Onset and Development of Stuttering

Question 1

Prevalence and Incidence of Stuttering:

point prevalence:
degree to which
-what percent of population stutters

Lifetime incidence (risk):
risk of
based on reports on?
approximately ?

Answer 1

disorder is widespread at a given time
-1%

• developmental stuttering occurring at some point in a person’s life
• how many people have stuttered at some time in their life
• 5%

Question 2

age variables related to prevalence/incidence

age of onset: 
earliest age of onset: 
latest age of onset: 
average ?
studies done closer to onset of stuttering: typical age range for stuttering onset is ?

Answer 2

2 and 6
15-18 months
7-13 years

closer to earliest age: 3-4 years
-narrower compared to other studies

Question 3

spontaneous remission: 
tendency of stuttering to 
-estimated between: 
may occur at ?
most remission within?
relationship with

Answer 3

disappear 
36-79%
any age - most likely at younger 
-2 years post-onset 
-risk factors

Question 4

Examples of attempts to classifying stuttering development:
two stage concept

-
-

Answer 4

primary - secondary stuttering

• episodic, simple repetitions, little concern
• gradual chronicity, self concept as stutterer
• later, avoidance and concomitant behavior

Question 5

problems with classifications:
…model
implies
as a group there might be some

Answer 5

medical
a universal process
-tendencies

Question 6

Characteristics of Early Stuttering:

• markedly different:
• stuttering does not appear to ?
• parents who believe that their child has begun stuttering do not?

Answer 6

disfluencies from those of normally fluent children

• rise from normal disfluency
• exercise erroneous judgment

Question 7

two-thirds of disfluencies of CWS are
two thirds of disfluencies of CWNS are

-

Answer 7

stuttering behaviors
other disfluencies

• initial syllables and stressed syllables
• function words (young CWS)

Question 8

different rates of ?

only about 20% begin to stutter with ?

• most have at least some degree of
• about half of the children show ?

Answer 8

onset

• unremarkable circumstances
• physical, emotional and language stresses
• tense movements in parts of the body, especially head ace and neck

Question 9

Greater number of 
faster 
level of awareness related to 
may develop a ?
-

Answer 9

repetitions 
faster repetitions 
maturity and temperament 
-negative attitude about speaking as young as 3-4 
-clustering

Question 10

-
-

CWS have significantly?
suggests ?

Answer 10

• stuttering behavior clusters
• other disfluency clusters
• or iced

more and longer clusters than CWNS

one cluster/100 words as indicator of childhood stuttering

Question 11

influential factors related to onset: 
-age: 
gender:
genetics:
children with 
language: CWS tend to have ?

Answer 11

little risk after age 6, nil by age 12

-1:1 at onset, 3:1 - 4:1 by school age

implicated about 50-70% of time

poorer cognitive and motor abilities more likely to exhibit fluency problems

expressive language abilities equal to or exceeding their peers

Question 12

More influential factors:
phonological connection?

-at onset: children who stutter tend to be?

children who persist in stuttering are apt to be ?

phonological skills alone are ?

Answer 12

behind fluent children in phonological development

• slower in phonological development than those who recover
• insufficient to predict the further course of stuttering

Question 13

more influential factors:
over 40% of parents report ?

no difference of ?

Answer 13

emotional event prior to onset (correlation or cause?)

persistent and recovered groups for level of anxiety