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Developmental Psych Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Science

A

a field of study that focuses on the changes that children undergo from conception

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2
Q

5 main periods developmentalists tend to study

A
  1. prenantal period
  2. infancy
  3. early childhood
  4. middle childhood
  5. adolescence
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3
Q

4 major domains of development

A

social, physical, emotional, cognitive

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4
Q

Research focuses on 4 fundamental issues

A

sources of development (nature vs. nurture), plasticity, continuity/discontinuity, individual differences

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5
Q

nature

A

a person’s inherited biological predispositions

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6
Q

nurture

A

the influences on the person of their social and cultural environment

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7
Q

problem with nature vs. nurture studies

A

it is impossible to study in isolation, sensitivity to environment differs, role of genes can change

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8
Q

plasticity

A

the degree to which development is open to change and intervention

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9
Q

what are the two periods of plasticity?

A

sensitive and critical periods

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10
Q

sensitive periods

A

a period in childhood where the child is able to learn a skill or knowledge very easily such as language development

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11
Q

critical periods

A

a period of time in which a specific event or stimulus MUST occur for normal development to happen such as imprinting

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12
Q

What happens once a critical/sensitive period has passed?

A

The trait becomes less plastic

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13
Q

continuous theories suggest that…

A

children gradually accumulate knowledge and skills-quantitative change

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14
Q

discontinuous theories suggest that…

A

change is qualitative, there are a series of abrupt and radical changes in predictable patterns, there are developmental stages

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15
Q

Individual differences

A

How do we all end up being different? Is it from nature versus nurture? To what extent are individual traits stable over time? No two individuals are exactly alike

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16
Q

4 Grand Theories

A

psychodynamic theories, behaviorism theories, Piaget’s constructivist theory, vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

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17
Q

4 Modern Theories

A

evolutionary theories, social learning theories, information-processing theories, systems theories

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18
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

suggests that our behavior is caused by unconscious factors shaped from our childhood

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19
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

believed that children go through psychosexual stages that lead to development of their adult personalities

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20
Q

Erik Erikson

A

believed that there were 8 psychosocial stages through childhood that would lead to a healthy development

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21
Q

What type of theories do Sigmund and Erik have?

A

psychodynamic theories

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22
Q

Behavorism

A

associations made between behaviors and consequences

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23
Q

John B. Watson & Pavlov

A

classical conditioning with dogs

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24
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning with pigeons

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25
Behaviorism
learning involves modifying behavior by forming associations between observable behavior and its consequences
26
Piaget's constructivist theory
says that people get knowledge and form meaning based on their experiences
27
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
looks at the development of people and the culture in which they live
28
Zone or proximal development is from what theory?
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
29
Evolutionary Theories
says survival characteristics get passed down, Darwin
30
Ethology
specific behavior in their natural environment
31
Social Learning Theories
suggests that new behaviors can be acquired through observation and imitation, Albert Bandura
32
What did Albert Bandura study?
modeling- children observe and imitate others and self-efficacy- people's beliefs about their own abilities
33
Information-processing theories
look at how children process, store, organize, retrieve and manipulate information in increasingly efficient ways
34
System theories
development comes when there is a constant interaction between parts
35
What is development?
the study of change over time
36
What are the goals of developmental research?
Basic research, Applied research, Action research
37
criteria for developmental research
objectivity, reliability, replicability, validity, ethically sound
38
objectivity
researchers aren't biased in their research conduct
39
reliability
researcher will provide the same results consistently and independent observers should agree on the description of the results
40
replicability
results can be obtained by a different sample
41
validity
data reflects the natural phenomenon under study
42
ethically sound
free from harm, informed consent, confidentiality
43
Methods of data collecting
children's self-reports, reports by family/teachers/peers, neuroscience methods, direct/naturalistic observations, experiments/non-experiments, clinical interview
44
correlation
association between two variables
45
causation
occurence of one event depends on the occurence of a prior event
46
direction-of- cause problem is...
when the correlation does not indicate which variable is the cause of the effect
47
third-variable problem is...
correlation of two variables might be because of a third variable that was not under investigation
48
What are sigmund freud's 5 psychosexual stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genitalia
49
longitudinal design
follow one type of people for an extended period of time
50
cross-sectional design
collects information about groups of various ages at one time
51
cohort sequential
combines longitudinal and cross-sectional by following several cohorts over time
52
microgenetic
observe people intensely for a short period of time (hours or days)
53
How is culture inherited?
through social enhancement, imitation and explicit instruction
54
what are material tools?
They are the physical objects or the observable patterns of behavior
55
what are symbolic tools?
cultural tools such as abstract knowledge, beliefs and values
56
genotype
inherited gened
57
phenotype
observable traits developed
58
natural selection
individuals with well adapted phenotypes survive and reproduce to pass on desires genotypes associated with phenotypes
59
Germ cells
sex cells formed through meiosis
60
somatic cells
body cells formed through mitosis
61
phenotypic plasticity
degree to which phenotype changes by environment rather than the genotype like traits that are high in plasticity are traits that are easily changed by the environment
62
what are phenotypic traits that are not easily changed by the environment?
phenotypic traits that are more reliant on the genotype passed on and not the environment
63
phenotypic canalization
a trait that seems to be unchanged by environment and genotype changes such as children's acquisition to language
64
heritability
amount of phenotypic variation in a population due to genetic differences such as variation of height in a population
65
heritability is estimated through...
family studies, twin studies, adoption studies
66
periods of prenatal development (3)
germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period
67
Germinal period is...
when the zygote enters the uterus and becomes implanted, usually in the first 8-10 days, organism changes from one cell to hundreds
68
Embryonic period is...
begins at implantation when the organism attaches to the uterus, until 8th week, all major organs have taken shape and nutrients and waste are being exchanged through the placenta
69
fetal period is...
begins at 9th week and lasts until birth, fetus dramatically grows in weight and length, brain and all organs increase in complexity, by 15 weeks fetus exhibits all movements observable at birth
70
What are the two influences that affect prenatal development?
mothers attitude or stress and nutrition
71
stress hormones such as cortisol exposed to the fetus can result in what three things?
low birth weight, premature birth, increased aggression in toddler years
72
Teratogens are...
deviations in development from environment that can lead to abnormalities or death
73
6 General Principles of teratogens
susceptibility on organism depends on its developmental stage, teratogens effect a specific organ, susceptibility depends on individual, physiological state of mother can determine susceptibility, greater the teratogen the greater the risk, teratogens that don't affect the mother can seriously affect the developing organism
74
common teratogens
drugs, infections, Rh incompatibility, radiation or pollution on high levels
75
Cigarettes in pregnancy
low birth weight because placental blood vessels were decreases hindering the nutrition deliverance
76
what percent of women smoke during pregnancy?
13%
77
Alcohol in pregnancy
can lead to FAS which is mental retardation, can vary from minimal to severe risks
78
What did Elizabeth Cox study?
She studied infants who had been born to mothers who used cocaine and they cried differently and a lot more
79
How do you asses a newborn's condition/vitality?
APGAR scale for physical condition and Brazelton Neonatal Assessment for neurological
80
What are the 5 categories/factors assessed in the APGAR scale?
Heart rate, respiratory, muscle tone, reflexes, color | a low score requires immediate medical attention
81
The brain at birth will...
have all the neurons it will ever have and it will grow 4 times larger into adulthood
82
Growth in the brain is due to...
neural connection and myelination
83
what are neural connections?
synaptogenesis-synapses are formed between neurons over time
84
what us myelination?
covering of axons to allow quicker transmissions
85
synaptic pruning
synapse will close off if they are not being used
86
CNS
spinal cord- transfer communication from brain and nerves brain stem- connects brain and spinal cord cerebral cortex- outermost layer of brain
87
What in the CNS is immature at birth?
the cerebral cortex
88
experience-expectant process
can occur in any experience
89
experience-dependent process
initiated in response to experience
90
What senses do newborns have?
They have all their senses but smell and touch is more activated
91
How to asses infant's sensory capabilities?
overt response, preferential looking, habituation/non-habituation
92
Reflexes are...
building blocks for an action and are involuntary. They are useful to integrate to actions that are voluntary. They are there naturally
93
Ossification is
to turn into bone
94
What bones ossify first?
Bones in hands and wrist
95
Visual cliff experiment shows that...
depth perception occurs in infants when they begin to crawl, it is learned from experience
96
Object permanence
object still exists in location though you cannot see it still
97
A not B error?
They do not think that object still exists because they cannot see it where it was previously
98
primary intersubjectivity
organized face to face interaction between infant and caregiver
99
can disrupt synchrony through...
still face and delayed response
100
attachment is...
an emotional bond between baby and their care giver about 7-9 months
101
Mary Ainsworth did...
the strange situation to asses child's reactions when caregiver leaves the room briefly
102
4 types of attachment
secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized
103
harlows monkeys taught us the importance of
caregiver and companionship in development
104
social referencing
infant looks to caregivers reaction to see how they should feel

Behavioral Nueroscience (3 decks)

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