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Behavioral Nueroscience > Developmental Psych Exam 1 > Flashcards

Developmental Psych Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Science

A

a field of study that focuses on the changes that children undergo from conception

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2
Q

5 main periods developmentalists tend to study

A
  1. prenantal period
  2. infancy
  3. early childhood
  4. middle childhood
  5. adolescence
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3
Q

4 major domains of development

A

social, physical, emotional, cognitive

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4
Q

Research focuses on 4 fundamental issues

A

sources of development (nature vs. nurture), plasticity, continuity/discontinuity, individual differences

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5
Q

nature

A

a person’s inherited biological predispositions

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6
Q

nurture

A

the influences on the person of their social and cultural environment

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7
Q

problem with nature vs. nurture studies

A

it is impossible to study in isolation, sensitivity to environment differs, role of genes can change

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8
Q

plasticity

A

the degree to which development is open to change and intervention

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9
Q

what are the two periods of plasticity?

A

sensitive and critical periods

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10
Q

sensitive periods

A

a period in childhood where the child is able to learn a skill or knowledge very easily such as language development

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11
Q

critical periods

A

a period of time in which a specific event or stimulus MUST occur for normal development to happen such as imprinting

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12
Q

What happens once a critical/sensitive period has passed?

A

The trait becomes less plastic

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13
Q

continuous theories suggest that…

A

children gradually accumulate knowledge and skills-quantitative change

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14
Q

discontinuous theories suggest that…

A

change is qualitative, there are a series of abrupt and radical changes in predictable patterns, there are developmental stages

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15
Q

Individual differences

A

How do we all end up being different? Is it from nature versus nurture? To what extent are individual traits stable over time? No two individuals are exactly alike

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16
Q

4 Grand Theories

A

psychodynamic theories, behaviorism theories, Piaget’s constructivist theory, vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

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17
Q

4 Modern Theories

A

evolutionary theories, social learning theories, information-processing theories, systems theories

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18
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

suggests that our behavior is caused by unconscious factors shaped from our childhood

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19
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

believed that children go through psychosexual stages that lead to development of their adult personalities

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20
Q

Erik Erikson

A

believed that there were 8 psychosocial stages through childhood that would lead to a healthy development

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21
Q

What type of theories do Sigmund and Erik have?

A

psychodynamic theories

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22
Q

Behavorism

A

associations made between behaviors and consequences

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23
Q

John B. Watson & Pavlov

A

classical conditioning with dogs

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24
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning with pigeons

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25
Q

Behaviorism

A

learning involves modifying behavior by forming associations between observable behavior and its consequences

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26
Q

Piaget’s constructivist theory

A

says that people get knowledge and form meaning based on their experiences

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27
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A

looks at the development of people and the culture in which they live

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28
Q

Zone or proximal development is from what theory?

A

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

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29
Q

Evolutionary Theories

A

says survival characteristics get passed down, Darwin

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30
Q

Ethology

A

specific behavior in their natural environment

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31
Q

Social Learning Theories

A

suggests that new behaviors can be acquired through observation and imitation, Albert Bandura

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32
Q

What did Albert Bandura study?

A

modeling- children observe and imitate others and self-efficacy- people’s beliefs about their own abilities

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33
Q

Information-processing theories

A

look at how children process, store, organize, retrieve and manipulate information in increasingly efficient ways

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34
Q

System theories

A

development comes when there is a constant interaction between parts

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35
Q

What is development?

A

the study of change over time

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36
Q

What are the goals of developmental research?

A

Basic research, Applied research, Action research

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37
Q

criteria for developmental research

A

objectivity, reliability, replicability, validity, ethically sound

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38
Q

objectivity

A

researchers aren’t biased in their research conduct

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39
Q

reliability

A

researcher will provide the same results consistently and independent observers should agree on the description of the results

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40
Q

replicability

A

results can be obtained by a different sample

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41
Q

validity

A

data reflects the natural phenomenon under study

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42
Q

ethically sound

A

free from harm, informed consent, confidentiality

43
Q

Methods of data collecting

A

children’s self-reports, reports by family/teachers/peers, neuroscience methods, direct/naturalistic observations, experiments/non-experiments, clinical interview

44
Q

correlation

A

association between two variables

45
Q

causation

A

occurence of one event depends on the occurence of a prior event

46
Q

direction-of- cause problem is…

A

when the correlation does not indicate which variable is the cause of the effect

47
Q

third-variable problem is…

A

correlation of two variables might be because of a third variable that was not under investigation

48
Q

What are sigmund freud’s 5 psychosexual stages

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genitalia

49
Q

longitudinal design

A

follow one type of people for an extended period of time

50
Q

cross-sectional design

A

collects information about groups of various ages at one time

51
Q

cohort sequential

A

combines longitudinal and cross-sectional by following several cohorts over time

52
Q

microgenetic

A

observe people intensely for a short period of time (hours or days)

53
Q

How is culture inherited?

A

through social enhancement, imitation and explicit instruction

54
Q

what are material tools?

A

They are the physical objects or the observable patterns of behavior

55
Q

what are symbolic tools?

A

cultural tools such as abstract knowledge, beliefs and values

56
Q

genotype

A

inherited gened

57
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits developed

58
Q

natural selection

A

individuals with well adapted phenotypes survive and reproduce to pass on desires genotypes associated with phenotypes

59
Q

Germ cells

A

sex cells formed through meiosis

60
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells formed through mitosis

61
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

degree to which phenotype changes by environment rather than the genotype like traits that are high in plasticity are traits that are easily changed by the environment

62
Q

what are phenotypic traits that are not easily changed by the environment?

A

phenotypic traits that are more reliant on the genotype passed on and not the environment

63
Q

phenotypic canalization

A

a trait that seems to be unchanged by environment and genotype changes such as children’s acquisition to language

64
Q

heritability

A

amount of phenotypic variation in a population due to genetic differences such as variation of height in a population

65
Q

heritability is estimated through…

A

family studies, twin studies, adoption studies

66
Q

periods of prenatal development (3)

A

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

67
Q

Germinal period is…

A

when the zygote enters the uterus and becomes implanted, usually in the first 8-10 days, organism changes from one cell to hundreds

68
Q

Embryonic period is…

A

begins at implantation when the organism attaches to the uterus, until 8th week, all major organs have taken shape and nutrients and waste are being exchanged through the placenta

69
Q

fetal period is…

A

begins at 9th week and lasts until birth, fetus dramatically grows in weight and length, brain and all organs increase in complexity, by 15 weeks fetus exhibits all movements observable at birth

70
Q

What are the two influences that affect prenatal development?

A

mothers attitude or stress and nutrition

71
Q

stress hormones such as cortisol exposed to the fetus can result in what three things?

A

low birth weight, premature birth, increased aggression in toddler years

72
Q

Teratogens are…

A

deviations in development from environment that can lead to abnormalities or death

73
Q

6 General Principles of teratogens

A

susceptibility on organism depends on its developmental stage, teratogens effect a specific organ, susceptibility depends on individual, physiological state of mother can determine susceptibility, greater the teratogen the greater the risk, teratogens that don’t affect the mother can seriously affect the developing organism

74
Q

common teratogens

A

drugs, infections, Rh incompatibility, radiation or pollution on high levels

75
Q

Cigarettes in pregnancy

A

low birth weight because placental blood vessels were decreases hindering the nutrition deliverance

76
Q

what percent of women smoke during pregnancy?

A

13%

77
Q

Alcohol in pregnancy

A

can lead to FAS which is mental retardation, can vary from minimal to severe risks

78
Q

What did Elizabeth Cox study?

A

She studied infants who had been born to mothers who used cocaine and they cried differently and a lot more

79
Q

How do you asses a newborn’s condition/vitality?

A

APGAR scale for physical condition and Brazelton Neonatal Assessment for neurological

80
Q

What are the 5 categories/factors assessed in the APGAR scale?

A

Heart rate, respiratory, muscle tone, reflexes, color

a low score requires immediate medical attention

81
Q

The brain at birth will…

A

have all the neurons it will ever have and it will grow 4 times larger into adulthood

82
Q

Growth in the brain is due to…

A

neural connection and myelination

83
Q

what are neural connections?

A

synaptogenesis-synapses are formed between neurons over time

84
Q

what us myelination?

A

covering of axons to allow quicker transmissions

85
Q

synaptic pruning

A

synapse will close off if they are not being used

86
Q

CNS

A

spinal cord- transfer communication from brain and nerves
brain stem- connects brain and spinal cord
cerebral cortex- outermost layer of brain

87
Q

What in the CNS is immature at birth?

A

the cerebral cortex

88
Q

experience-expectant process

A

can occur in any experience

89
Q

experience-dependent process

A

initiated in response to experience

90
Q

What senses do newborns have?

A

They have all their senses but smell and touch is more activated

91
Q

How to asses infant’s sensory capabilities?

A

overt response, preferential looking, habituation/non-habituation

92
Q

Reflexes are…

A

building blocks for an action and are involuntary. They are useful to integrate to actions that are voluntary. They are there naturally

93
Q

Ossification is

A

to turn into bone

94
Q

What bones ossify first?

A

Bones in hands and wrist

95
Q

Visual cliff experiment shows that…

A

depth perception occurs in infants when they begin to crawl, it is learned from experience

96
Q

Object permanence

A

object still exists in location though you cannot see it still

97
Q

A not B error?

A

They do not think that object still exists because they cannot see it where it was previously

98
Q

primary intersubjectivity

A

organized face to face interaction between infant and caregiver

99
Q

can disrupt synchrony through…

A

still face and delayed response

100
Q

attachment is…

A

an emotional bond between baby and their care giver about 7-9 months

101
Q

Mary Ainsworth did…

A

the strange situation to asses child’s reactions when caregiver leaves the room briefly

102
Q

4 types of attachment

A

secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized

103
Q

harlows monkeys taught us the importance of

A

caregiver and companionship in development

104
Q

social referencing

A

infant looks to caregivers reaction to see how they should feel

Behavioral Nueroscience (3 decks)

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