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A Unit 9 > Physio > Flashcards

Physio Flashcards

1
Q

The volume of the ultrafiltrate of plasma entering the tubules by glomerular filtration in 1 day is typically (equal to circulating plasma volume/greater than total body fluid volume)

A

greater than total body fluid volume. A standard 70kg individual contains 42L of water (~60% total body weight), and filters as much as 180L plasma per day.

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2
Q

A substance known to be freely filtered has a certain concentration in the afferent arteriole. [substance] in the efferent arteriole is (20% lower than value in afferent arteriole/close to value in aff arteriole)

A

close to value in afferent arteriole

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3
Q

If autoregulation is effective, (pressure in renal artery/filtered load of water and small ions) is held constant

A

filtered load of water and small ions

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4
Q

Acute blood loss is an example of (hyoposmotic/isosmotic/hyperosmotiic) volume contraction.

A

isoosmotic

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5
Q

in acute blood loss, volume loss is from the (ECF/ICF/both)

A

ECF

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6
Q

An increase in RBF (without/with) an increase in blood pressure indicates a decrease in renal vascular resistance.

A

without

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7
Q

Dilation of the efferent arteriole (increases/decreases) glomerular capillary outflow and reduces PGC, causing GFR to decrease.

A

increases

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8
Q

Dilation of the (afferent/efferent) arteriole increases glomerular capillary outflow and reduces PGC, causing GFR to decrease.

A

efferent

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9
Q

If the clearance of a freely filtered substance is less than the clearance of inulin, then the the substance underwent net (reabsorption/secretion)

A

reabsorption

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10
Q

Diabetic nephropathy is associated with thickened glomerular capillary basement membranes. The decrease in glomerular filtration rate results from: (reduction in permeability of glomerular filtration barrier/reduction in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure)

A

reduction in permeability of glomerular filtration barrier

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11
Q

normally prevents cells from entering the tubule: (glomerular basement membrane/capillary endothelial cells)

A

capillary endothelial cells (comprises the glomerular filtration barrier)

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12
Q

“Creatinine clearance” best equates with (plasma volume completely cleared of creatinine per minute/renal plasma flow/renal blood flow)

A

plasma volume completely cleared of creatinine per minute

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13
Q

A 3 per cent sodium chloride (NaCI) solution is hypertonic and when infused intravenously would (decrease/increase) extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity

A

increase

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14
Q

Dilation of the afferent arterioles (increases/decreases) GFR

A

increases

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15
Q

Dilation of the afferent arterioles (decreases/increases) renal blood flow

A

increases

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16
Q

In normal kidneys, which of the following is true of the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa? (hypertonic/hypotonic) compared with plasma

A

usually hypotonic compared with plasma

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17
Q

During progressive exercise, alveolar PCO2 stays the same then (increases/decreases) at high work intensities

A

decreases

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18
Q

The 15 fold increase in VO2 which can be seen as fit individual progresses from rest to intense exercise is most likely attributable to (5x increase in cardiac output and 3x increase in O2 extraction/3x increase in CO and 5x increase in O2)

A

5x increase in CO, 3x increase in O2 extraction

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19
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio RER (increases/decreases) with increasing exercise intensity

A

increases

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20
Q

RER is (independent/dependent) on recent dietary history

A

dependent

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21
Q

FFAs used as a metabolic fuel by skeletal muscle are found in higher concentration in the blood of (trained/untrained) individuals as compared to (untrained/trained) individuals working at identical intensities

A

are found in higher concentration in the blood of trained as compared to untrained individuals working at identical work intensities.

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22
Q

FFAs are primarily catabolized (anaerobically/aerobically)

A

aerobically

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23
Q

(Anaerobic/Aerobic) energy provision in a healthy person is expected to be most important during transition to a higher level of exercise intensity

A

anaerobic

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24
Q

glycolysis is an (aerobic/anaerobic) process

A

anaerobic

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25
Q

in an aerobically trained individual, enzymes of (glycolysis/the mitochondria) are not increased

A

glycolysis

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26
Q

The increases in strength that occur as a result of a 3 month resistance training program can best be explained by: (early fiber hypertrophy followed by neural adaptations/early neural adaptations followed by fiber hypertrophy)

A

early neural adaptations followed by fiber hypertrophy

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27
Q

The % of a 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) that is typically recommended to be lifted to fatigue to maximize strength increases is:

A

75%

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28
Q

regular moderate exercise provides what health benefits especially in terms of cancer

A

decrease in colon cancer

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29
Q

Why does glucose appear in the urine of patients with untreated diabetes?

A

Tubule glucose levels exceed transport capacity. (transporters exhibit saturation kinetics)

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30
Q

insulin (increases/decreases) Na/K ATPase activity

A

increases

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31
Q

______ tubule function accomplishes isoosmotic fluid reabsorption

A

proximal

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32
Q

proximal tubule epithelium has a (high/low) electrical resistance

A

low–specialized for isosmotic fluid reabsorption

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33
Q

ADH acts primarily on the _______

A

collecting duct

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34
Q

aldosterone targets the _______

A

distal tubule

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35
Q

the corticopapillary osmotic gradient is established by the ______

A

loop of Henle

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36
Q

reabsorption of glucose occurs only in the _____

A

proximal tubule

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37
Q

glucose reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule via Na/glucose (co/anti) transporters

A

cotransporters

38
Q

The major titratable acids (TA) excreted in the urine are in the form of (H2PO4-/lactic acid/K2PO4/H2CO3/keto acid)

A

H2PO4-

39
Q

why do phosphates make good buffers in the urine

A

pK is very near the urine pH and there is a large amount of dibasic phosphate available for conversion to titratable acid and excretion

40
Q

if there is an excessive excretion of HCO3- and phosphate and glucose, which segment of the nephron is likely to be abnormal

A

proximal tubule

41
Q

Useful small organic metabolites that should not be excreted are reabsorbed (para/trans) cellularly

A

trans

42
Q

Small useful organic solutes are freely filtered. They are reabsorbed transcellularly by a __ system.

A

Tm

43
Q

The normal filtered load of small useful organic solutes is (above/below) the Tm

A

below

44
Q

tight junctions linking proximal tubule cells permit passive diffusion of (sodium/all filtered solutes/glucose)

A

sodium

45
Q

in the _____, water can move through apical membranes, basolateral membrane, tight junctions

A

proximal tubule

46
Q

____ is the ratio of excretion rate to plasma concentration

A

clearance

47
Q

ADH sensitive water channels are called;

A

aquaporins

48
Q

aquaporins are found in the ______

A

collecting duct apical membrane

49
Q

aquaporins on the apical membrane of collecting ducts are responsible for:

A

sodium free water absorption

50
Q

Solute-free water reabsorption in the descending limb, Na/K/2Cl cotransporters on the tALH, counter-current multiplier effect, and urea recycling all contribute to maintaining what

A

medullary interstitial concentration gradient

51
Q

Na/K/2Cl co transporters are found in which part of the LoH

A

thick ascending limb

52
Q

solute-free water reabsorption occurs in which part of the LoH

A

descending limb

53
Q

The (corticopapillary osmotic/medullary interstitial concentration) gradient is established by countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle.

A

corticopapillary osmotic gradient

54
Q

the counter current multiplier effect relies on what type of transporter

A

Na/K/2Cl cotransporters in the thick ascending limb

55
Q

the corticopapillary osmotic gradient is collapsed by what type of drug

A

loop diuretic

56
Q

(increasing/decreasing) blood flow through the vasa recta would decrease the magnitude of the corticopapillary osmotic gradient

A

increasing

57
Q

increasing urea reabsorption by the collecting ducts would (increase/decrease) the corticopapillary osmotic gradient that allows for urine concentration

A

increase

58
Q

thick ascending limb reabsorbs what

A

Na, K, Cl

59
Q

TAL has a (high/low) water permeability

A

low–prevents H2O from following ions, so tubule fluid becomes relatively dilute

60
Q

Ca is reabsorbed primarily in the ______

A

proximal tubule (regulated absorption occurs in the distal tubule)

61
Q

tubular fluid entering the medulla is (hypo/iso/hyper) osmotic

A

iso

62
Q

After drinking a large amount of water there would be a decline in ADH, which would (decrease/increase) water permeability in the ADH-sensitive regions of the tubule.

A

decrease

63
Q

the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa is (hypo/hyper) tonic compared with plasma

A

hypotonic compared with plasma

64
Q

urine is secreted into the tubules in the _______

A

thin descending limbs (where the interstitial concentration is high)

65
Q

in the absence of ADH, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the:

A

proximal tubule

66
Q

in the presence of ADH, the greast fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the

A

proximal tubule

67
Q

ADH stimulates Na reabsorption in the (ascending/descending) limb

A

ascending

68
Q

plasma bicarb is low in (metabolic/resp) (alka/acid) osis

A

metabolic acidosis

69
Q

the (alpha/beta) intercalated cells of the collecting ducts will increase H+ secretion in metabolic acidosis

A

alpha

70
Q

renal tubular hydrogen secretion (increases/decreases) when plasma bicarb is low due to metabolic acidosis

A

increases

71
Q

net acid excretion (NAE) is determined by the sum of:

A

urinary ammonium + titratable acids - excreted bicarb

72
Q

net acid excretion (does/does not) depend on Na excretion

A

does not

73
Q

bicarb is low when it is below what value

A

24

74
Q

if bicarb is low, the disorder is (respiratory/metabolic)

A

metabolic

75
Q

what can be used to determine whether the acidosis is from acid loading or base loss

A

anion gap

76
Q

(an increase/a decrease) in the anion gap reflects the addition of weak acid

A

increase

77
Q

what are the values for the usual anion gap

A

8-12

78
Q

what sort of change in the anion gap would reflect base loading

A

no change because the loss of HCO3- in the stool would be matched by an increase in Cl-

79
Q

how might a person compensate for metabolic alkalosis with the lungs

A

hypoventilation

80
Q

what is normal PCO2

A

40

81
Q

An important compensation for respiratory acidosis is increased renal production of:

A

ammonia NH4+ (and increased NH4+ excretion)

82
Q

in acidosis, the urinary excretion of HCO3- would be (increased/decreased)

A

decreased

83
Q

ANP is released when you are volume (expanded/contracted)

A

expanded. Arterial natriuretic peptide is released from cardiac myocytes in response to increased arterial stretch during volume expansion

84
Q

during dehydration, ANP is (high/low)

A

low because you are volume contracted

85
Q

you can excrete more (Na/K/Cl) than is filtered

A

K

86
Q

Patients with Addison’s disease have too (much/little) aldosterone secretion

A

too little aldosterone

87
Q

Patients with Addison’s disease have a deficiency of aldosterone secretion and therefore tend to have (hypo/hyper) kalemia

A

hyperkalemia in Addison’s

88
Q

High plasma creatinine: indicates a/an (increase/decrease) in GFR

A

decrease

89
Q

Impairment of proximal tubular NaCI reabsorption would (increase/decrease) NaCI delivery to the macula densa

A

increase

90
Q

increasing diameter of afferent arteriole (increases/decreases) GFR

A

increases

91
Q

increasing diameter of efferent arteriole (increases/decreases) GFR

A

decreases

A Unit 9 (3 decks)

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