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MCAT > Physics/Math > Flashcards

Physics/Math Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Pascals principle

A

pressure applied to an incompressible fluid will be distributed throughout entire volume of fluid

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2
Q

Archimedes principle

A

any body submerged in a fluid at rest is acted upon by a buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the liquid

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3
Q

Heat of transformation/ latent heat

A

heat released or absorbed for a phase change (temperature-constant)

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4
Q

Sublimation

A

solid to gas

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5
Q

Deposition

A

gas to solid

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6
Q

Vaporization

A

liquid to gas

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7
Q

Condensation

A

gas to liquid

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8
Q

Fusion/ Melting

A

solid to liquid

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9
Q

Freezing

A

liquid to solid

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10
Q

Poiseulle’s law

A

rate of laminar flow

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11
Q

Continuity equation

A

conservation of mass with fluid dynamics (Q=vA=vA)

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12
Q

Bernouilli’s equation

A

conservation of energy for a flowing fluid

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13
Q

Absolute pressure

A

sum of all pressures at a certain point within a fluid (pressure of the fluid + ambient pressure)

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14
Q

Gauge pressure

A

difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure

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15
Q

Venturi effect

A

inverse relationship between pressure and speed, proportional relationship between cross sectional area and pressure

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16
Q

Equipotential lines

A

the set points around a charge that have the same electric potential

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17
Q

Diamagnetic materials

A

no unpaired electrons, slightly repelled by magnetic

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18
Q

Paramagnetic materials

A

some unpaired electrons, become weakly magnetic in an external magnetic field

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19
Q

Ferromagnetic materials

A

some unpaired electrons, become strongly magnetic in an external magnetic field

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20
Q

Lorentz force

A

sum of magnetic and electrostatic forces acting on a body

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21
Q

Kirchoff’s junction rule

A

sum of currents directed into a point equals the sum of the currents directed away from the point

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22
Q

Kirchoff’s loop rule

A

in a closed loop, the sum of voltage sources is always equal to the sum of voltage drops

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23
Q

Resistance

A

opposition to the movement of electrons through a material

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24
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V=IR

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25
Q

Series

A

resistors are additive, voltage is additive, capacitors cause a decrease in capacitance

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26
Q

Parallel

A

resistors cause a decrease in resistance, voltage is equivalent, capacitors are additive

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27
Q

Capacitors

A

ability to store and discharge electrical potential energy

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28
Q

Dielectric materials

A

insulators placed between plates of a capacitor that increase capacitance by a factor equal to the dielectric constant

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29
Q

Ammeters

A

inserted in series, measure current, negligible resistance

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30
Q

Voltmeters

A

inserted in parallel, measure voltage drop, large resistances

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31
Q

Ohmmeters

A

inserted around a resistive element, measure resistance, self-powered, negligible resistance

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32
Q

Transverse waves

A

oscillate perpendicular to wave propagation (ex. electromagnetic waves)

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33
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

oscillate parallel to wave propagation (ex. sound waves)

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34
Q

Angular frequency

A

way to express frequency in radians

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35
Q

Traveling waves

A

continuously shifting points of max and min displacement

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36
Q

Standing waves

A

produced by the constructive and destructive interference of two waves of the same frequency travelling in opposite directions

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37
Q

Resonance (waves and sound)

A

increase in amplitude that occurs when a force is applied at the natural frequency (timing the pushes to be the same as natural frequency)

38
Q

Damping

A

decrease in amplitude by an applied or nonconservative force

39
Q

Pitch

A

related to frequency

40
Q

Doppler effect

A

shift in perceived frequency compared to actual frequency, when the source and detector are moving relative to one another (moving toward- higher perceived, moving away-lower perceived), top for moving forward, bottom for moving away

41
Q

Sonic boom

A

when the source is moving above speed of sound

42
Q

Sound level

A

related to intensity and amplitude

43
Q

Attenuation

A

the reduction of the amplitude of a signal

44
Q

Open pipes

A

support standing waves, 2L/n

45
Q

Strings

A

support standing waves, 2L/n

46
Q

Closed pipes

A

support standing waves, 4L/n

47
Q

Beat frequency

A

f1-f2

48
Q

Change in sound level

A

Bf=Bi+10log(If/Ii)

49
Q

Sound level

A

B=10log(I/Io)

50
Q

Concave mirrors

A

converging

51
Q

Convex mirrors

A

diverging, only produce virtual, upright, reduced

52
Q

Plane mirrors

A

only produce virtual, upright, same size

53
Q

Snell’s law

A

nsin=nsin

54
Q

Total internal reflection

A

when moving from high index of refraction to lower index of refraction

55
Q

Critical angle

A

the minimum incident angle at which total internal reflection occurs

56
Q

Convex lenses

A

converging

57
Q

Concave lenses

A

diverging, only produce virtual, upright, reduced

58
Q

Diffraction

A

bending and spreading out of light waves as they pass through a narrow slit, large central light fringe

59
Q

Minima

A

dark fringes

60
Q

Maxima

A

bright fringes

61
Q

Work function

A

minimum energy to eject an electron from a given metal

62
Q

Nuclear binding energy

A

the amount of energy released when nucleons bind together

63
Q

4 fundamental forces of nature

A

strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electrostatic force, gravity

64
Q

Mass defect

A

the difference between mass of unbonded nucleons to mass of bonded nucleons within a nucleus

65
Q

Alpha decay

A

helium nucleus released

66
Q

B- decay

A

proton becomes neutron, electron and antineutrino released

67
Q

B+ decay

A

neutron becomes proton, positron and neutrino released

68
Q

Gamma decay

A

emission of gamma ray

69
Q

Electron capture

A

electron is captured and combines with proton to form neutron

70
Q

Observational studies

A

cohort, cross-sectional, case-control

71
Q

Cohort studies

A

studies incidence, causes and prognosis

72
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

determine prevalence

73
Q

Case-control studies

A

compare groups retrospectively

74
Q

Error

A

bias, confounding, random error

75
Q

Selection bias

A

sample differs from population

76
Q

Detection bias

A

professionals search for an outcome disproportionately

77
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

changes in behaviour that occur as a results of knowledge that the subject is being observed

78
Q

Confounding

A

error in data analysis where both the dependent and independent variable have a common connection to a third variable

79
Q

4 principle of medical ethics

A

beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice

80
Q

Parameters

A

population data

81
Q

Statistics

A

sample data

82
Q

Internal validity

A

the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy

83
Q

External validity

A

the extent to which results from a study can be applied

84
Q

Mean

A

equally weighs all values, most affected by outliers

85
Q

Median

A

50% of data points are above and below the median

86
Q

Mode

A

data point that appears most often, there may be multiple data points

87
Q

Normal distribution

A

symmetrical, mean, median and mode are all the same

88
Q

Standard deviation

A

68% data points occur within 1 SD, 95% within 2 SD 99% within 3 SD

89
Q

Skewed distributions

A

differences in mean, median and mode, the direction of the tail

90
Q

Bimodal distributions

A

multiple peaks

91
Q

Interquartile range

A

used to determine outliers, 3 IQR - 1 IQR

MCAT (5 decks)

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