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Behavioral Nueroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What allows for casual statements?

A

experiments

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2
Q

between-subjects

A

when different people each test one condition

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3
Q

within-subjects

A

one person tests several conditions

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4
Q

independent variables

A

directly manipulated by research

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5
Q

dependent variables

A

measured and resulting from independent variable

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6
Q

Quasiexperiments

A

have at least one variable you cannot change

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7
Q

depression in the brain is an example of what?

A

an unchangeable variable

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8
Q

case studies are built off of what?

A

as much information as possible

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9
Q

what is an example of a case study?

A

Broca and Tan. Broca visited and studied patient Louis who progressively lost his speech but did not lose comprehension of speech of mental function. He could only say Tan.

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10
Q

Pure research

A

just for kicks

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11
Q

Applied research

A

research that is meant to be applied

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12
Q

Translation research

A

makes findings from basic science useful

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13
Q

6 Divisions of Biopsychology

A
  1. physiological psychology 2. psychopharmacology 3. neuropsychology 4. psychophysiology 5. cognitive neuroscience 6. comparative psychology
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14
Q

What is physiological psychology?

A

focuses on the mechanism behind our behavior

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15
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

how drugs manipulate our nervous system

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16
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

behavioral effects of brain damage, mostly case studies because they must occur naturally

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17
Q

What is psychophysiology?

A

physiological processes and how it affects psychological processes

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18
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

neural basis of cognitive processes, FMRI machine scans

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19
Q

What is comparative psychology?

A

deals with the biology and genetics of behavior as well as evolutionary psychology and usually studies animals in their natural habitats

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20
Q

PNS is made up of

A

autonomic and somatic systems

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21
Q

autonomic system is what?

A

The involuntary actions of the body. Made up of the sympathetic which is fight or flight and the parasympathetic which is homeostasis

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22
Q

somatic system is what?

A

afferent and efferent neurons. Afferent carries signals to the CNS while the efferent carries signals from the CNS

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23
Q

cranial nerves avoid what when sending signals?

A

the spinal cord

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24
Q

What is the soma?

A

the body of the neuron

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25
What are dendrites?
the branches off of the soma of a neuron
26
What is the axon?
body of the branch of the neuron that carries impulses
27
What are the terminal buttons of neuron?
bulbs at end of axon that hold neurotransmitters
28
What are myelin sheath?
covers parts of axon to allow transmissions to pass
29
nodes of ranvier what?
space between the myelin sheath that aids in speed of transmissions across axon
30
synapses is the space between
sending and receiving neurons
31
Internal anatomy of the neuron?
the synaptic vesicles at the end of the axon hold neurotransmitters and wait for a signal to release, once told to release they sent through the terminal buttons through the synapse and to the receiving dendrites
32
multipolar neurons
single axon and many dendrites
33
unipolar neurons
single axon and no dendrites
34
bipolar neurons
soma in middle and single axon going to both dendrites and terminal buttons
35
what is an interneuron?
a neuron that is located solely in the CNS and transmit signals between neurons
36
sensory neurons take signals where?
to the brain
37
motor neurons are what?
the brains response to sensory signals
38
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
both form the myelin sheath on axon but oligodendrocytes are in CNS and schwann cells are in PNS
39
blood brain barrier
separates the circulating blood from the brain in the CNS
40
membrane potential
the difference between the outside and the inside of the neuron
41
RESTING membrane potential is what?
the difference between the negative charge and the positive charge of the neuron and the outside
42
Action potential
the change in the electrical potential, the action of depolarized to hyperpolarized
43
The charge of a neuron tends to be what?
Negative
44
When a message is traveling then neuron will go from
depolarized to hyperpolarized
45
Diffusion is
going from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
46
Diffusion in neurons explained...
A neuron is negatively charged, in order for a signal to be sent, ions need to be diffused across the membrane to be able to go from depolarized state to a hyperpolarized state. The cell becoming positively charged
47
Electrostatic pressure means...
cations (positive ions) anions (negative ions) are attracted to one another
48
What type of ions does extracellular fluid contain?
Na+
49
What type of ions does the intracellular fluid contain?
K+ ions as well as large negatively charged proteins
50
What allows transportation through the neuron membrane?
Sodium and potassium pumps allow transportation in and out of the cell membrane
51
How much energy is used by the neuron pumps?
~40%
52
At what charge is the neuron membrane at rest?
-70
53
What is that charge when the channels/pumps will open?
55
54
At what charge is there action potential in the neuron?
40
55
At what charge does the neuron go back down to eventually go to the resting charge?
-75
56
What happens all or none in an axon?
Axonal conduction. Either there is a transfer of charge, so a signal being sent, or there is none at all.
57
No matter how large a sensory signal is sent, the size of the actual nueron axonal conduction is always the same, how do we have bigger reactions to larger sensory inputs?
The frequency of the signals firing in the neuron determine how large our reaction will be, the more frequency, the larger the signals sent and the larger the response.
58
synaptic transmission is what?
The act of neurotransmitter being sent through the terminal buttons, through the synapse, and attaches to the receiving dendrites
59
postsynaptic receptors are...
whatever is receiving the transmission from the sending neuron
60
postsynaptic potential is...
the change of the membrane of the receiving neuron or muscle cell
61
A ligand is what?
A ligand channel on the receiving end that allows for neurotransmitters to bind to
62
ionotropic receptors
allow the binding of neurotransmitters to open up the channels
63
metabolic receptors
allows the binding of chemicals to open up the channels
64
If there is no call for action, how can postsynaptic potentials be terminated?
enzymes can deactivate the neurotransmitters and also by reuptake which allows neurotransmitters to remain longer in the synapse
65
What is the diencephalon?
The inner parts of the brain
66
Where and what is the thalamus?
It is the two lobes of the diencephalon with a connecting bridge and serves as a relay station and regulation of sleep and consciousness
67
Where and what is the hypothalamus?
It is just below the thalamus and functions in the 4 Fs, feeding, feeling, fighting, fornification
68
What and where is the pituitary gland?
Pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus and is effective in regulating hormones.
69
Optic chasm is...
part of the brain where the optic nerves cross, it is located just below the hypothalamus
70
What is the telencephalon
What we see
71
sulci
small grooves of outer brain
72
fissures
large grooves of outer brain, what separates the larger lobes of the brain
73
gyri
smooth parts of brain surface
74
the primary visual cortex is going to be located where?
The occipital lobe
75
what is located in the temporal lobe?
The auditory cortex
76
What and where is the somatosensory cortex?
It is located in the parietal lobe and is responsible for sensation and touch
77
brocas area
speech production in frontal lobe
78
wernicke's area
comprehension of speech in temporal lobe
79
association cortices is where...
higher processing takes place and takes up little space
80
The limbic system consists of...
hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
81
hippocampus
posterior and inferior to the hypothalamus (long) and is involved in taking short term memory and turning it into long term memory
82
amygdala
hugs the end of the hippocampus and has to do with fear
83
how many cranial nerves are there?
12
84
What cranial nerve has both sensory and motor functions?
vagus nerve
85
Where does the vagus nerve extend from?
From the brain to the abdomen
86
Where does the vagus nerve originate from?
The medulla
87
Where is the medulla located?
In the brain stem, right below the pons

Behavioral Nueroscience (3 decks)

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