Physio 415 exam 1 Flashcards
endogenous
originating from within the body
exogenous
originate outside the body
sexually dimorphic
differences between the sexes
plasticity
malleable, flexible, able to change
rosteral/ anterior
front facing top
(forehead)
dorsal
back side
(back)
ventral
front side
(stomach)
posterior/ caudal
bottom
(feet)
lateral
away from the midline (toward the exterior)
(ears are lateral compared to the scalp)
medial
closer to midline
(towards interior)
midsagittal
cut between the ears (on the midline)
horizontal
cut into equal top and bottom parts
coronal
like cutting slices of bread
grey matter vs white matter
grey = cell bodies
white = pathways that cell bodies use
exocrine glands
secrete products via ducts
endocrine glands
secrete their hormones into the blood stream
hormones
chemicals secreted by endocrine glands in response to changes in the external or internal environment and carried by blood to target organs
spinal nerves
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
frontal lobe
ability to concentrate
parietal
understand sensory info
prefrontal cortex
executive function
temporal lobe
language, hearing, memory
brain stem
breathing and heart rate
cerebellum
balance, motor coordination
basal ganglia
starts and meshes movement, motor and habit learning, emotional processing
cervical
head and neck, wrists and hands
7
thoracic
chest and abdominal muscles
12
lumbar
leg muscles
5
sacrum
bladder, bowels, sexual function
5 fused
coccyx
4 fused
spinal cord
dorsal: sensory
ventral: motor
white matter
pathways the cell bodies use
gray matter
cell bodies
forebrain
telencephalon
diencephalon
midbrain
mesencephalon
hindbrain
metencephalon
mylencephalon
anterior cingulate cortex
integrates senses, emotions, and the environment
insula
perception of self
bottom up to brain
left hemisphere lateralization
language
speech and comprehension
writing
right hemisphere lateralization
visual and spatial functioning
creativity/ artistry
musical skills
corpus callosum
white band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres
wernicke’s area
problems learning and understanding language
broca’s area
understand language but cannot communicate back
gene selection theory
individual reproductive success/ fitness: influence organism to focus on self preservation and reproduction
inclusive fitness: influence organism to help others that contain their genes
sexual selection theory
the evolution of characteristics not because of survival advantage but because of mating advantage (sexual dimorphisms)
intrasexual competition: members of the same sex compete with each other
intersexual competition: members of one sex prefer certain qualities in mates
phylogenetics
the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups
absolute brain size
physical weight of the brain
relative brain size
size of brain in proportion to the rest of the body
allometry
study of nonlinear relationship of the body and brain sizes
encephalization quotient (EQ)
actual / predicted
principle of proper mass
brain regions increase proportionately in size relative to the capacity for certain behaviors
brainstem
unconscious behaviors
cerebellum
learning and coordinating skilled movements
cerebrum
2 hemispheres responsible for most conscious behaviors
cortical complexity
simple vs complex brain matter
rats have smooth brains and we have grooved brains
