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3030 > Physio Exam 4 > Flashcards

Physio Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Air moves out of the lungs because

A

the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.

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1
Q

Surfactant

A

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.

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2
Q

The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A

lungs

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3
Q

The lungs are surrounded by ________ membranes

A

pleural

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4
Q

Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

A

regulation of water balance

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5
Q

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

A

intrapleural pressure decreases.

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6
Q

Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from

A

a pneumothorax.

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7
Q

A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ________ mm Hg.

A

-3

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8
Q

When alveolar pressure is ___ atmospheric pressure, air flows ___ the lungs.

A

less than; into
**air flows from high P to low P

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9
Q

Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to

A

alveolar collapse.

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10
Q

According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the ________ diameter will be greater.

A

smaller

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11
Q

The amount of air inhaled during relaxed eupnea is known as

A

tidal volume.

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12
Q

An increased respiratory rate in response to increased metabolism is known as:

A

hypernea

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13
Q

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of

A

thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them.

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14
Q

Active expiration is produced by contraction of

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

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15
Q

The lower respiratory tract includes

A

all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, and the trachea.

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16
Q

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

A

the volume of the thorax increases.

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17
Q

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

A

upper respiratory tract.

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18
Q

In quiet breathing,

A

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

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19
Q

Ventilation is also known as

A

breathing.

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20
Q

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg.

A

46

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21
Q

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

A

diffusion

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22
Q

________ is characterized by fluid in the interstitial space around the alveoli that increases diffusion distance.

A

Pulmonary edema

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23
Q

Increased PO2 will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

A

increase

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24
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

A

bicarbonate ions.

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25
Q

Which characteristic makes hemoglobin’s structure such a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier?

A

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules.
(O2 binds to Fe. 4Fe per Hb)

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26
Q

Increased temperature will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

A

decrease

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27
Q

Increased 2,3-BPG will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

A

decrease

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28
Q

For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs,

A

the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature.

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29
Q

An inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase would

A

increase blood pH.

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30
Q

________ is characterized by a decreased diameter of bronchioles leading to the alveoli.

A

Asthma

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31
Q

Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the

A

concentration gradient

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32
Q

High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called

A

hypercapnia

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33
Q

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

A

bound to hemoglobin

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34
Q

The chloride shift occurs when

A

bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells.

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35
Q

Which would make the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right?

A

increased H+ concentration

36
Q

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

A

carbon dioxide.

37
Q

Decreased temperature will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

A

increase

38
Q

Decreased pH will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

A

decrease

39
Q

An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

A

increase the rate of breathing.

40
Q

Which is NOT normally found in the filtrate?

A

albumin

41
Q

The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as

A

relatively nonspecific.

42
Q

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,

A

stretch stimulates vasoconstriction to reduce the flow.

43
Q

The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately ________ of the total plasma volume.

A

1/5

44
Q

Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

45
Q

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the

A

distal tubule.

46
Q

Which ion is NOT directly regulated by the kidney?

A

OH-

47
Q

Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?

A

regulation of blood protein levels

48
Q

Eighty percent of the nephrons in a kidney are contained within the ________, but the other 20%, called the ________ nephrons, dip down into the ________.

A

cortex; juxtamedullary; medulla

49
Q

The specialized cells found in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule are called ____. These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called ____ that can control the size of the filtration slits.

A

podocytes; foot processes

50
Q

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A

the ureters

51
Q

The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus make up the

A

renal corpuscle

52
Q

Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them.

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
glomerulus
peritubular capillary

A

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary

53
Q

The process of filtration in the kidney is primarily determined by the ___ of the molecules, but secondarily by their ___.

A

size, charge

54
Q

In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are

A

not filtered.

55
Q

The force for glomerular filtration is the

A

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

56
Q

In a normal kidney, which condition would increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood

57
Q

In a healthy person, which of the following should have a renal clearance of zero?

A

glucose

58
Q

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is:

A

the amount of filtrate entering Bowman’s capsule each minute.

59
Q

If a substance is more concentrated in the urine than it is in the plasma, it is said to be:

A

secreted.

60
Q

Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as

A

secretion.

61
Q

The rate at which a solute disappears from the body by excretion or by metabolism is known as

A

clearance

62
Q

Organic anions like salicylate, penicillin, and other pharmaceutical drugs are secreted in exchange for

A

alpha-ketoglutarate and dicarboxylates

63
Q

Which kidney process is always active and always requires energy to occur?

A

secretion

64
Q

The basic pattern for many molecules absorbed by Na+-dependent transport involves this: an apical ________ and a basolateral ________.

A

symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier

65
Q

The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is the ___.

A

renal threshold

66
Q

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by

A

symport with sodium.

67
Q

The primary function of the proximal tubule is

A

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.

68
Q

In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration is ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.

A

much higher than

69
Q

When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

A

Alkalosis

70
Q

Osmoreceptors fire after they ________ in response to ________ plasma osmolarity.

A

shrink, increased

71
Q

Which is FALSE about angiotensin II?

A

activates parasympathetic output

72
Q

Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

A

osmolarity of extracellular fluid.

73
Q

Vomiting of the stomach’s contents can cause

A

metabolic alkalosis

74
Q

Which leads to the lowest water loss during a day?

A

feces

75
Q

Most body water is located in

A

cells.

76
Q

The hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.

77
Q

An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called

A

hyperkalemia.

78
Q

The hormone vasopressin

A

stimulates the kidneys to retain water.

79
Q

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is

A

aldosterone.

80
Q

When the pH of body fluids decreases, proteins will

A

lose three-dimensional structure.

81
Q

Kidneys regulate

A

water loss only.

82
Q

AQP2 water pores (aquaporins) are added to the cell membrane by ________ and withdrawn by ________ under the influence of the hormone ________.

A

exocytosis, endocytosis, vasopressin

83
Q

The normal pH range for most body fluids is closest to:

A

7.38 to 7.42.

84
Q

Aldosterone

A

stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidney principal cells.

85
Q

The enzyme renin is responsible for the production of

A

angiotensin I.

86
Q

The osmolarity in the bottom of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM.

A

1200

87
Q

Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

A

diuresis

88
Q

Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

to increase passive reabsorption of water

3030 (5 decks)

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