Physiological Models Of Learning And Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning and memory

A

Acquisition, encoding, storage and retrieval of information in the nervous system (Purves et al., 2004)
E.g. knowledge, behaviour, skills, values, preferences, emotional responses

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2
Q

Memory types

A

Declarative memory
Non-declarative (procedural) memory
Short term (immediate) memory
Working memory
Long term memory
Immediate -> working -> consolidation -> long term

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3
Q

Declarative memory

A

Consciously accessible and available
E.g. exam memory, remembering facts, figures, word definitions

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4
Q

Non-declarative (procedural) memory

A

Unconsciously available
Don’t think about it
E.g. muscle memory, driving, tying shoe lace

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5
Q

Short term (immediate) memory

A

Fractions of seconds
Doesn’t need to be stored

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6
Q

Working memory

A

Seconds to minutes
Doesn’t need to be stored

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7
Q

Long term memory

A

Days to years

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8
Q

Forgetting

A

Essential element
Limited capacity in central nervous system - brain
Training improves retention
Critical for normal functioning
Amnesia

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9
Q

Amnesia

A

Pathophysiological
Anterograde - losing ability to form new memories e.g. today
Retrograde - losing store of old memories e.g. years ago, already encoded memories

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10
Q

Proposed site for short term memory

A

Hippocampus - use dependant change in neuronal excitability in the hippocampus
Anterograde amnesia

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11
Q

Proposed site for long term memory

A

Wider distribution in cortex
Retrograde amnesia

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12
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

In hippocampus presynaptic neurones release glutamate
Postsynaptic neurones have glutamate receptors
Changes in the postsynaptic neurone behaviour depends upon how they’re stimulated by presynaptic neurone
Massive input - more sensitive and change in excitability
Lasts for a long time

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13
Q

Long-term potentiation: cellular process - small stimulus

A

Presynaptic cell activated and release glutamate
AMPA receptors activated by glutamate
Allow Na+ into the neurone
Causes depolarisation and postsynaptic activation

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14
Q

Long-term potentiation: cellular process - maximal stimulus

A

Large amount of glutamate activate NMDA receptors
Loses the back caused by magnesium so glutamate can bind
Ca2+ enters neurone leading to activation of kinase
Triggers change in excitability
Changes sensitivity of AMPA to glutamate and recruits more glutamate receptors
Response is larger

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15
Q

Long-term potentiation: changes in gene activation

A

Activation of CREB (transcription factor) switch on and off different genes
Changes in production of proteins associated with synaptogenesis, synaptic stabilisation, synaptic strength
Neurogenesis within hippocampus, produce mire cella and neurones

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16
Q

Models for memory consolidation: short term memory

A

Neural pathways associative cortex to hippocampus
Encoding short term memory

17
Q

Models for memory consolidation: long term memory

A

Neural pathways back from hippocampus to associative cortex
Longer term storage