physiological and acoustic descriptions

Question 1

-

Answer 1

tension 
skin reactions: 
-sweating 
-pallor
-flushing

Question 2

eye movements: 
unusual 
-prolonged 
-forward and backward 
aimless
-vertical 

investigated via

Answer 2

eye movements associated with stuttering

• fixations
• movements
• horizontal movements
• twitches

eye-marker studies

Question 3

cardio-vascular phenomenon:
-prior to speech and during speech
changes in
wood found lower blood flow during stuttering in?

Answer 3

acceleration of heart and pulse rate or slowing of heat rate

blood distribution

broca’s area than in the corresponding area in the right hemisphere

Question 4

tremors:

more rapid

Answer 4

hand tremor (40-75) may be present instead of normal 8-12 second

Question 5

cortical activity:

inconsistent findings but evidence of

Answer 5

increased activation in some areas of right hemisphere

Question 6

biochemical changes:
during stuttering:
increase in

Answer 6

decrease in blood sugar level and total protein

adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine

Question 7

electrodermal response:
speech associated
-
-mixed?

Answer 7

anxiety
skin conductance measurement (Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Palmar Sweat Index (PSI)

mixed results

Question 8

I. Respiration 
disordered ?
antagonism between
irregularity of 
prolonged 
complete 
interruption of

Answer 8

breathing associated with stuttering

• abdominal and thoracic breathing
• consecutive respiratory cycles
• expiration or inspiration
• cessation of breathing
• expiration by inspiration

Question 9

II. Phonation

• glottography
• breaks in
• …
• slow
• .. and.. in vocal folds

electromyography: increase in

fiberoptic:
- vocal folds might be
- some studies do not show

Answer 9

• rhythm of vocal fold vibration
• clonic fluttering
• initiation time of phonation
• rigidity and tremor of vocal folds

action potentials just prior to and during stuttering

inappropriately adducted or abducted
-higher levels of muscular tension

Question 10

III. Articulation:
electro-myographic studies:
-muscle tension of the?
-issues in

aerodynamic studies:
-peaks of

spectrographic studies:
disagreement related to

Answer 10

masseter muscle builds up during stuttering and reaches peak near termination of the block
-muscle coordination, excessive muscle activity

intraoral air pressure during stuttering

insertion of a neutral vowel

Question 11

Summary:
during stuttering there is abnormal functioning of
excessive
part of tension must result from efforts to force

Answer 11

abnormal functioning of whole speech mechanism

• muscular tension
• the outgoing breath stream past heightened resistance