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physics paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When can refraction happen?

A

When any wave changes speed as it passes from one medium to another

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2
Q

What happens if the waves enter or leave the medium at right angles to the surface?

A

They do not change direction

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3
Q

What are wavefronts and why are they useful?

A

An imaginary line that connects all the same points in a set of waves and it makes it easier to visualise lots of waves moving together

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4
Q

What is refraction?

A

When a wave changes speed or direction because they huge entered a different medium

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5
Q

What are electromagnetic waves also known as?

A

Transverse waves because they transfer energy from the source of waves to an absorber

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6
Q

Example of electromagnetic wave?

A

Microwaves because they transfer energy from the oven to the food

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7
Q

What are light waves?

A

Transfer energy from the sun to the absorber

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8
Q

Where’s red on the spectrum?

A

Has lowest frequency but longest wavelength

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9
Q

Where’s violet on the spectrum?

A

Has highest frequency but shortest wavelength

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10
Q

What’s the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Radio
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X-Rays
Gamma rays

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11
Q

What is a vacuum?

A

What electromagnetic waves travel through and they all travel at the same speed

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12
Q

What is an oscillations?

A

When the wave is moving up and down

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13
Q

What are transverse waves?

A

When the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of the energy transfer and they require a medium to travel in

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14
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A

When the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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15
Q

What is a period and how do you figure it out?

A

The time for one wave to pass a point
Period (s) = 1/frequency (Hz)

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16
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of waves passing a point each second

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17
Q

What is wave speed?

A

The speed at which the wave moves through the medium

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18
Q

How do you figure out wave speed?

A

Wave speed= frequency x wavelength

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19
Q

What happens when electromagnetic waves are generated or absorbed?

A

Changes take place in atoms or in the nuclei of atoms

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20
Q

Risk of X-Rays and gamma rays?

A

Risk of cancer as they cause the mutation of genes but can be used in medical treatment

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21
Q

What’s the dose of radiation measured in?

A

Sieverts (Sv) or millisieverts (mSv)

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22
Q

Why are radio waves used in radios or TV signals?

A

Because they can travel long distances before being absorbed

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23
Q

Why are microwaves used to communicate with satellites in space?

A

Because they can pass through the Earths atmosphere without being reflected or refracted

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24
Q

Why is infrared used in ovens?

A

Because the energy of infrared is easily absorbed by the surface of objects

25
Q

Why is ultra violet used in lightbulbs?

A

Because it has a short wavelength and carries lots of energy

26
Q

What is the risk of ultraviolet?

A

Increases risk of skin cancer and causes premature skin ageing

27
Q

What are the 3 ways you can strengthen an electromagnet?

A

Increasing the current
Increasing number of coils
Adding an iron core

28
Q

Where are the magnetic forces strongest in a magnet?

A

At the poles

29
Q

When is there a force of repulsion?

A

When two like poles are placed next to each other

30
Q

What are two examples of non-contact forces?

A

The attraction and repulsion between two magnetic poles

31
Q

What happens if we bring a permanent magnet close to another permanent magnet?

A

They can attract or repel each other, depending on their direction

32
Q

What is an induced magnet?

A

An object that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field

33
Q

What is the motor effect?

A

A wire carrying a current creates a magnetic field, this can react with another magnetic field which causes a force that pushes the wire at right angles

34
Q

In Flemings left hand rule what do the 3 fingers represent?

A

Thumb- motion
First finger- magnetic field from
N to S
Second finger- conventional current

35
Q

What does an electric motor do?

A

Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy

36
Q

What is the stopping distance?

A

The total distance travelled from when the drivers first spots the obstruction to when the car stops

37
Q

What’s the thinking distance?

A

The distance travelled by the car during the drivers reaction time

38
Q

What’s the thinking distance?

A

The distance travelled by the car during the drivers reaction time

39
Q

What is meant by the reaction time?

A

Time taken for the driver to spot the obstruction, make the decision and then move their foot to the brake

40
Q

How do you figure out the stopping distance?

A

Adding up the thinking distance and the braking distance

41
Q

What does it mean if an object is not moving?

A

It has no momentum

42
Q

How do you figure out momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

43
Q

What’s the conservation of momentum?

A

In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after an event

44
Q

What happens when two objects interact?

A

The forces exert on each other are equal and opposite

45
Q

What is meant by elastic deformation?

A

A temporary change in the form of an object due to applied stress which reverts to its original shape once the stress is removed

46
Q

What are 6 examples of scalar quantities?

A

Temperature
Mass
Energy
Distance
Speed
Density

47
Q

4 examples of vector quantities?

A

Force, displacement, acceleration and momentum

48
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

When the object stops accelerating and moves at a constant velocity

49
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

A

An object remains in the same state of motion unless there’s a resultant force, if all forces are balanced, the resultant force will be zero

50
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

The resultant force on an object is proportional to the rate of change of momentum of the object

51
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

Whenever two objects interact, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other

52
Q

What is inertia?

A

An object will stay stationary, or continue moving at the same speed and direction, unless a resultant force is applied

53
Q

How do you figure out speed on a distance time graph?

A

Gradient = distance travelled/ time taken

54
Q

What is displacement?

A

Tells us the distance that an object moves in a straight line from the start point to the finish point

55
Q

What is work?

A

Whenever a force is used to move an object, energy is transferred

56
Q

What happens to the energy stores when a brake is applied?

A

The kinetic energy store of the car is transferred to the thermal energy store of the brakes and the temperature of the brakes increases

57
Q

Difference between induced magnet and permanent magnet?

A

An induced magnet only becomes a magnet when it’s placed inside a magnetic field

58
Q

What is an electromagnet?

A

A coil with an iron core and the core increases the coils magnetic field strength

59
Q

4 types of magnetic material?

A

Iron, steel, cobalt and nickel

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