?
SLMB- structure, legality/illegality, mechanism, behavioral effect
65
agonist
acts like a chemical
66
antagonist
blocks chemical/drug in some way
67
what are the types of behavioral effects?
SSOHA- sedative hypnotics, stimulants, opiates/narcotics, hallucinogens, antipsychotics
68
schedule 1 drugs mean
according to gvt. they are highly addictive and there are not medical uses
69
schedule 2 drugs mean
according to gvt. they are likely to be used for abuse and dependence but there are medical uses
70
schedule 3 drugs mean
according to gvt. they have less potential for abuse and they are prescribed but with strictness
71
schedule 4 and 5 drugs mean
they keep getting less and less restricted here
72
SUD is
substance abuse disorder
73
comorbidity
people who suffer from a mental illness have a likely hood for substance abuse
74
Olds and Milner (1954) studied...
rats and found a neural system for pleasure by giving them cocaine
75
what is neuroadaptation?
when there is a craving after a drug has been removed because the body thinks it is a natural component now
76
what pathway are most abused drugs acting on?
the mesolimbic dopamine pathway
77
the mesolimbic pathway connects to what?
the VTA which connects to the nucleus accumbens
78
ventral tegmental area
associated with drug abuse
79
nucleus accumbens is connected to what
hypothalamus
80
nucleus accumbens is coorelated to what NTs
dopamine and seratonin
81
long term and chronic exposure to drugs does what?
impairs the mesolimbic pathway and creates a tolerance in this area
82
why do some people become addicted to drugs and others don't?
some people have different brains, like some people need methylphenidate which is close to meth but treats ADHD, people without ADHD can get addicted
83
DA2 receptors bind to
dopamine which makes the body feel pleasure, the DA2 receptors are lowered in sensitivity so it takes more drugs to feel that level of dopamine again
84
why are opiates are commonly abused?
for their analgesic properties in the acqueductal gray area
85
what stimulants are commonly abused and why?
cocaine because it blocks of dopamine and enhances norepinephrine, amphetamine- enhances dopamine and inhibits reuptake
86
types of x rays
contrast x rays and CT ( computerized tomography) scans
87
what is poistron emmission tomography
PET scan which is a radioactive imaging which uses deoxyglucose to measure the brains activity
88
magnetic field techniques
MRI (hydrogen atoms), fMRI ("bold signals), diffusor tension imaging (axonal tracts)
89
TMS is
transcranial magnetic stimulation which puts a temporary legion in the brain
90
tDCS is
transcranial direct stimulation which area of cortex
91
EEG is an evoked potential which means
it monitors electrical waves of different activities
92
what measures muscle tension
EMG
93
what measures eye movement
EOG
94
WAIS
test for adult intelligence

Behavioral Nueroscience (3 decks)

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