Physio Pre-Midterm

Question 1

Define homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintenance of stable internal environment

Question 2

Define steady state

Answer 2

Unchanging with time

Question 3

Define equilibrium

Answer 3

Parameters maintained in energetically favorable situation

Question 4

Define redundancy

Answer 4

More than 1 system to control a variable

Question 5

Define hierarchy

Answer 5

Systems compete to change a variable, each system has a priority (exercise-BP vs. vasodilation hypothal)

Question 6

Define negative feedback

Answer 6

Reverse perturbance

Question 7

Define positive feedback

Answer 7

Amplification of deviation

Question 8

What are the 3 criteria involved in homeostasis?

Answer 8

Sensor, integrator, effector

Question 9

Differentiate between mM and mOsm

Answer 9

1 mM NaCl = 2 mOsm because there are 2 particles

Question 10

What is the difference between gauge scale and absolute scale?

Answer 10

Gauge = Celsius/Farenheit

Absolute scale = Kelvins

Question 11

What is Fick’s Law

Answer 11

Flux is proportional to: Partition (diffusion, partition, temperature), change in concentration, area

Question 12

What type of transport shows saturation kinetics?

Answer 12

Facilitated diffusion

Question 13

What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 13

I: ligand-gated receptor/channel
M: G-protein coupled receptor

Question 14

In facilitated diffusion, how do you increase flux?

Answer 14

Increase number of receptors/transporters

Question 15

What are the major types of transport?

Answer 15

1. Simple (Pore, channel, facilitated–saturatable)

2. Active (primary, secondary)

Question 16

What drives particles in secondary active transport?

Answer 16

Electrochemical gradient of Na; particle moves upstream as Na flows down

Question 17

What determines the rate of flow of a gas: partial pressure or [concentration]?

Answer 17

Partial pressure

Question 18

How do you calculate partial pressure?

Answer 18

= fractional % * total pressure

Question 19

What do you have to take into account in the human body when thinking about partial pressure?

Answer 19

Water is added to air, so the fractional % of O2 actually decreases a little bit

Question 20

What are the 3 gases important for physiology?

Answer 20

Oxygen, nitrogen, CO2

Question 21

Hypothalamus is responsible for

Answer 21

Temperature, osmolarity, coordination of CNS

Question 22

Midbrain general function

Answer 22

Vision

Question 23

Medulla general function

Answer 23

Respiration, HR, BP

Question 24

What are activities that are solely sympathetic?

Answer 24

Liver, kidney, adipose, vasc sm musc, sweat, piloerector

Question 25

What are activities that are solely parasympathetic?

Answer 25

Gastric/pancreatic secretions, lacrimal gland

Question 26

Are post-ganglionic neurons myelinated?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What are 4 sympathetic activities that do not use NE/E?

Answer 27

1. Smooth muscle within skeletal muscle
2. Sweat glands
3. Renal vascular system
4. Adrenal medulla