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Behavioral Nueroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What allows for casual statements?

A

experiments

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2
Q

between-subjects

A

when different people each test one condition

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3
Q

within-subjects

A

one person tests several conditions

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4
Q

independent variables

A

directly manipulated by research

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5
Q

dependent variables

A

measured and resulting from independent variable

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6
Q

Quasiexperiments

A

have at least one variable you cannot change

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7
Q

depression in the brain is an example of what?

A

an unchangeable variable

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8
Q

case studies are built off of what?

A

as much information as possible

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9
Q

what is an example of a case study?

A

Broca and Tan. Broca visited and studied patient Louis who progressively lost his speech but did not lose comprehension of speech of mental function. He could only say Tan.

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10
Q

Pure research

A

just for kicks

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11
Q

Applied research

A

research that is meant to be applied

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12
Q

Translation research

A

makes findings from basic science useful

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13
Q

6 Divisions of Biopsychology

A
  1. physiological psychology 2. psychopharmacology 3. neuropsychology 4. psychophysiology 5. cognitive neuroscience 6. comparative psychology
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14
Q

What is physiological psychology?

A

focuses on the mechanism behind our behavior

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15
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

how drugs manipulate our nervous system

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16
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

behavioral effects of brain damage, mostly case studies because they must occur naturally

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17
Q

What is psychophysiology?

A

physiological processes and how it affects psychological processes

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18
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

neural basis of cognitive processes, FMRI machine scans

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19
Q

What is comparative psychology?

A

deals with the biology and genetics of behavior as well as evolutionary psychology and usually studies animals in their natural habitats

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20
Q

PNS is made up of

A

autonomic and somatic systems

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21
Q

autonomic system is what?

A

The involuntary actions of the body. Made up of the sympathetic which is fight or flight and the parasympathetic which is homeostasis

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22
Q

somatic system is what?

A

afferent and efferent neurons. Afferent carries signals to the CNS while the efferent carries signals from the CNS

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23
Q

cranial nerves avoid what when sending signals?

A

the spinal cord

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24
Q

What is the soma?

A

the body of the neuron

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25
Q

What are dendrites?

A

the branches off of the soma of a neuron

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26
Q

What is the axon?

A

body of the branch of the neuron that carries impulses

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27
Q

What are the terminal buttons of neuron?

A

bulbs at end of axon that hold neurotransmitters

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28
Q

What are myelin sheath?

A

covers parts of axon to allow transmissions to pass

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29
Q

nodes of ranvier what?

A

space between the myelin sheath that aids in speed of transmissions across axon

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30
Q

synapses is the space between

A

sending and receiving neurons

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31
Q

Internal anatomy of the neuron?

A

the synaptic vesicles at the end of the axon hold neurotransmitters and wait for a signal to release, once told to release they sent through the terminal buttons through the synapse and to the receiving dendrites

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32
Q

multipolar neurons

A

single axon and many dendrites

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33
Q

unipolar neurons

A

single axon and no dendrites

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34
Q

bipolar neurons

A

soma in middle and single axon going to both dendrites and terminal buttons

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35
Q

what is an interneuron?

A

a neuron that is located solely in the CNS and transmit signals between neurons

36
Q

sensory neurons take signals where?

A

to the brain

37
Q

motor neurons are what?

A

the brains response to sensory signals

38
Q

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

A

both form the myelin sheath on axon but oligodendrocytes are in CNS and schwann cells are in PNS

39
Q

blood brain barrier

A

separates the circulating blood from the brain in the CNS

40
Q

membrane potential

A

the difference between the outside and the inside of the neuron

41
Q

RESTING membrane potential is what?

A

the difference between the negative charge and the positive charge of the neuron and the outside

42
Q

Action potential

A

the change in the electrical potential, the action of depolarized to hyperpolarized

43
Q

The charge of a neuron tends to be what?

A

Negative

44
Q

When a message is traveling then neuron will go from

A

depolarized to hyperpolarized

45
Q

Diffusion is

A

going from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

46
Q

Diffusion in neurons explained…

A

A neuron is negatively charged, in order for a signal to be sent, ions need to be diffused across the membrane to be able to go from depolarized state to a hyperpolarized state. The cell becoming positively charged

47
Q

Electrostatic pressure means…

A

cations (positive ions) anions (negative ions) are attracted to one another

48
Q

What type of ions does extracellular fluid contain?

A

Na+

49
Q

What type of ions does the intracellular fluid contain?

A

K+ ions as well as large negatively charged proteins

50
Q

What allows transportation through the neuron membrane?

A

Sodium and potassium pumps allow transportation in and out of the cell membrane

51
Q

How much energy is used by the neuron pumps?

A

~40%

52
Q

At what charge is the neuron membrane at rest?

A

-70

53
Q

What is that charge when the channels/pumps will open?

A

55

54
Q

At what charge is there action potential in the neuron?

A

40

55
Q

At what charge does the neuron go back down to eventually go to the resting charge?

A

-75

56
Q

What happens all or none in an axon?

A

Axonal conduction. Either there is a transfer of charge, so a signal being sent, or there is none at all.

57
Q

No matter how large a sensory signal is sent, the size of the actual nueron axonal conduction is always the same, how do we have bigger reactions to larger sensory inputs?

A

The frequency of the signals firing in the neuron determine how large our reaction will be, the more frequency, the larger the signals sent and the larger the response.

58
Q

synaptic transmission is what?

A

The act of neurotransmitter being sent through the terminal buttons, through the synapse, and attaches to the receiving dendrites

59
Q

postsynaptic receptors are…

A

whatever is receiving the transmission from the sending neuron

60
Q

postsynaptic potential is…

A

the change of the membrane of the receiving neuron or muscle cell

61
Q

A ligand is what?

A

A ligand channel on the receiving end that allows for neurotransmitters to bind to

62
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

allow the binding of neurotransmitters to open up the channels

63
Q

metabolic receptors

A

allows the binding of chemicals to open up the channels

64
Q

If there is no call for action, how can postsynaptic potentials be terminated?

A

enzymes can deactivate the neurotransmitters and also by reuptake which allows neurotransmitters to remain longer in the synapse

65
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The inner parts of the brain

66
Q

Where and what is the thalamus?

A

It is the two lobes of the diencephalon with a connecting bridge and serves as a relay station and regulation of sleep and consciousness

67
Q

Where and what is the hypothalamus?

A

It is just below the thalamus and functions in the 4 Fs, feeding, feeling, fighting, fornification

68
Q

What and where is the pituitary gland?

A

Pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus and is effective in regulating hormones.

69
Q

Optic chasm is…

A

part of the brain where the optic nerves cross, it is located just below the hypothalamus

70
Q

What is the telencephalon

A

What we see

71
Q

sulci

A

small grooves of outer brain

72
Q

fissures

A

large grooves of outer brain, what separates the larger lobes of the brain

73
Q

gyri

A

smooth parts of brain surface

74
Q

the primary visual cortex is going to be located where?

A

The occipital lobe

75
Q

what is located in the temporal lobe?

A

The auditory cortex

76
Q

What and where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

It is located in the parietal lobe and is responsible for sensation and touch

77
Q

brocas area

A

speech production in frontal lobe

78
Q

wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of speech in temporal lobe

79
Q

association cortices is where…

A

higher processing takes place and takes up little space

80
Q

The limbic system consists of…

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

81
Q

hippocampus

A

posterior and inferior to the hypothalamus (long) and is involved in taking short term memory and turning it into long term memory

82
Q

amygdala

A

hugs the end of the hippocampus and has to do with fear

83
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

84
Q

What cranial nerve has both sensory and motor functions?

A

vagus nerve

85
Q

Where does the vagus nerve extend from?

A

From the brain to the abdomen

86
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate from?

A

The medulla

87
Q

Where is the medulla located?

A

In the brain stem, right below the pons

Behavioral Nueroscience (3 decks)

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