Physics Paper 1 Flashcards
What are the 8 energy stores?
Thermal, kinetic, chemical, gravitational potential, elastic potential, magnetic, nuclear and electrostatic.
Equation for weight
Weight = mass x gravitational field strength
Gravitational potential energy equation:
Gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height
Kinetic energy equation：
Kinetic energy: 0.5 x mass x (velocity)^2
What is power equal to?
Energy transferred and work done
What is the equation for power?
Power=energy transferred divided by time
How does thermal conduction work?
-increased vibrations of particles
-kinetic store of the particles increase
-particles collide with one another
-transferring the thermal store through the solid
Why are metals excellent thermal conductors?
They have delocalised electrons
What is the direction of thermal energy in specific heat capacity?
Hot to cold
What is heat the measure of?
Thermal energy
What happens if there is a big temperature difference?
The greater the temperature difference, the greater the rate of energy transferred
What are 3 factors which would cause a change in the temperature of a material?
-energy transferred
-mass of an object
-material of an object
What is specific heat capacity?
The energy required to raise 1kg of a substance by 1°c.
What is the equation for specific heat capacity?
Specific heat capacity = Energy transferred divided by (mass x temperature change)
What is the equation for elastic potential energy?
Ep=1/2 x k x e^2
What is elastic potential energy measured in?
Joules.
What are 3 fossil fuels?
Coal, oil and gas
What are the advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Advantages:
-quick
-in-expensive
-reliable
Disadvantages:
-releases CO2 and greenhouse gases
-adds to global warming
-causes acid rain
-non renewable
What are advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fission?
Advantages:
-doesn’t release greenhouse gases or add to global warming
-energy dense
Disadvantages:
-non renewable
-expensive
-nuclear accidents can happen
What are the advantages and disadvantages of wind turbines?
-does not release CO2
-renewable
-unreliable
What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydro electric?
-renewable
-reliable
-doesn’t release CO2
-destroys habitats
What are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal resources?
-doesn’t release CO2
-reliable
-ruins coastlines
-disrupts marine life
What are the advantages and disadvantages of wave resources?
-suitable for coastal areas
-doesn’t release CO2
-boat hazard
-disrupts marine life
What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar panels?
-doesn’t release CO2
-expensive to install
-unreliable
-not efficient
What are the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal?
-reliable
-only suitable in volcanic areas
What are the advantages and disadvantages of biomas?
-reliable
-carbon neutral
-destroys habitats
What is mains frequency?
50Hz
230 volts
What is potential difference?
The energy per unit charge measured at two points in a circuit.
Measured in volts.
What is potential difference measured with?
Voltmeter.
What is the equation for potential difference?
P.d=energy divided by charge
What is electric current?
The rate of flow charge.
What is current measures in and on?
Amps on an ammeter
What is the equation for current?
Current = charge divided by time
What is resistance?
The opposition to the flow of charge
What is ohms law?
The potential difference is directly proportional to the current at a constant temperature.
What is the equation for potential difference?
P.d= current x resistance
What is the rule of current in a circuit?
The current is the same throughout the entire circuit
What is the circuit rule for voltage?
The voltage is shared.
What is an LDR?
A light dependant resistor.
When light intensity increases, resistance decreases.
What is thermistor?
A thermal resistor.
As temperature increases, resistance decreases.
What is the volume of a cylinder?
Pi x r^2 x l
What is the equation of density?
Density = mass divided by volume
What type of can is used to work out the density of something?
A eureka can.
What is specific latent heat?
The energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance without a change in temperature.
What is a change from solid to liquid called?
Fusion.
What is a change from liquid to gas called?
Vaporisation.
What is the equation for specific latent heat?
Specific latent heat = energy divided by mass
When does an atom become an ion?
If it loses or gains an electron.
Is radioactive decay random?
Yes.
What is radioactive activity?
The rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays measured in becquerel.
What is one becquerel?
One decay per second.
What does Dalton’s atomic model look like?
Carved from solid wood. Atoms are the smallest thing and cannot be broken down.
Dalton’s model is a foundational concept in atomic theory, emphasizing the indivisibility of atoms.
What does Thompson’s Plum pudding model look like?
Electrons are embedded in a sphere of positive charge. Not solid so that things can pass through.
This model was an early attempt to explain the structure of the atom, focusing on the distribution of electrons.
How does Dalton’s model compare with Thompson’s?
Dalton’s doesn’t have electrons, Thompson’s does, making it incorrect.
This highlights the evolution of atomic theory as new discoveries were made.
What does Rutherford’s model look like?
Discovered that an atom is mostly empty space by firing alpha particles at a sheet of gold where some particles are deflected but most are undeflected. The nucleus may be positively charged and small.
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment was crucial in understanding the atomic structure.
What does Chadwick’s model look like?
The nucleus contains two types of particles. The neutron is discovered and named this because it has no charge. The atom is neither negative nor positive.
Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron completed the understanding of atomic structure.
How does Rutherford’s model compare with Chadwick’s?
The ideas support one another. Chadwick added neutrons into the previously thought atom structure.
This comparison emphasizes the collaborative nature of scientific discovery.
How does Rutherford’s model compare with Thompson’s?
Rutherford had a nucleus, Thompson’s didn’t. Rutherford’s theory disproved Thompson’s previous theory.
This illustrates the progression of scientific knowledge and the importance of experimental evidence.
What detects nuclear decay?
A Geiger muller tube.
What is radioactive contamination?
The unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials.
What is irradiation?
The process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation - the irradiated object does not become radioactive.
