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Behavioral Nueroscience > Physiological Psychology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs

A

any chemical substance that alters the structure or function of the body

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2
Q

psychopharmacology

A

brain and behavior

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3
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

drugs and the body

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics tells us the time of the drug by…

A

ADME

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5
Q

ADME

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

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6
Q

what is the therapeutic window?

A

the primary effects desired between too high of dose and too low of dose

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7
Q

oral administration

A

easiest and oldest way, the drugs pass through the GI tract (stomach, small intestine, liver)

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8
Q

Why are orally administered drugs given in elevated doses?

A

because they have to pass through the GI tract

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9
Q

what are some problems with oral administration?

A

GI tract state changes, stomach distress, stomach acid may destroy some drugs, amount of enzymes body enzymes

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10
Q

rectal administration

A

suppositories absorbed through thin rectal membrane

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11
Q

when would you take a suppository?

A

when you cannot stop vomiting or you are unconscious

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12
Q

problems with rectal administration?

A

there are so many unknowns because it is not natural

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13
Q

what is the fastest way of administration?

A

Inhalation

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14
Q

problems with inhalation?

A

highly prone to abuse, cigarettes which leads to cancer and other issues

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15
Q

Intranasal administration (insufflation)

A

relatively fast and easy like a humidifier

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16
Q

problems with insufflation?

A

addiction and can lose sense of smell, deviated septum

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17
Q

sublingual administration

A

absorption through the mouth, it is fast and self administered

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18
Q

problems with sublingual administration?

A

few drugs can be absorbed this way, things like tobacco have risk for cancer

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19
Q

transdermal patch administration?

A

absorption through the skin, very easy and discrete

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20
Q

problems with transdermal patch?

A

slow absorption, doesn’t work for obese people, can irritate skin

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21
Q

Types of injections (5)

A

intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (Sub-Q), spinal

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22
Q

What is the fastest way of INJECTION?

A

IV

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23
Q

advantages of IV injection?

A

fastest way and specific doses

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24
Q

disadvantages of IV injection?

A

cannot reverse it

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25
Q

advantages of IP injection?

A

good for distribution because of high surrounding fluid, good for animal studies

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26
Q

disadvantages of IP injection?

A

slow and risk injury to organs

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27
Q

IM injection

A

injection into a large muscle, rapid onset unless administered by depot

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28
Q

subcutaneous delivery

A

skin-popping

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29
Q

spinal administration types

A

epidural, lumbar puncture, intrathecal injections

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30
Q

epidural injection

A

inserted into epidural space in spine

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31
Q

lumbar puncture

A

withdraw CSF from subarachnoid space

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32
Q

Intrathecal injections

A

inserted into subarachnoid space

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33
Q

2 types of drug distribution

A

bloodstream and CSF

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34
Q

body membranes

A

cells membranes, walls of capillary vessels, blood-brain barrier, placental barrier

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35
Q

4 ways drugs can exit the body…

A

kidneys, lungs, bile, skin

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36
Q

biotransformation

A

the process of transforming a drug into a metabolite to be excreted through urine

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37
Q

2 types of dependance?

A

physical and psychological

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38
Q

physical dependance explained…

A

the body becomes used to the drug and thinks that that is now the natural state of homeostasis in the body, so when it is taken away it has withdrawal effects because it is trying to tell you to get more of the drug so it can go back to it’s false homeostasis state

39
Q

2 types of psychological dependance?

A

primary and secondary

40
Q

primary psychological dependance is…

A

the strong desire for the pleasurable effects of drugs

41
Q

secondary psychological dependance is…

A

strong desire for drug to take away negative feelings

42
Q

morphine type dependance?

A

occurs with opiates (heroin) and stimulants (cocaine)

43
Q

ethanol type dependance?

A

occurs with sedative-hypnotics such as alcohol and dezapamines

44
Q

what is abstinence syndrome associated with?

A

ethanol dependencies

45
Q

the difference between drug tolerance and dependance?

A

tolerance is when you have to keep taking more and more to experience the effects while dependance is when your body needs it to stay in its homeostatic state

46
Q

enzyme induction (pharmacokinetic) tolerance

A

when the drug is an inhibitor of certain enzymes (cross tolerance, the drug acting as an enzyme)

47
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

tachyphylaxis is when the body becomes used to the drug

48
Q

behavioral tolerance

A

classical conditioning at work

49
Q

reverse tolerance

A

less amount of drug produces same effect such as alcohol abuse can lead to liver damage, now it takes less alcohol than before to become intoxicated

50
Q

what happens to the therapeutic window in pharmacodynamic tolerance?

A

it decreases in size

51
Q

therapeutic index is…

A

quantitive comparison between the effective dose amount and lethal dose amount

52
Q

margin of safety is…

A

the ratio of safety of a drug in the entire population

53
Q

What are the 3 classes of conventional, small NTs?

A

amino acids, monoamines, acetycholine

54
Q

Neuropeptide class is what?

A

for larger molecules of NTs- endorphins

55
Q

What are the different amino acid NTs?

A

glutamate, glycin, GABA

56
Q

2 types of monoamine NTs?

A

catecholamines and indolamines

57
Q

types of catecholamine NTs?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

58
Q

types of indolamine NTs?

A

seratonin

59
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

motor control, emotionality and craving feelings

60
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine both…

A

deal with stress and increased heart rates

61
Q

what is seratonin do?

A

a lot of things such as mood and social behaviors

62
Q

2 types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

muscarinic and nictinic

63
Q

endorphins function in our reception and dealing with…

A

pain

64
Q

How are drugs classified?

A

SLMB- structure, legality/illegality, mechanism, behavioral effect

65
Q

agonist

A

acts like a chemical

66
Q

antagonist

A

blocks chemical/drug in some way

67
Q

what are the types of behavioral effects?

A

SSOHA- sedative hypnotics, stimulants, opiates/narcotics, hallucinogens, antipsychotics

68
Q

schedule 1 drugs mean

A

according to gvt. they are highly addictive and there are not medical uses

69
Q

schedule 2 drugs mean

A

according to gvt. they are likely to be used for abuse and dependence but there are medical uses

70
Q

schedule 3 drugs mean

A

according to gvt. they have less potential for abuse and they are prescribed but with strictness

71
Q

schedule 4 and 5 drugs mean

A

they keep getting less and less restricted here

72
Q

SUD is

A

substance abuse disorder

73
Q

comorbidity

A

people who suffer from a mental illness have a likely hood for substance abuse

74
Q

Olds and Milner (1954) studied…

A

rats and found a neural system for pleasure by giving them cocaine

75
Q

what is neuroadaptation?

A

when there is a craving after a drug has been removed because the body thinks it is a natural component now

76
Q

what pathway are most abused drugs acting on?

A

the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

77
Q

the mesolimbic pathway connects to what?

A

the VTA which connects to the nucleus accumbens

78
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

associated with drug abuse

79
Q

nucleus accumbens is connected to what

A

hypothalamus

80
Q

nucleus accumbens is coorelated to what NTs

A

dopamine and seratonin

81
Q

long term and chronic exposure to drugs does what?

A

impairs the mesolimbic pathway and creates a tolerance in this area

82
Q

why do some people become addicted to drugs and others don’t?

A

some people have different brains, like some people need methylphenidate which is close to meth but treats ADHD, people without ADHD can get addicted

83
Q

DA2 receptors bind to

A

dopamine which makes the body feel pleasure, the DA2 receptors are lowered in sensitivity so it takes more drugs to feel that level of dopamine again

84
Q

why are opiates are commonly abused?

A

for their analgesic properties in the acqueductal gray area

85
Q

what stimulants are commonly abused and why?

A

cocaine because it blocks of dopamine and enhances norepinephrine, amphetamine- enhances dopamine and inhibits reuptake

86
Q

types of x rays

A

contrast x rays and CT ( computerized tomography) scans

87
Q

what is poistron emmission tomography

A

PET scan which is a radioactive imaging which uses deoxyglucose to measure the brains activity

88
Q

magnetic field techniques

A

MRI (hydrogen atoms), fMRI (“bold signals), diffusor tension imaging (axonal tracts)

89
Q

TMS is

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation which puts a temporary legion in the brain

90
Q

tDCS is

A

transcranial direct stimulation which area of cortex

91
Q

EEG is an evoked potential which means

A

it monitors electrical waves of different activities

92
Q

what measures muscle tension

A

EMG

93
Q

what measures eye movement

A

EOG

94
Q

WAIS

A

test for adult intelligence

Behavioral Nueroscience (3 decks)

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