Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Combined Science AQA > Biology Paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 4 components make up the blood and what do they do?

A

-red blood cells: carry oxygen
-white blood cells: fight pathogens
-platelets: help the blood to clot
-plasma(the only liquid part in the blood): transports nutrients, urea and hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the artery transport blood?

A

Away from the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do veins transport blood?

A

Into the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They transport blood and substances to the tissues of the body, and remove waste from surrounding cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which path does deoxygenated blood from the body take through the heart?

A

It enters through the vena cava into the right atrium. Then it flows into the right ventricle and exits the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which path does oxygenated blood from the lungs take through the heart?

A

It enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. It then travels into the left ventricle and then out, to the body, via the Aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The heart is made out of ________ muscle.

A

Cardiac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The heart is a double _____ .

A

Pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the structure of an artery?

A

-thick outer wall to push blood at extremely high pressures.
-small lumen
-thick muscular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the structure of a capillary?

A

-one cell thick walls for a short diffusion pathway making it more efficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the structure of a vein?

A

-larger lumen
-valves to prevent the backflow of blood
-thinner outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is CHD?

A

Coronary heart disease - when the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart are blocked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What treatments can help the build up of fatty acids inside the coronary arteries?

A

Statins (drugs that lower harmful cholesterol)
Stents (metal cylinder grids inserted into the artery to keep it open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where would you place an artificial pacemaker?

A

On the wall of the right atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the risk factors for CHD?

A

-smoking
-high blood pressure
-diet high in cholesterol
-not enough excersise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens if valves dont open or close fully?

A

Don’t close efficiently: blood can leak
Don’t open efficiently: blood cannot pass through, clots or high pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the symptoms of faulty heart valves?

A

-shortness of breath
-swelling in the ankles
-feeling unusually tired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can faulty valves be replaced by?

A

-mechanical valves:cheaper, lasts 20-30 years, made from titanium, high risk of a blood clot, daily blood thinning tablets, increased risk of stoke or heart failure.
-biological valves: more expensive, lasts 10-20 years, made from animal tissue, low risk of blood clot, maybe unethical, no long term medication needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the definition of breathing?

A

Breathing is the mechanical process which gets air in and out of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What adaptations do alveoli have?

A

Large surface area
Moist surface
Short diffusion pathway
Thin walls
Good blood supply
Dense capillary network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water particles from higher water potential to lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the reproductive organ in the plant?

A

Flower

The flower attracts insects and facilitates pollination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the primary function of the stem in a plant?

A

Transports sugars, water, and minerals

The stem also supports the leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What role do leaves play in a plant?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

Leaves are crucial for converting light energy into chemical energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of roots in a plant?

A

Absorb water and minerals from the soil

Roots also anchor the plant to the ground.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two main types of vascular tissue in a plant stem?

A

Xylem and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of cells make up xylem?

A

Dead cells joined end to end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does xylem transport?

A

Water and mineral ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In which direction does water move in xylem?

A

Upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What process is xylem involved in?

A

Transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of cells make up phloem?

A

Living cells with pores in the end walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In which directions can glucose move in phloem?

A

Both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What process is phloem involved in?

A

Translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the primary function of root hair cells?

A

To uptake water and minerals from the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What feature of root hair cells increases absorption?

A

Large surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do root hair cells contain to store water?

A

Large vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What organelle is abundant in root hair cells to aid in active transport?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Fill in the blank: Xylem is involved in _______ and transports water and minerals.

A

Transpiration

42
Q

Fill in the blank: Phloem is involved in _______ and transports glucose.

A

Translocation

43
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

It increases the rate of diffusion of gases as it is a layer of cells containing air spaces.

44
Q

What is the waxy cuticle?

A

It is the waxy layer on top of the leaf which prevents evaporation.

45
Q

What is the upper epidermis?

A

The transparent layer at the top of the leaf which allows for efficient gas exchanged and the passing through of light.

46
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A

It is near the top of the plant and contains lots of chloroplasts, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

47
Q

What is the lower epidermis?

A

The transparent layer at the bottom of the leaf which allows for efficient gas exchange.

48
Q

What are the guard cells?

A

The cells on either side of the stomata which controls whether it is open or closed.

49
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of the leaf through the stomata.

50
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The flow of water through a plant.

51
Q

Which factors affect the rate of transpiration?

A

-increased temperature=increased transpiration
-increased wind=increased transpiration
-increased light intensity=increased transpiration
-increased humidity=decreased transpiration

52
Q

What does a potometer show?

A

The uptake of water.

53
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

54
Q

Is the reaction of photosynthesis exo or endothermic?

A

Endothermic

55
Q

What is glucose used for in a plant?

A

-converted into insoluble starch for storage
-used for respiration
-used to produce cellulose
-used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
-used to produce fat or oil for storage

56
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

Health is a state of physical and mental well-being.

57
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be transmitted

58
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot be transmitted.

59
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.

60
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogen?

A

-bacteria
-virus
-protist
-fungi

61
Q

How do bacteria’s make us feel unwell?

A

They release toxins into our bodies.

62
Q

What can be prescribed to treat bacterial infections?

A

Antibiotics

63
Q

What is the virus life cycle?

A

-the virus invades
-the virus replicates
-the virus bursts the cell and spreads

64
Q

How are pathogens transmitted?

A

-airborne:inhaling droplets in air
-direct contact:touching something they touched
-waterborne:drinking dirty water
-animal borne: mosquitoes
-mother to baby
-blood born: sharing needles
-foodborne: raw chicken

65
Q

Which diseases are spread through the air?

A

Covid-19, common cold

66
Q

Which diseases are spread through direct/sexual contact?

A

Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV

67
Q

What disease is spread through water?

A

Cholera

68
Q

Which diseases are spread through animals?

A

Malaria and rabies

69
Q

Which disease are foodborne?

A

Salmonella

70
Q

Which diseases are congenital (mother to baby)?

A

HIV

71
Q

Which diseases are bloodborne?

A

HIV and hepatitis b & c

72
Q

Which examples of good hygiene can reduce the spread of communicable diseases?

A

-washing hands
-sanitising surfaces
-coughing into a tissue
-preparing food correctly

73
Q

Salmonella

A

Transmitted: through undercooked food
Symptoms: fever, cramps, diarrhoea, sickness
There is no treatment
Prevent the spread: poultry are vaccinated

74
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

Transmitted: unprotected sex
Symptoms: thick yellow or green discharge, painful urination
Treated by antibiotics
Prevent the spread: by wearing protection and reducing the number of sexual partners

75
Q

Measles

A

Transmitted: through inhalation of droplets from coughs or sneexes
Symptoms: fever, red skin rash
Treatment: no treatment
Prevent the spread: isolating, vaccination

76
Q

HIV

A

Transmitted: direct sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
Symptoms: mild, flu like illness
Treatment: anti-retroviral drugs to slow it down
Prevent the spread: using condoms, not sharing needles

77
Q

TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

A

Transmitted: contact between diseased plants
Symptoms: mosaic patterned discolouring on leaves
Treatment: no real treatment
Prevent the spread: removing and destroying the infected plants

78
Q

Rose black spot

A

Transmitted: by wind or water
Symptoms: purple or black spots on leaves, leaves turn yellow and drop, reduced photosynthesis
Treatment: fungicides
Prevent the spread: removing and destroying infected leaves and plants

79
Q

Malaria

A

Transmitted: bitten by infected mosquitoes
Symptoms: recurrent fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea and can be fatal.
Treatment: antimalarial medication
Prevent the spread: insecticide to kill mosquitoes, repellants and nets

80
Q

Athletes foot

A

Transmitted: in humid conditions such as damp, wet socks
Symptoms: itchy, white patches between toes.
Treatment: hygiene, anti fungal medication or cream
Prevent the spread: dry feet thoroughly, don’t share dirty socks

81
Q

What is the life cycle of malaria?

A

-Infected mosquitoes bites human
-malaria infects liver and reproduces asexually
-malaria parasite now in blood
-a different mosquito bites infected human and therefore becomes infected

82
Q

Which diseases are caused by viruses?

A

TMV
HIV
Measles

83
Q

Which diseases are caused by bacteria?

A

Gonorrhoea
Salmonella

84
Q

Which diseases are caused by protists?

A

Malaria

85
Q

Which diseases are caused by fungi?

A

Athletes foot
Rose black spot

86
Q

What is the first barrier of defence?

A

The skin, tears, mucus and saliva.

87
Q

Are the second and first barriers specific or non specific?

A

Non-specific.

88
Q

What is the second barrier of defence?

A

Phagocytosis ( the engulfing of pathogens by a white blood cell)

89
Q

What is the third barrier of defence?

A

Antibodies and antigens.

90
Q

Is the third line of defence specific or non-specific?

A

Specific.

91
Q

How do white blood cells destroy pathogens?

A

-WBC produce antibodies
-antibodies attach to antigens on surface of pathogen.
-antibodies target and destroy specific pathogens.
-made of proteins so their shapes are complimentary.

92
Q

Where are antigens?

A

On the surface of pathogens

93
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Small quantities of a dead or inactive pathogen deliberately injected into the bloodstream.

94
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is asexual division for grown and repair. It has one division for 2 genetically identical daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each.

95
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is sexual division for gametes (sex cells). It has 2 divisions for 4 genetically different cells with 23 chromosomes each.

96
Q

What is stage 1 in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase.

97
Q

What is stage 2 in the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis.

98
Q

What is stage 3 of the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis.

99
Q

Is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic.

100
Q

What do the ribosomes do in a cell?

A

The site of protein synthesis.

Combined Science AQA (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions