Physio Exam 4

Question 1

Air moves out of the lungs because

Answer 1

the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.

Question 1

Surfactant

Answer 1

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.

Question 2

The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

Answer 2

lungs

Question 3

The lungs are surrounded by ________ membranes

Answer 3

pleural

Question 4

Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

regulation of water balance

Question 5

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

Answer 5

intrapleural pressure decreases.

Question 6

Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from

Answer 6

a pneumothorax.

Question 7

A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ________ mm Hg.

Answer 7

-3

Question 8

When alveolar pressure is ___ atmospheric pressure, air flows ___ the lungs.

Answer 8

less than; into
**air flows from high P to low P

Question 9

Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to

Answer 9

alveolar collapse.

Question 10

According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the ________ diameter will be greater.

Answer 10

smaller

Question 11

The amount of air inhaled during relaxed eupnea is known as

Answer 11

tidal volume.

Question 12

An increased respiratory rate in response to increased metabolism is known as:

Answer 12

hypernea

Question 13

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of

Answer 13

thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them.

Question 14

Active expiration is produced by contraction of

Answer 14

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Question 15

The lower respiratory tract includes

Answer 15

all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, and the trachea.

Question 16

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

Answer 16

the volume of the thorax increases.

Question 17

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

Answer 17

upper respiratory tract.

Question 18

In quiet breathing,

Answer 18

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Question 19

Ventilation is also known as

Answer 19

breathing.

Question 20

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg.

Answer 20

46

Question 21

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

Answer 21

diffusion

Question 22

________ is characterized by fluid in the interstitial space around the alveoli that increases diffusion distance.

Answer 22

Pulmonary edema

Question 23

Increased PO2 will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Answer 23

increase

Question 24

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

Answer 24

bicarbonate ions.

Question 25

Which characteristic makes hemoglobin's structure such a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier?

Answer 25

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules. (O2 binds to Fe. 4Fe per Hb)

Question 26

Increased temperature will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Answer 26

decrease

Question 27

Increased 2,3-BPG will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Answer 27

decrease

Question 28

For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs,

Answer 28

the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature.

Question 29

An inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase would

Answer 29

increase blood pH.

Question 30

________ is characterized by a decreased diameter of bronchioles leading to the alveoli.

Answer 30

Asthma

Question 31

Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the

Answer 31

concentration gradient

Question 32

High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called

Answer 32

hypercapnia

Question 33

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

Answer 33

bound to hemoglobin

Question 34

The chloride shift occurs when

Answer 34

bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells.

Question 35

Which would make the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right?

Answer 35

increased H+ concentration

Question 36

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

Answer 36

carbon dioxide.

Question 37

Decreased temperature will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Answer 37

increase

Question 38

Decreased pH will ___ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Answer 38

decrease

Question 39

An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

Answer 39

increase the rate of breathing.

Question 40

Which is NOT normally found in the filtrate?

Answer 40

albumin

Question 41

The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as

Answer 41

relatively nonspecific.

Question 42

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,

Answer 42

stretch stimulates vasoconstriction to reduce the flow.

Question 43

The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately ________ of the total plasma volume.

Answer 43

1/5

Question 44

Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?

Answer 44

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 45

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the

Answer 45

distal tubule.

Question 46

Which ion is NOT directly regulated by the kidney?

Answer 46

OH-

Question 47

Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Answer 47

regulation of blood protein levels

Question 48

Eighty percent of the nephrons in a kidney are contained within the ________, but the other 20%, called the ________ nephrons, dip down into the ________.

Answer 48

cortex; juxtamedullary; medulla

Question 49

The specialized cells found in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule are called ____. These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called ____ that can control the size of the filtration slits.

Answer 49

podocytes; foot processes

Question 50

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

Answer 50

the ureters

Question 51

The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the

Answer 51

renal corpuscle

Question 52

Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them. afferent arteriole efferent arteriole glomerulus peritubular capillary

Answer 52

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary

Question 53

The process of filtration in the kidney is primarily determined by the ___ of the molecules, but secondarily by their ___.

Answer 53

size, charge

Question 54

In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are

Answer 54

not filtered.

Question 55

The force for glomerular filtration is the

Answer 55

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 56

In a normal kidney, which condition would increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 56

a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood

Question 57

In a healthy person, which of the following should have a renal clearance of zero?

Answer 57

glucose

Question 58

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is:

Answer 58

the amount of filtrate entering Bowman's capsule each minute.

Question 59

If a substance is more concentrated in the urine than it is in the plasma, it is said to be:

Answer 59

secreted.

Question 60

Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as

Answer 60

secretion.

Question 61

The rate at which a solute disappears from the body by excretion or by metabolism is known as

Answer 61

clearance

Question 62

Organic anions like salicylate, penicillin, and other pharmaceutical drugs are secreted in exchange for

Answer 62

alpha-ketoglutarate and dicarboxylates

Question 63

Which kidney process is always active and always requires energy to occur?

Answer 63

secretion

Question 64

The basic pattern for many molecules absorbed by Na+-dependent transport involves this: an apical ________ and a basolateral ________.

Answer 64

symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier

Question 65

The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is the ___.

Answer 65

renal threshold

Question 66

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by

Answer 66

symport with sodium.

Question 67

The primary function of the proximal tubule is

Answer 67

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.

Question 68

In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration is ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.

Answer 68

much higher than

Question 69

When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

Answer 69

Alkalosis

Question 70

Osmoreceptors fire after they ________ in response to ________ plasma osmolarity.

Answer 70

shrink, increased

Question 71

Which is FALSE about angiotensin II?

Answer 71

activates parasympathetic output

Question 72

Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

Answer 72

osmolarity of extracellular fluid.

Question 73

Vomiting of the stomach's contents can cause

Answer 73

metabolic alkalosis

Question 74

Which leads to the lowest water loss during a day?

Answer 74

feces

Question 75

Most body water is located in

Answer 75

cells.

Question 76

The hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

Answer 76

only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.

Question 77

An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called

Answer 77

hyperkalemia.

Question 78

The hormone vasopressin

Answer 78

stimulates the kidneys to retain water.

Question 79

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is

Answer 79

aldosterone.

Question 80

When the pH of body fluids decreases, proteins will

Answer 80

lose three-dimensional structure.

Question 81

Kidneys regulate

Answer 81

water loss only.

Question 82

AQP2 water pores (aquaporins) are added to the cell membrane by ________ and withdrawn by ________ under the influence of the hormone ________.

Answer 82

exocytosis, endocytosis, vasopressin

Question 83

The normal pH range for most body fluids is closest to:

Answer 83

7.38 to 7.42.

Question 84

Aldosterone

Answer 84

stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidney principal cells.

Question 85

The enzyme renin is responsible for the production of

Answer 85

angiotensin I.

Question 86

The osmolarity in the bottom of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM.

Answer 86

1200

Question 87

Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

Answer 87

diuresis

Question 88

Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?

Answer 88

to increase passive reabsorption of water