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chemistry paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for rate of reaction?

A

Quantity of reactants used up/ quantity of product formed

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2
Q

What unit do we normally use for a rate of a reaction?

A

grams/ second

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3
Q

5 key factors that affect the rate of reaction?

A

Temperature
Pressure
Concentration
Surface area
Catalysts

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4
Q

What is concentration?

A

Number of particles dissolved in a given volume of solvent

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5
Q

What is the collision theory?

A

Chemical reactions only take place if reacting particles collide into each other with sufficient energy

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6
Q

How can the frequency of collisions increase?

A

If the concentration, pressure and surface area are increased

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7
Q

What is meant by a reversible reaction?

A

Where the products of a reaction can react again and produce the original reactants

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8
Q

What is meant by the equilibrium?

A

When the forward and reverse reactions happen at exactly the same rate

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9
Q

What is le chateliers principle?

A

If a system is at equilibrium and a change is made to the conditions the system responds to counteract the change

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10
Q

What happens if you increase the pressure of an equilibrium system?

A

It will go to the side with lower pressure

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11
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A kind of hydrocarbon which only one single carbon bond and are saturated

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12
Q

What is the formula for methane, ethane propane and butane?

A

Methane- CH4
Ethane- C2H4
Propane- C3H8
Butane- C4H10

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13
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Separates the mixture by using heat and then they’re separated by different boiling points

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14
Q

What does volatility mean?

A

How easily a liquid will turn into a gas

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15
Q

What is meant by combustion?

A

A reaction in which a fuel burns in an oxygen

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16
Q

What happens when hydrocarbons burn?

A

Produce carbon dioxide and water

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17
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When there’s not enough oxygen for the fuel to completely burn so it produces carbon monoxide instead

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18
Q

What is meant by cracking?

A

A method used to break long alkanes into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes which is useful because shorter chains are of higher demand for fuels and plastics

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19
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Have double c-c bonds and are unsaturated

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20
Q

In bromine water, what happens to alkanes and alkenes?

A

Alkanes stay the same whereas alkenes go colourless

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21
Q

What is a pure substance and how can you test for it?

A

A single element or compound that’s not mixed with another substance you can test if it’s a pure substance by testing its melting and boiling points

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22
Q

How do you test for hydrogen?

A

Lit splint will burn with squeaky pop

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23
Q

How do you test for oxygen?

A

Splint should religjt

24
Q

How do you test for chlorine?

A

Blue litmus paper should go red and then eventually go white

25
Q

How do you test for carbon dioxide?

A

Lime water should go cloudy white or milky

26
Q

As the size of the hydrocarbons increases, what happens?

A

They become more viscous/ thick and they’re boiling point increases but they become less flammable

27
Q

Do short chain hydrocarbons have low or high boiling points?

A

Low

28
Q

What does a pure substance have?

A

A specific fixed temperature and a specific fixed boiling point

29
Q

Examples of formulations?

A

Fuels, cleaning products, paints, medicines, alloys fertilisers and food

30
Q

What proportion of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen and oxygen?

A

78%= nitrogen
21%= oxygen

31
Q

3 examples of greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane

32
Q

Why does short wavelength radiation reflect back into space?

A

Because it does not interact strongly with the gas molecules in the atmosphere

33
Q

Why does the temperature of the atmosphere increase?

A

Because the energy is trapped in the atmosphere

34
Q

What’s the difference between the atmosphere now and the early atmosphere?

A

It used to contain large amounts of carbon dioxide and little oxygen but now it’s switched

35
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Non-renewable meaning if we keep using them we will eventually run out

36
Q

What’s crude oil formed from?

A

Plankton which are tiny plants and animals found in the sea

37
Q

What is meant by the carbon footprint?

A

Total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product service or event

38
Q

What is the collision theory?

A

The idea that chemical reactions can only take place when the colliding particles collide with each other with sufficient energy

39
Q

What do catalysts allow us to do?

A

Carry out reactions quickly without needing to increase the temperature- this saves mondy

40
Q

Benefits of catalysts?

A

We can reuse them again and again because they’re not used up during the reaction and the particles require less energy

41
Q

Why would the reaction slow down?

A

Because a lot of the reactant molecules have already reacted and turned into product

42
Q

What are 5 things produced from raw materials which are in limited supply?

A

Plastic
Glass
Metal
Building materials
Clay ceramics

43
Q

Disadvantages of quarrying and mining?

A

Quarrying produces large amounts of dust and destroys habitats
Mining can also release harmful chemicals into the environment

44
Q

What energy comes from limited resources?

A

The energy required to turn raw materials into useful products

45
Q

Advantages of using recycling?

A

Saves limited resources and energy
Reduced amount of waste we produce

46
Q

4 steps in the life cycle assessment?

A

1) Extracting and processing raw materials
2) Manufacturing and packaging
3) Use and operation during its lifetime
4) Disposal at end of the lifetime

47
Q

How can life cycle assessments be biased?

A

To support claims by advertisers

48
Q

Difference between pure water and potable water?

A

Pure water contains no dissolved substances at all whereas potable water contains some dissolved substances and is safe to drink

49
Q

What does the pressure of gas depend on?

A

The number of molecules

50
Q

What is the equation used to calculate the rate of a reaction?

A

Amount of reactant used/ time

51
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

The forwards and backwards reaction happen at the same rate and the amount of any product remains the same as it produced as quickly as it is used up

52
Q

What’s the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

53
Q

Examples of products made by the petrochemical industry?

A

Solvents, fuel, lubricants, polymers

54
Q

What is chromatography?

A

The technique for the separation, purification and testing of compounds

55
Q

What is chromatography?

A

The technique for the separation, purification and testing of compounds

56
Q

What is chromatography?

A

The technique for the separation, purification and testing of compounds

57
Q

Name 3 sterilising agents for water?

A

Chlorine gas, ozone and ultra violet light

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