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Principles Of Health Sciences > Control Of Movements > Flashcards

Control Of Movements Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory input

A

Proprioception input - position information
Vestibular input - balance information
Visual input - position information
Processed by the central nervous system and nuclei in the brain to produce movement output

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2
Q

Sensory feedback

A

Proprioceptive feedback
Check what we are doing
Decide if the movements are appropriate

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3
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Receptors send proprioceptive information to the spinal tract pathways
Spinocerebellar pathway
Dorsal column pathway

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4
Q

Proprioceptors: muscles and tendons

A

Spinocerebellar pathway
Muscle spindles - muscle length, rate of length change
Golgi tendon organ - tension in muscles

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5
Q

Proprioceptors: skin

A

Dorsal column pathway
Pacinian corpuscel - pressure, vibration
Ruffini endings - tension, stretch

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6
Q

Proprioceptors: joints

A

Dorsal column pathway
Kinaesthetic receptors - pacinian receptors, Ruffini endings, limb position, rate of position change

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7
Q

Sensory pathways: Spinocerebellar

A

Unconscious Proprioception

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8
Q

Sensory pathways: dorsal column

A

Fine touch
Vibration
Conscious Proprioception

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9
Q

Sensory pathways: spinothalemic

A

Temperature
Course touch
Pain

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10
Q

Targets for proprioceptive information: somatosensory cortex and associative areas

A

Early understanding of what is happening
Early cognition

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11
Q

Targets for proprioceptive information: primary motor cortex

A

Initiation of motor control

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12
Q

Targets for proprioceptive information: pre-motor cortex

A

Develops patterns off movement
Control muscles

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13
Q

Targets for proprioceptive information: basal ganglia/ nuclei

A

Scaling - how big the movements are, tiny or huge
Action selection - choose appropriate movements over inappropriate movements

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14
Q

Targets for proprioceptive information: cerebellum

A

Refinement of motor control
Develop feedback mechanisms
Balance and posture

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15
Q

Targets for proprioceptive information: brainstem nuclei

A

Refinement of motor control
Develop feedback

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16
Q

Targets for proprioceptive information: spinal cord

A

Spinal reflex loops

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17
Q

Vestibular system

A

Inner ear
Organs embedded in the bones of the skull
Move as the head moves
Measure and sense acceleration and movement of the head

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18
Q

Vestibular system: semi-circular canals

A

Three
At right angles to each other
Measure angular acceleration
Filled with fluid

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19
Q

Vestibular system: otolith organs

A

Utricle - measures horizontal acceleration
Saccule - measures vertical acceleration
Set at different orientations
Filled with fluid

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20
Q

Vestibular system: scarpa’s ganglion

A

Two parts
Collection of sensory nerve cell bodies
Carries information from the semi-circular canals and otolith organs to the brainstem via the vestibular nerve

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21
Q

Otolith organs function as accelerometers: support cells

A

Within the otolith organs
Attached to the skull
Move when the skull moves

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22
Q

Otolith organs function as accelerometers: hair cells

A

Stereocilia - shortest which are attached apically
Kinocilium - tallest which are attached apically

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23
Q

Otolith organs function as accelerometers: stereocilia

A

Embedded within the gel above
Act as sensors
Sense the relationship between the hair cells and otoliths

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24
Q

Otolith organs function as accelerometers: otoliths

A

Within gelatinous mass
Made of calcium carbonate
Inertia - try to stay still as they have significant mass while the gel and hair cells move

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25
Otolith organs function as accelerometers: head up right
Steady stream of action potentials in the vestibular nerve
26
Otolith organs function as accelerometers: head tilted forward
Stereocilia bend towards kinocilium Hair cells depolarise Nerve fibre is excited Increase in action potentials in the vestibular nerve
27
Otolith organs function as accelerometers: head tilted backwards
Stereocilia bend away from kinocilium Hair cells hyperpolarises Nerve fibre is inhibited Decrease in action potentials in the vestibular nerve
28
Ampullae
Swellings at the base of semi-circular canals Endolymph - fluid that fills the ampullae Cupula - gel like structure Moving your head causes the Endolymph to move and deflect the ampulla and cupula this deflects the hair cells causing information to travel to the brainstem
29
Vestibular nuclei
Concentrations of nerve cells Inputs and outputs are on both sides of the brain stem
30
Vestibular nuclei: inputs
Vestibular nerve - balance, acceleration and directional movement information Input of the head from the inner ear to vestibular nuclei
31
Vestibular nuclei: output target
Oculomotor complex Extensor muscles Cervical spinal cord Cerebellum
32
Vestibular nuclei: output targets - Oculomotor complex
Group of brainstem and mid brain nuclei To the eye muscles Move the head and know how to move our eyes in relation to each other
33
Vestibular nuclei: output targets - extensor muscles
Lower motor neurones Lower limbs Balance, posture and muscle tone
34
Vestibular nuclei: output targets - cervical spinal cord
Adjustment of the head Awareness of how to control the muscles of the neck Have the head at an angle
35
Vestibular nuclei: output targets - cerebellum
Balance Smooth movements Embed information about how to react to movement
36
Problems linked to vestibular apparatus damage
Dizziness and vertigo Balance disorders Lack of coordination ‘Bouncing’ vision
37
Problems linked to vestibular apparatus damage: dizziness and vertigo
Deterioration of input to vestibular nerve False sensation of movement
38
Problems linked to vestibular apparatus damage: balance problems
Deterioration of input to vestibular nerve Postural and tonal feed to lower motor neurones
39
Problems linked to vestibular apparatus damage: lack of coordination
Deterioration of input to cerebellum via vestibular nuclei
40
Problems linked to vestibular apparatus damage: ‘bouncing’ vision
Deterioration of input to oculomotor nuclei Head, neck and eye coordination
41
Visual input
Integrated at the posterior parietal cortex Dorsal visual stream Ventral visual stream
42
Visual input: dorsal visual stream
From occipital lobe to sensory associative areas, motor cortex, posterior parietal cortex and somatosensory cortex
43
Visual input: ventral visual stream
From occipital lobe to insula and temporal lobe memory areas
44
Loss of visual sense
Loss of major proprioceptive sense Reliance on other proprioceptive modalities Much more severe difficulties if other senses are impaired
45
Basal ganglia
Deep and dark areas Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantial nigra
46
Basal ganglia: internal capsule
White matter - connectivity highway Axons travel from higher brain area through the internal capsule and through brainstem to the spine Motor information Sensory information
47
Basal ganglia: amygdala
Scaling - how big the movements are, tiny or huge Action selection - appropriate actions above inappropriate actions
48
Inputs to basal ganglia: onto caudate nucleus
From parietal association cortex From frontal and prefrontal cortices
49
Inputs to basal ganglia: onto putamen
From somatosensory cortex From primary motor cortex
50
Basal ganglia: motor feedback loop
Receives information and works out if the movements are appropriate and in the right scale Decision Monitoring sensory and motor information Feedbacks to cortices to improve movements if necessary
51
Model of basal ganglia function: direct pathway
Sustains and promotes the desired behaviour Sends feedback to motor cortex that the plan is appropriate So the movements will happen
52
Model of basal ganglia function: indirect pathway
Inhibits undesired pathways Sends inhibitory feedback to the motor cortex that the plan is inappropriate So the movements will not happen
53
Substantia nigra
Releases dopamine Facilitates direct pathway - selects initiates appropriate motor commands Inhibits inappropriate motor commands
54
Substantia nigra: loss of dopamine
Movements to be inhibited or cannot start intended movements Effect on scaling Parkinson’s disease Bradykinesia - action selection inhibited Festinating gait - scaling issues Tremor - action selection and scaling Rigidity - increased tone in lower motor neurones
55
How do basal ganglia influence motor activity
Action selection Establish background patterns of movement Control and adjust posture during voluntary movements Regulate scale and intensity of motor output
56
Cerebellum
Receives information from sensory and motor cortices Regulatory control of motor output Perfection of movement Automatic sense of motor control system
57
Functional divisions of cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Corticocerebellum
58
Functional divisions of cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum
Balance Connections with vestibular system Connections with vestibular nuclei Feedbacks to motor control system and adjust movements
59
Functional divisions of cerebellum: Spinocerebellum
Posture Muscle tone Inputs from proprioceptors Outputs to motor centres in brainstem Adjust motor output
60
Functional divisions of cerebellum: Corticocerebellum
Coordination Motor learning Inputs from motor cortex Outputs to motor cortex via thalamus Wider cortex of brain Feedback loop
61
Cerebellum: motor control
Comparator Compares actual movement with intended and predicted movements Reduces errors Cortical and reticular links but no direct links to lower motor neurones
62
Cerebellar lesions
Problem with balance and posture Ataxia - presence of abnormal and uncoordinated movements Asynergia - difficulty creating fluid movements Dysmetria - undershoot or overshoot, cannot judge distance or scale Scanning speech - uncoordinated development of speech Decomposition of movement - component motions, move in stages

Principles Of Health Sciences (11 decks)

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