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Exam Block 3 - Fall 2019 > Physio 3 > Flashcards

Physio 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what determines total amount O2 bound and carried by Hb?

A

% saturation Hb (amount O2 bound) and total [Hb] blood

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2
Q

Lower than normal blood [Hb] =

A

anemia

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3
Q

Describe relationship between PO2 and % Hb saturation

A

directly proportional

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4
Q

What’s shape/what variables determine (IV/DV) of O2-Hb dissociation (association) curve?

A

sigmoidal curve

% Hb saturation and PO2
B/c of cooperative binding of O2:
—0-40 mm Hg = large magnitude change in % saturation
—40-120 mm Hg = very small change in % saturation

normal systemic PO2 = 104 mm Hg (arterial) and 40 mm Hg (venous) –> thus, since arterial

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5
Q

Why will Hb never reach 100% saturation in systemic arterial blood?

A

due to chemical nature (kinetics) of molecules - constantly moving = constantly colliding (possibly forming bonds) and weak intermolecular interactions = constantly dissociating –> thus, all molecules are constantly forming bonds/dissociating

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6
Q

significance of “plateau at the right end” of O2-Hb dissociation curve and how does it act as safety factor?
Provide an example where safety factor would be useful.

A

Due to cooperative binding of O2 = large mag. change PO2 in arterial blood = small mag. change in % saturation
“plateau” = safety factor for supply O2 –> tissues if ever large decrease in PO2 of arterial blood (= decrease overall [O2] in blood)
example - regions HIGH ALTITUDE = LESS O2 = less O2 in alveoli = decrease net [O2] diffuses into arterial blood = decrease PO2 (O2 dissociated in blood plasma)

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7
Q

Describe how increase in altitude does not dramatically effect % saturation

A

high altitude –> O2 molecules in atmosphere farther apart (less dense, so inhale less O2 each breath) –> alveolar PO2 decreases –> systemic arterial PO2 decreases –> small decrease % saturation

due to “plateau at right end” dissociation curve - aka cooperative binding O2

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8
Q

If constant PO2, what 3 other variables effect % Hb saturation and why? What impact have on hemoglobin at molecular level?

A

Alter Hb affinity for O2 via altering bond strength

  • changes in: [H+], [CO2], temperature, and [2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
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9
Q

% Hb saturation =

A

( [HbO2] / total [Hb] ) X 100
Or
(# O2 molecules bound / total # O2 molecules total [Hb] capable of binding)

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10
Q

what determines % Hb saturation

A

affinity / bond strength between Hb & O2

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11
Q

List changes in variables that would cause O2-Hb dissociation curve to “shift to the right” (decrease % saturation):

A
  • increase [H+]
  • increase [CO2] (direct effect = increase [H+])
  • increase temperature
  • increase [2,3-bisphosphoglycerate]
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12
Q

How are metabolically active tissues able to “extract” more O2 from blood?

A

Increase [CO2] (carbohydrate metabolism / cell respiration product) –> increase [H+] –> decrease pH = local increase acidity –> local decrease Hb affinity O2 = local region causes increase HbO2 dissociation –> increased [O2] diffuse into metabolically active tissues

Increase temperature = decreased Hb affinity O2;
HEAT = product carbohydrate metabolism = metabolically active tissues = regions increase temperature

Metabolically active tissues create localized regions of increased [H+], increased [CO2], and increased temperature - all DECREASE Hb affinity to O2 = local increase HbO2 dissociation = increased [O2] diffusion into cells

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13
Q

How does increased [2,3-bisphosphoglycerate] effect O2 -Hb affinity? Give examples when elevated [2,3-BPG]

A

2,3-BPG binds to heme groups on Hb, decreases available binding sites on Hb –> decrease % Hb saturation
important for adaptation to poor blood flow certain regions/tissues or high altitude

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14
Q

How does carbohydrate metabolism increase [CO2] and subsequently [H+]?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 –> H2O + CO2 + ATP

Carbon dioxide reacts w/ H2O in blood create bicarbonate - equilibrium rxn = carbonic acid + H+

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15
Q

Blood circuit:

LEFT ventricle - aorta - systemic capillaries - superior and inferior venae cavae - RIGHT atrium

A

= Systemic blood circulation

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16
Q

Blood circuit:
RIGHT ventricle - pulmonary trunk - right and left pulmonary arteries - pulmonary capillaries - pulmonary veins (4) - LEFT atrium

A

= Pulmonary blood circulation

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17
Q

Total blood volume of adult?

A

5 liters

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18
Q

Hematocrit

List normal values (adult, male, female)

A

% total blood volume = RBCs

Average adult ~ 40%
Male ~ 43%
Female ~ 39%

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19
Q

Why is hematocrit different for males and females?

A

testosterone stimulates kidneys which produces more EPO = increase RBC production in bone marrow \

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20
Q

Only site of transport into or out of blood circulation:

A

crossing CAPILLARY WALLS

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21
Q

Does more blood pass through the systemic than pulmonary circuit in a given period of time?

A

NO - both pump same volume of blood/unit time

Rate = same

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22
Q

Portal circulatory pathway =

List examples

A

2 capillary beds in a series instead of 1 capillary bed.

heart - arteries - 1 capillary bed - blood vessel - 2nd capillary bed - veins - heart

ex. - Hypothalamus capillaries - blood vessel - anterior pituitary - 2nd capillaries; all digestive organ blood dumps into hepatic portal vessel - 2nd capillary bed

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23
Q

What is responsible for majority of ventricular filling?

A

gravity

why you can live with atrial fibrillation ~ weak primer pumps ~

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24
Q

List the formed elements of blood:

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

all suspended in liquid called plasma

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25
Q

List structural components of pericardium.

A

SEROUS pericardium + Outer FIBROUS pericardium

Serous pericardium = 2 continuous layers (parietal + visceral) separated by pericardial cavity

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26
Q

What tissue = bulk of heart walls

A

myocardium - cardiac muscle

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27
Q

Muscular interventricular septum

A

divides the heart into right and left fxnal halves

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28
Q

Heart Valves

A

Prevent backflow = ensure unidirectional blood flow

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29
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valve - between RIGHT atrium and ventricle

Bicuspid or Mitral valve - between LEFT atrium and ventricle

Prolapsepushing of AV valve into atrium while closed + ventricle contracting - restricts the movement of valve
chordae tendineae + papillary muscles
prevent backflow into atria - unidirectional flow

Open = atrium higher pressure 
Closed = ventricle higher pressure
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30
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary valve - between RIGHT ventricle + Pulmonary trunk

Aortic valve - between LEFT ventricle + aorta

prevents backflow from pulmonary or aortic arteries into ventricles

lack chordae tendineae + papillary muscles

Open - higher ventricular pressure
Closed - higher pulmonary or aortic pressure

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31
Q

Is the opening / closing of heart valves a passive process?

A

YES - driven via pressure gradient across valves caused by blood filling spaces on either side

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32
Q

bicuspid / mitral valve

A

left atrium/ventricle

chordae tendineae + papillary muscles (extension of myocardium from ventricular walls)
-prevent prolapse

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33
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atrium/ventricle

chordae tendineae + papillary muscles (extension of myocardium from ventricular walls)
-prevent prolapse

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34
Q

Prolapse

A

= inappropriate pushing of AV valves into atrium while closed/ventricular contraction; restricts range of motion - papillary muscle contraction during ventricular contraction pulls cusps down toward ventricle

no role in opening/closing just prevents valve from being pushed into atrium

chordae tendineae + papillary muscles allow this

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35
Q

papillary muscles

A

attaches to AV valves to contract and prevent prolapse

extension of myocardium of the ventricles

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36
Q

chordae tendineae

A

fibrous tendons that link AV valves to papillary muscles

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37
Q

Coronary arteries

A

1st 2 branches of aorta

provide blood supply to heart muscle (myocardium)

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38
Q

All of the cardiac muscle fibers of the heart need to be coordinated, simultaneous contraction.

A

= all cardiac muscle fibers must be simultaneously depolarized

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39
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per unit time (minutes)

A

Cardiac Output

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40
Q

2 factors directly determine the cardiac output

A 
Heart Rate (HR)
stroke volume (SV)
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41
Q

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during each contraction (mL)

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

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42
Q

Equation to calculate Cardiac Output

A

CO = HR x SV

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43
Q

Equation Stroke Volume:

A

SV = EDV - ESV

44
Q

What’s average Cardiac Output if average SV & HR = 70?

A

5000 mL or 5L

~ equal average total blood volume adult ~

45
Q

Average EDV & ESV

A

EDV ~ 120mL

ESV ~ 50 mL

46
Q

Volume of blood in ventricle following ventricular filling

A

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Average volume = 120 mL

47
Q

Volume of blood remains in ventricle following ventricular ejection

A

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

average volume = 50mL

48
Q

Systole + 2 subdivisions

A

Ventricular CONTRACTION

2 parts:

  • Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (brief)
  • Ventricular EJECTION
49
Q

Diastole + 2 subdivisions

A

Ventricular RELAXATION

2 Parts:

  • Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
  • Ventricular FILLING
50
Q

What determines direction of blood flow?

A

1) primarily volumetric pressure differences caused heart contractions
- blood flows from HIGH fluid pressure –> LOW fluid pressure

2) Valves helps ensure unidirectional movement of blood by preventing backflow

51
Q

The actual heart sounds (“lub-dub”) created via:

A

Vibrations + turbulent blood flow caused closing of valves

vibrations spread along to neighboring tissues continue to travel to superficial tissues where they can be heard

52
Q

Sound 1 (“lub”) =

A

Atrioventricular valves close

53
Q

Sound 2 (‘dub’) =

A

Aortic + Pulmonary semilunar valves close

54
Q

What determines aortic (arterial outflow) pressure?

A

Rate of blood pumped IN
Vs.
Rate of blood going OUT to tissues

55
Q

Why does pressure fall quicker in ventricles than in aorta or pulmonary arteries?

A

Elastic, muscular walls of arteries = continuous squeezing / contraction on blood inside

56
Q

Isovolumetric =

A

same volume

- Volume does not change in these two subdivisions of systole and diastole b/c BOTH valves are closed

57
Q

contract in response to parasympathetic stimulation to constrict pupil

A

circular muscle fibers

58
Q

contract in response to sympathetic stimulation to dilate pupil

A

radial muscle fibers

59
Q

What kind of muscle tissue in iris

A

smooth muscle

60
Q

which muscle of iris controls normal, day-to-day dilation pupil? what innervation?

A

circular muscle fibers and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system

61
Q

vitreous humor

A

viscous, jelly-like fluid that fills main/largest cavity of eye (lens + retina)

Gives eyes spherical shape + volumetric pressure it creates helps fix retina to posterior surface (choroid) / holds retina in place

62
Q

aqueous humor

A

clear fluid fills space between lens + cornea

63
Q

tunica of eye = mostly neural tissue

A

retina

64
Q

describe physiology of blind spot

A

region in posterior of eye where neural fibers from retina exit
2 blind spots - 1 in each eye

65
Q

what region delivers highest visual acuity? why?

A

fovea centralis - small central region within retina = high density of cones

66
Q

name 3 tunica layers eye

A

fibrous, vascular, retina

67
Q

continuous parts fibrous tunica

A

sclera (white of eye) + cornea

68
Q

continuous parts of vascular tunica

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

69
Q

part of eye contains pigment melanin

A

choroid

70
Q

part of eye rich supply of blood vessels

A

choroid

71
Q

part of eye NOT rich supply of blood vessels

A

cornea - no blood vessels so transparent

72
Q

part(s) eye containing muscle

A

iris (circular + radial) and ciliary body (ciliary muscle - focuses lens)

73
Q

part of eye responsible for change in lens shape allowing for change in focus at different distances

A

ciliary body - specifically muscles

74
Q

what is responsible for pupil appearing black

A

choroid @ posterior of eye - pupil just hole in iris

75
Q

why do humans have decreased color perception and visual acuity in dim lighting (@ dusk)

A

rods - black/white images, less E required excitation
cones - color images w/ high acuity, higher E required excitation

dim lighting - less light rays = less light E traveling into eye, not enough E create AP in cones but rods still able to.

76
Q

how does color of choroid important to fxn

A

it absorbs stray light rays bouncing around at back of eye which decrease visual acuity

pigment melanin makes choroid dark brown color - dark colors absorb almost all light waves

77
Q

part of eye serves as attachment for extrinsic eye muscles?

A

sclera - white eye

78
Q

what dense / fibrous part eye helps maintain structure?

A

sclera

79
Q

part eye that bends light waves

A

cornea

80
Q

what is retinal?

A

= part photopigment sensitive to / absorbs light E

-Vitamin A derivative

81
Q

Photopigment in rods

A

rhodopsin (visual purple)

82
Q

Range light wavelengths that Rhodopsin/Visual Purple sensitive to/excited by?

A

380nm - 650 nm
(violet-orange)

almost all visible light wavelengths EXCEPT RED

83
Q

monolayer of epithelial cells in retina

A

Pigment layer

84
Q

refraction

A

“bending” light rays as passes through one medium to another medium of a different density @ an oblique angle

Degree of curvature of 2nd mediums surface can cause light rays converge or diverge (convex and concave)

85
Q

focusing

A

diverging light rays radiating from a 1 point on an object pass from AIR (medium 1) through convex surfaces of cornea + lens and refracted to converge @ a single point on retina

diverging light rays from others single points on the same object are similarly refracted to converge together at a single point @ different site on retina than other points but in proportion to object —– image refracted = upside down + left-right reversed

86
Q

objects in center of visual field

A

images focused directly onto fovea centralis

87
Q

Objects moving toward eye

A

increase angle between diverging light rays from point on object

88
Q

Accommodation

A

The process CHANGING/ADJUSTING focus via changing shape lens

89
Q

How is greater refraction accomplished?

A

Ciliary muscle contraction = lens shape become more round = increased angle of refraction = decreased distance until rays converge at single point

90
Q

describe significance of ability to change lens shape

A

b/c distance from lens + retina fixed w/o ability to alter degree of refraction objects in center of field of view only be focused @ fixed distance from eye

91
Q

Emmetropia

A

normal vision + focusing

92
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness – can’t focus close objects

–Angle refraction too small = the converging light rays from a point on object intersect BEHIND retina

93
Q

the average pressure throughout cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)

94
Q

Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure =

A

Pulse Pressure

95
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

= working pressure of heart; amount of pressure added by ventricular contraction

Measure of elasticity + recoil of arteries - aka health arteries

age or diseased = decreased elasticity = expand recoil less readily = more difficult pump blood = increase pressure

96
Q

veins + venules

A

return blood under LOW pressures

reservoir of blood –> 64% systemic blood

97
Q

Major site of H2O + solute exchange between blood and interstitial spaces

A

capillaries

98
Q

arterioles

A

main control blood flow + major site resistance to blood flow

99
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

smooth muscle fiber encircles vessel @ each capillary origin

regulates blood flow into capillary bed

100
Q

transport blood to tissues under high pressure; pressure reservoir

A

large arteries

101
Q

Greatest pressure drop occurs across what arteries

A

arterioles + capillaries

b/c high cross sectional areas

102
Q

average force on arteries by blood pressure during cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure

relative duration diastole&raquo_space; systole sooo:
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3(systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)

103
Q

Laminar flow

A

blood flow streamlined + silent (arteries + veins)

104
Q

Turbulent flow

A

blood flow not silent, flows crosswise in vessel, tends to cause murmurs - used to diagnose septal defects, valvular stenosis (narrow - stenotic, systolic), or valvular insufficiency (leakiness - regurgitation, diastolic backflow)

105
Q

3 factors cause turbulent blood flow

A

increased speed blood flow, decreased diameter vessel, increase blood viscosity or density

106
Q

Basal tone

A

basal tone in arteries - always present, slight contraction of arterial smooth muscle

baseline arteriole diameter from which constriction or relaxation occurs

107
Q

under resting conditions cardiac muscle normally consumes and derives E from what macromolecule?

A

FATTY ACIDS (70%) instead of carbohydrates

Exam Block 3 - Fall 2019 (12 decks)

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