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MCAT > Behavioural Sciences > Flashcards

Behavioural Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute poverty

A

do not have enough resources to acquire basic necessities (ex. food, shelter, water etc.)

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2
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system

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3
Q

Accommodation

A

existing schema are modified to encompass new information

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

voluntary muscle control

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5
Q

Achieved status

A

status gained by individual action

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

tendency to make situational attributions about self, but dispositional attributions about others

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8
Q

Adaption (perception)

A

decrease in stimulus perception after long duration of exposure

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9
Q

Adaption (learning)

A

the process by which new information is processed, assimilation and accommodation

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10
Q

Adaptive value

A

the extent to which a trait benefits a species by influencing evolutionary fitness

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11
Q

Affect

A

the experience and display of emotion

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12
Q

Ageism

A

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of age

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13
Q

Aggression

A

behavior with intent to cause harm or increase social dominance

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14
Q

Agnosia

A

the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds

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15
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

the inability to think about consequences due to alcohol intoxication

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16
Q

Alertness

A

state of consciousness where one is awake and aware, arousal

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17
Q

Algorithm

A

a formula for solving a certain type of problem

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18
Q

Aligning action

A

impression management strategy, one makes behavior acceptable through excuses

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19
Q

Alter-casting

A

impression management strategy, imposing identity on another person

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20
Q

Altruism

A

helping with the benefit others at the cost to themselves

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21
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

dementia, memory loss, neurofibrillary tangles, B-amyloid plaques

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22
Q

Amphetamine

A

stimulant, increases dopamine and norepinephrine

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23
Q

Amygdala

A

in limbic system, important for aggression, fear

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24
Q

Anomie

A

state of normlessness, erode social solidarity by excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation

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25
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

cannot establish new long-term memories

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26
Q

Aphasia

A

deficit of language production or comprehension

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27
Q

Appraisal model

A

theory that believes our appraisal of a situation causes an emotion, there are biologically predetermined expressions

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28
Q

Archetype

A

in Jungian psychoanalysis, thought or image that has an emotional element, part of collective subconscious`

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29
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

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30
Q

Arousal

A

state of consciousness where one is awake and aware, alertness

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31
Q

Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson law)

A

theory of motivation, there is a level of arousal for optimal performance

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32
Q

Ascribed status

A

status given at birth

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33
Q

Assimilation

A

psychology, new information is interpreted in terms of existing schemata
sociology, behavior and culture of a group merges with that of another group

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34
Q

Associative learning

A

connection made between two stimuli or a stimulus and a response (classical and operant conditioning)

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35
Q

Attachement

A

emotional bond, 4 styles (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized)

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36
Q

Attitude

A

tendency toward expression of a positive or negative feeling

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37
Q

Attribute substitution

A

phenomenon where individuals substitute a complex judgement for a simpler perception

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38
Q

Attribution theory

A

tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other’s behaviour

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39
Q

Auditory cortex

A

region in temporal lobe devoted to sound processing

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40
Q

Auditory pathway

A

sound is processed by MGN, auditory cortex, superior olive, inferior colliculus

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41
Q

Authentic self

A

who someone actually is

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42
Q

Autonomy

A

ethical tenet, physician has to respect patient choices

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43
Q

Availability heuristic

A

shortcut in decision making that relies on information that is most readily available

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44
Q

Avoidance learning

A

negative reinforcement where one avoids unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

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45
Q

Babbling

A

precursor to language known to spontaneously occur in children

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46
Q

Back stage

A

in dramaturgical approach, where players are free from role requirements

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47
Q

Barbiturate

A

drug that act as a CNS depressant

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48
Q

Basal ganglia

A

part of forebrain, coordinates muscle movement, routes information from cortex to brain and spinal cord

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49
Q

Base-rate fallacy

A

using stereotypes instead of actual numerical information to make a decision

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50
Q

Basic model

A

Charles Darwin, emotions are universal and should be similar across cultures

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51
Q

Behaviorism

A

Skinner, behaviors are conditioned

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52
Q

Belief perseverance

A

inability to reject a belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

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53
Q

Beneficence

A

ethical tenet, physician must act in the patient’s best interest

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54
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

CNS depressant

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55
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

mania and depression

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56
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

object recognition by parallel-processing and feature detection

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57
Q

Brainstem

A

midbrain and hindbrain, controls autonomic nervous system

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58
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor function of speech, in inferior frontal gyrus, left hemisphere

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59
Q

Bureaucracy

A

formal organization that divides work to perform goals efficiently

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60
Q

Bystander effect

A

when in a group individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

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61
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

we physiologically react and experience associated emotions at the same time

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62
Q

Cataplexy

A

loss of muscle control caused by an emotional trigger

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63
Q

Catatonia

A

disorganized motor behavior

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64
Q

Cerebellum

A

part of hindbrain, maintains posture, balance, coordinates movement

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65
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

complex perceptual, behavioral ad cognitive processes

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66
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

aqueous solution where the brain and spinal cord rest, produced by ependymal cells

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67
Q

Cerebrum

A

contains cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia

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68
Q

Characteristic institution

A

the social structure or institution about which societies are organized

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69
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemical stimuli

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70
Q

Choice shift

A

group polarization (describes the group behaviour change)

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71
Q

Circular reaction

A

repetitive action that achieves a desired response (Piaget’s sensorimotor stage)

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72
Q

Class consciousness

A

recognition of a need for collective political action by the working class

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73
Q

Classical conditioning

A

associative learning which uses a neutral stimulus and associates it with an unconditioned stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus

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74
Q

Cocaine

A

decreases re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, amphetamine

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75
Q

Cognition

A

how we think and respond to the world

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76
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

the evaluation of a stressful situation, consists of primary and secondary appraisal

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77
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thought or opinions

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78
Q

Cognitive reassociation model

A

a model of aggression which states that we are more likely to respond aggressively when experiencing negative emotions

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79
Q

Collective unconscious

A

in Jungian psychoanalysis, the part of the unconscious mind that is shared among all humans

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80
Q

Colliculi

A

two structures in midbrain involved in sensorimotor reflexes (superior and inferior)

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81
Q

Superior colliculus

A

receives visual sensory input

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82
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

receives auditory sensory input, reflexive reactions to auditory input

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83
Q

Compliance

A

a change of behaviour of an individual at the request of another

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84
Q

Concordance rates

A

the presence of a trait in both twins

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85
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

injury to the arcuate fasciculus

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86
Q

Confirmation bias

A

focusing on information that supports a given belief and ignores evidence against it

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87
Q

Conflict theory

A

focuses on power differentials that produce a social order

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88
Q

Conciousness

A

awareness of oneself

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89
Q

Conservation

A

develops when a child can identify the difference between quantity by number and actual amount

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90
Q

Constancy

A

the tendency to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, colour, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting (ex. snow)

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91
Q

Context effect

A

a retrieval cue, memory is aided when a person is in the location where encoding took place

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92
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side of body

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93
Q

Controlled (conscious) processing

A

processing method used when a task requires complete attention

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94
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

people pay closer attention to intentional behaviour and not accidental behaviour when making attributions

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95
Q

Cortical homunculus

A

map that relates regions of the brain to anatomical regions of the body

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96
Q

Critical period

A

time during development where exposure to language is essential (between 2yrs-puberty)

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97
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to make use of acquired knowledge

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98
Q

Cues

A

indicators of the underlying cause of a behaviour (consistency cues, consensus cues, difference cues)

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99
Q

Cultural capital

A

benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities and skills

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100
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

spread of norms and beliefs through a culture

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101
Q

Cultural relativism

A

theory that social groups and cultures must be studied on their own to be understood

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102
Q

Cultural sensitivity

A

respecting differences between cultures

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103
Q

Cultural syndrome

A

shared set of beliefs and values found among people who speak the same language and share geography

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104
Q

Cultural transmission

A

means by which society socializes its members

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105
Q

Culture

A

beliefs, behaviours, actions and characteristics of a group or society of people

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106
Q

Culture shock

A

dramatic cultural differences seen when travelling out of ones society

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107
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

start with statement or hypothesis and test to see if true

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108
Q

Defense mechanism

A

in Freudian psychoanalysis, technique used by ego that distorts reality in order to resolve anxiety caused by id and superego

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109
Q

Deindividuation

A

people lose sense of self-awareness and can act differently based on the influence of a group

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110
Q

Delirium

A

fluctuation in cognitive function, reversible, non psychological cause

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111
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs

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112
Q

Demographic transition

A

transition from high birth and mortality rates to lower birth and mortality rates

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113
Q

Depressant

A

any substance that reduces nervous system function

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114
Q

Depressive disorder

A

major depression, disorder, seasonal affective disorder

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115
Q

Depressive episode

A

at least two weeks of prominent depressed mood

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116
Q

Deviance

A

violation of norms

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117
Q

DSM

A

guide by which most psychological disorders are characterized (current edition: DSM-5)

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118
Q

Diencephalon

A

part of prosencephalon, becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland

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119
Q

Differential association theory

A

deviance can be learned through interactions with others who are deviant

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120
Q

Disconfirmation principle

A

the idea that if evidence during testing does not confirm hypothesis, the hypothesis is discarded

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121
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus which indicates the opportunity for reward

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122
Q

Dishabituation

A

sudden increase in response to a stimulus, resensitization (due to change in stimulus)

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123
Q

Displacement

A

defense mechanism by which undesired urges are transferred from one target to another

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124
Q

Display rules

A

cultural expectations of how emotions can be expressed

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125
Q

Dispositional (internal) attributions

A

Attributions that relate to the decisions or personality of the person whose behaviour is being concerned

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126
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

perceived separation from identity or environment

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127
Q

Distant networks

A

networks that are composed of weaker ties

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128
Q

Distress

A

stress response to unpleasant stressors

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129
Q

Divided attention

A

ability to attend to multiple stimuli simultaneously

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130
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A

analytic, language, logic, math skills, mostly left hemisphere

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131
Q

Dopamine

A

smooth movements, steady posture, reward pathway, psychosis

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132
Q

Dramaturgical approach

A

impression management strategy theory that represent the world as a stage and actors performing to an audience

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133
Q

Dreaming

A

occurs in stage 3, stage 4 and REM, (theories: activation-synthesis theory, problem-solving dream theory, cognitive process dream theory

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134
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable internal states

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135
Q

Dual-coding theory

A

both visual and verbal associations are used to encode and retrieve information

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136
Q

Duplicity theory of vision

A

the retina contains two types of specialized cells

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137
Q

Dyssomnia

A

sleep disorder where one has difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or avoiding sleep

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138
Q

Ecstasy

A

MDMA, CNS stimulant (amphetamine and hallucinogen)

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139
Q

Ego

A

part of the unconscious that mediates urges from id and supergo

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140
Q

Egocentrism

A

self-centered, (Piaget’s preoperational stage)

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141
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

describes ways in which people are persuaded/ attitudes change (peripheral route processing vs. central route processing)

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142
Q

Peripheral route processing

A

person is convinced by something other than the content of the message

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143
Q

Central route processing

A

person is convinced by the content of the message

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144
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

association of information in short-term memory to information already in long-term memory, to aid in long-term memory storage

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145
Q

EEG

A

studies electrical patterns of the brain

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146
Q

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

theory that one individual helps another when they feel empathy for the other person

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147
Q

Encoding

A

process of preparing information for storage (automatic or effortful)

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148
Q

Endorphins

A

natural painkillers

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149
Q

Epinephrine

A

fight or flight

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150
Q

Errors of growth

A

misuse of grammar seen in children during language development

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151
Q

Escape learning

A

negative reinforcement in which one reduces the unpleasantness of something that already exists

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152
Q

Esteem support

A

affirming qualities and skills of the person as part of social support

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153
Q

Ethnic enclave

A

locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity than can often slow assimilation

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154
Q

Ethnicity

A

social construct that sorts people by cultural factors

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155
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

making judgement about other cultures based on one own culture

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156
Q

Eustress

A

stress to positive conditions

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157
Q

Evolutionary stable strategy

A

a strategy that once adopted uses natural selective pressure to prevent alternate strategies

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158
Q

Exchange theory

A

an extension of rational choice theory that focuses on groups, behaviour is engaged in based on expectancy of future rewards/punishment

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159
Q

Expectancy-value theory

A

amount of motivation is based on the expectation of success and how valuable the goal is

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160
Q

Explicit memory

A

requires conscious recall (semantic and episodic memory)

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161
Q

Semantic memory

A

facts

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162
Q

Episodic memory

A

experiences

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163
Q

Extinction

A

in classical conditioning, decrease in response due to repeated presentation with no unconditioned stimulus

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164
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

part of basal ganglia that modulates motor activity

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165
Q

Extraversion

A

in trait theory, the degree to which someone is able to tolerate social interaction

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166
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

motivation that is external (rewards and punishments)

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167
Q

False consciousness

A

a misconception of one’s actual position in society

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168
Q

Fertility rate

A

the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

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169
Q

Fisherian selection

A

when a trait with no impact or negative impact on survival becomes more common

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170
Q

Fixation

A

overindulgence or frustration during a psychosexual stage causing a neurotic pattern based on that stage

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171
Q

Flat effect

A

behaviour that shows virtually no signs of emotion or affective expression

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172
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

ability to think logically in novel situations

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173
Q

Forebrain

A

associated with complex processes, emotion and memory

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174
Q

Fornix

A

projection from the hippocampus that connects to other nuclei in the limbic system

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175
Q

Front stage

A

in dramaturgical approach where players are in front of an audience

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176
Q

Frontal lobe

A

prefrontal cortex and motor cortex

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177
Q

Functional attitudes theory

A

theory that attitudes serve 4 functions (knowledge, ego expression, adaption, ego defense)

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178
Q

Functional fixedness

A

inability to identify uses for objects beyond its usual purpose (cannot think outside the box)

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179
Q

Functionalism

A

how parts of society fit together via manifest functions and latent functions

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180
Q

Manifest functions

A

intentional, to help part of the system

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181
Q

Latent functions

A

unintentional, to help the system

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182
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

bias toward making dispositional attribution rather than situational attributions when analyzing another person’s behaviour

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183
Q

Game theory

A

model that explains social interaction and decision making as a game

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184
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory and stabilizing neurotransmitter

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185
Q

Ganglia

A

collection of cell bodies found in PNS

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186
Q

Gemeinshaft

A

groups that share beliefs, ancestry, geography

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187
Q

Gesellshaft

A

groups that work together towards a common goal

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188
Q

General adaption syndrome

A

3 stage bodily response to stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion), Selye

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189
Q

Gentrification

A

renewing low income areas by the upper class

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190
Q

Gestalt principles

A

governed by Law of Pragnaz, ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when it is incomplete

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191
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

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192
Q

Glycine

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

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193
Q

Group conformity

A

compliance to a group’s goals even if in contrast to an individuals goals

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194
Q

Group polarization

A

the tendency toward decisions that are more extreme

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195
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency of groups to make decisions based on ideas within the group within considering outside ideas

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196
Q

Gyrus

A

ridge of the cerebral cortex

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197
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in response caused by repeated exposure

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198
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that not due to external stimuli

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199
Q

Hallucinogens

A

drugs that cause distortion of reality (LSD, mushrooms)

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200
Q

Halo effect

A

judging character based on overall impression

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201
Q

Heuristic

A

rule of thumb or shortcut used to make decisions

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202
Q

Hierarchy of salience

A

letting situations dictate which identity is most important in a given moment

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203
Q

Hindbrain

A

portion of brain that controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion

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204
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of limbic system, memory, learning

205
Q

Humanistic theory

A

emphasizes the good in humans

206
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

hallucinations occurring when going to sleep (seen in narcolepsy)

207
Q

Hypnopompic hallucinations

A

hallucinations occurring when awakening from sleeping (seen in narcolepsy)

208
Q

Hypnosis

A

altered state of consciousness where person appears to be awake but is in a highly suggestible state

209
Q

Hypothalamus

A

portion of forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions

210
Q

Id

A

part of unconscious resulting from basic urges, seeks gratification

211
Q

Ideal self

A

who we want to be

212
Q

Identity

A

a piece of an individual’s self-concept based on the groups which that person belongs to

213
Q

Identity shift effect

A

when an individual conforms to a group and their identity must shift to avoid/reduce cognitive dissonance

214
Q

Immediate networks

A

networks with strong ties

215
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory that does not require conscious recall, skills and conditioned behaviour

216
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

people tend to observe traits of others and make assumptions of their personality

217
Q

Impression management

A

behaviours that influence the perceptions of other people

218
Q

Incentive thoery

A

behaviour is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

219
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease per at risk population in a given time

220
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

measure of reproductive success, number of offspring, how well offspring is supported, how well offspring can support others

221
Q

Individual discrimination

A

one persona discriminating against a person or group

222
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

starts with observations to develop a conclusion/theory

223
Q

Information-processing model

A

to explain and describe human cognition (4 components: information intake, information analysis, situational modification, content/complexity of problem)

224
Q

Informational support

A

support given by providing information

225
Q

Ingratiation

A

impression management strategy that uses flattery to increase acceptance

226
Q

In-group

A

social group to which a person identifies with

227
Q

Insomnia

A

sleep disorder characterized by inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

228
Q

Instinct theory

A

people are driven to engage in behaviours based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

229
Q

Instinctive drift

A

tendency of animals to resist learning when a conditioned behaviour conflicts with animal’s instinctive behaviour

230
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

231
Q

Interaction process analysis

A

observing and immediately classifying activities of small groups

232
Q

Interference

A

retrieval error caused by learning information (proactive or retroactive)

233
Q

Proactive interference

A

old information causes difficulty in learning new information

234
Q

Retroactive interference

A

new information causes difficulty in learning old information

235
Q

Internalization

A

changing behaviour to fit with group while also agreeing with the ideas of group

236
Q

Interneuron

A

between sensory and motor neurons, involved in reflex arcs

237
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

the force that makes people like each other

238
Q

Intersectionality

A

the interconnectedness of social categorizations

239
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

motivation that comes from within

240
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

241
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally sift to being ruled by an elite group

242
Q

James-Lange theory

A

physiological responses occur first and are the cause of emotions (physiological > emotion), emotions are the result of arousal

243
Q

Just noticeable difference (jnd)

A

the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before once can perceive the difference

244
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people

245
Q

Labeling theory

A

says that labels given to people affect how people respond to that person and the person’s self-image

246
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

innate capacity for language acquisition triggered by exposure to language (nativist perspective)

247
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs without a reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

248
Q

Learned helplessness

A

a state of resignation resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli (model of depression)

249
Q

Learning (behaviorist) theory

A

attitudes are developed through forms of learning (direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning)

250
Q

Libido

A

the sex or life drive

251
Q

Life course approach to health

A

approach to health that includes analyzing a patient’s entire history

252
Q

Limbic system

A

portion of the cerebrum that is associated with emotion and memory (amygdala and hippocampus)

253
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis (Whorfian hypothesis)

A

hypothesis that suggests sense of reality is determined by language

254
Q

Locus of control

A

the characterization of the source of influence in one’s life (internal or external)

255
Q

Long-term memory

A

information that is sufficiently rehearsed or impactful (implicit and explicit)

256
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

strengthening of neural connection due to rehearsal (basis of long-term memory)

257
Q

Looking-glass self

A

self is developed through interpersonal reactions

258
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

vision processing cells that have high temporal resolution and detect motion

259
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

repetition of information to keep it within working memory or to store it

260
Q

Malthusian theory

A

theory of demographic transition that focuses on how population growth can outpace food supply

261
Q

Managing appearance

A

impression management strategy using props to create a positive image

262
Q

Manic episode

A

period of at least 1 week with elevated or expansive mood

263
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

certain needs yield a greater influence on motivation

264
Q

Master status

A

status with which a person identifies the most with

265
Q

Mate bias

A

how choosy members of a species are when choosing a mate (direct and indirect benefits of mate selection)

266
Q

Material support

A

providing economic or other physical resources to aid a person

267
Q

Mating system

A

the way which a group organizes its sexual behaviour

268
Q

McDonaldization

A

shift towards efficiency, predictability and control in societies

269
Q

Meditation

A

state of consciousness entered voluntarily, decreased arousal and quieting of the mind

270
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

part of brainstem, regulates vital functions (breathing, hr, bp)

271
Q

Melatonin

A

serotonin derivative secreted by pineal gland, sleepiness

272
Q

Meninges

A

layer of connective tissue covering and protecting brain (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

273
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to repeat solutions that have yielded positive results in the past

274
Q

Mere exposure effect/ familiarity effect

A

people prefer stimuli they have been exposed to more frequently

275
Q

Meritocracy

A

society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement

276
Q

Mesencephalon

A

embryonic portion of brain that becomes midbrain

277
Q

Mesolimbic reward pathway

A

dopaminergic pathway in brain (nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial forebrain bundle)

278
Q

Metencephalon

A

embryonic portion of brain that becomes pons and cerebellum

279
Q

Midbrain

A

part of brainstem, manages sensorimotor reflexes to visual and auditory stimuli, gives rise to some cranial nerves

280
Q

Mirror neurons

A

located in the frontal and parietal lobes that fire when both an individual performs and action and when an individuals sees that action performed

281
Q

Misinformation effect

A

memories are altered by misleading information provided at the point of encoding or recall

282
Q

Mnemonic

A

technique that aids in memory recall

283
Q

Mood disorder

A

disorders characterized by disturbance in mood (depressive, substance-induced, bipolar)

284
Q

Moral reasoning

A

development of moral thinking through pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional stages (Kohlberg’s theory of personality development)

285
Q

Morbidity

A

burden or degree of illness associated with a disease

286
Q

Morphology

A

structure of works (etc. prefixes, suffixes)

287
Q

Mortality rate

A

number of deaths in a population per unit time

288
Q

Motivation

A

process of psychological and physical requirements, goals, or desires causing behaviour

289
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

the idea that intelligence exists in multiple areas

290
Q

Myelencephalon

A

embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the medulla oblongota

291
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder characterized by a lack of voluntary control over sleep onset, (cataplexy, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations)

292
Q

Nativist theory of language

A

Noam Chomsky, there is an innate capacity for language (LAD)

293
Q

Negative symptoms

A

in mental illness, symptoms characterized by the absence of normal or desired behaviours

294
Q

Neologism

A

coining a new word

295
Q

Network redundancy

A

overlapping contact points within a social network

296
Q

Network support

A

providing a sense of belonging as part of social support

297
Q

Neurocognitive models of dreaming

A

models of dreaming that correlate subjective experiences with measurable physiological changes

298
Q

Neuroleptics (anti-psychotics)

A

class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors

299
Q

Neuromodulator

A

peptides that act as signalling molecules in the CNS, slower to act and longer lasting than neurotransmitters

300
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

change in neural connections caused by learning or response to injury

301
Q

Neurosis

A

in Freudian theory, a disorder that occurs in response to the anxiety of a fixation during childhood that impacts personality development

302
Q

Neuroticism

A

in trait theory, how prone an individual is to emotional arousal in stressful situations

303
Q

Neurulation

A

stage in development where ectoderm furrows over notochord to form neural crest and neural tube

304
Q

Night terror

A

intense anxiety during sleep, occurs during SWS

305
Q

Non-dominant hemisphere

A

sensitivity, emotional tone of language, creativity, music, spatial processing (right hemisphere)

306
Q

Nonmaleficience

A

ethical tenet that physician must avoid practices that do more harm than good

307
Q

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

A

stages 1-4, brain waves get slower through stages

308
Q

Norepinephrine

A

wakefulness, alertness

309
Q

Norms

A

societal rules that define acceptable behaviour

310
Q

Obedience

A

changing behaviour based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

311
Q

Object permanence

A

knowledge that an object does not cease to exist even when the object cannot be seen (occurs by end of sensorimotor stage)

312
Q

Observational learning

A

behaviour is modified by watching others

313
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

A

feel the need to check thins repeatedly or have certain thoughts repeatedly without the ability to control

314
Q

Occipital lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex that controls visual processing

315
Q

Operant conditioning

A

form of associative learning in which frequency of behaviour is modified by reinforcement and punishment

316
Q

Opiates

A

naturally occurring, pain-reducing drugs (opiods are synthetic versions)

317
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

theory that the body will counteract repeated exposure to stimuli (ex. afterimages, ramping up the sympathetic nervous system in response to a depressant)

318
Q

Organization

A

a group characterized by 5 traits (formality, hierarchy of ranked positions, large size, complex division of labor, continuity beyond its members)

319
Q

Ought self

A

the way others think you should be

320
Q

Out-group

A

social group with which an individual does not identify

321
Q

Parallel play

A

children play alongside each other without interfering with each other

322
Q

Parallel processing

A

simultaneous analysis and combining information about aspects such as color, shape and motion

323
Q

Parasomnia

A

sleep disorder characterized by abnormal movements or behaviours during sleep

324
Q

Parietal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex that controls somatosensory and spatial processing

325
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

slowness in movement, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait, destruction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

326
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

visual processing cells which have high spatial resolution and detect shape

327
Q

Peer group

A

group of self-selected equals that forms around common interests

328
Q

Peer pressure

A

social influence placed on an individual by individuals who are considered equals

329
Q

Personality disorders

A

disorders that involve patterns of behaviour that are inflexible and maladaptive causing distress or impaired function

330
Q

Phoneme

A

speech sound associated with language

331
Q

Phonology

A

set of sounds that compose a language

332
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

divided lifespan into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

333
Q

Pineal gland

A

located near thalamus, secretes melatonin

334
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system

335
Q

Place theory

A

theory of sound that holds that vibration on particular areas of the basilar membrane determines perception of pitch (tonotopical organization)

336
Q

Polyandry

A

mating system where female has exclusive relationship with several males

337
Q

Polygyny

A

mating system where male has exclusive relationships with several females

338
Q

Pons

A

part of brainstem that relays information between cortex and medulla, regulates sleep and carries some motor and sensory information from face and neck

339
Q

Positive symptoms

A

behaviours, thoughts or feelings added to normal behaviour

340
Q

Power

A

the capacity to influence, often based on unequal distribution of valued resources

341
Q

Pragmatics

A

the ways in which use of language can be altered

342
Q

Prevalence

A

the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time

343
Q

Primacy effect

A

phenomenon of first impressions being more important than subsequent impression

344
Q

Primary group

A

a group with close bonds

345
Q

Primary stress appraisal

A

an initial evaluation of the environment to determine if there is an associated threat

346
Q

Priming

A

retrieval cue where recall is aided by a word or phrase that is semantically related to the desired memory

347
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

reflexes present in infants that disapear with age

348
Q

Prodromal phase

A

a phase of poor adjustment that precedes the full onset of schizophrenia

349
Q

Projection

A

a defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others

350
Q

Projection areas

A

portion of the cerebral cortex that analyzes sensory input

351
Q

Proprioception

A

the ability to tell where one is in space

352
Q

Prosencephalon

A

the embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the forebrain

353
Q

Prosody

A

rhythm, cadence, and inflection of speech

354
Q

Prospective memory

A

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

355
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

a stimulus that directly interacts with and affects sensory receptors

356
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

in personality theory, assumes that unconscious internal states motivate overt actions and determine personality

357
Q

Psychological disorder

A

set of thoughts, feelings or actions that are considered deviant by the culture at hand and that cause noticeable distress

358
Q

Psychosocial development

A

Erikson’s theory of personality development, personality is developed based on a series of crises deriving from conflicts between needs and social demands

359
Q

Psychoticism

A

in trait theory, the measure of nonconformity or social deviance of an individual

360
Q

Race

A

social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people

361
Q

Racial formation theory

A

theory that racial identity is fluid

362
Q

Racialization

A

the establishment of a group as a particular race

363
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

sleep stage where eyes move rapidly and physiological arousal levels are more similar to wakefulness than sleep

364
Q

Rational choice theory

A

the theory that individuals consider benefits and harms and choose the best possible action

365
Q

Rationalization

A

a defense mechanism by which individuals justify undesirable behaviours in way that is socially acceptable

366
Q

Reaction formation

A

a defense mechanism by which individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

367
Q

Reappraisal

A

process for ongoing monitoring for continuous stress, if the normal 2-step appraisal method does not work

368
Q

Recency effect

A

phenomenon in which the most recent if formation is most important in forming impressions

369
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

behaviour influences and is influences by individual characteristics and the environment

370
Q

Reciprocal liking

A

phenomenon where people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

371
Q

Reciprocity

A

we like people who we think like us

372
Q

Recognition-primed decision model

A

decision-making model where things already experienced play a large role in decision making (an explanation for intuition)

373
Q

Reference group

A

the group to which an individual compares him or herself

374
Q

Reflex

A

behaviour that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input

375
Q

Reflex arc

A

neural pathway that controls reflex actions

376
Q

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

records patterns of neural activity based on blood flow to different areas of the brain

377
Q

Regression

A

defense mechanism where an individual deals with stress by reverting to an earlier developmental state

378
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

schedule by which reinforcement is administered (fixed or variable, ratio or interval)

379
Q

Relative poverty

A

poverty where one is poor in comparison to the larger population

380
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

tendency to see others based on traits that matter to the perceiver

381
Q

REM rebound

A

phenomenon where one spends an increased time in REM following sleep deprivation

382
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

shortcut in decision making that relies on categorizing items based on representative images

383
Q

Repression

A

a defense mechanism by which the ego forces undesired thoughts to the unconscious

384
Q

Response bias

A

tendency of subjects to respond untruthfully due to non sensory factors

385
Q

Reticular formation

A

part of the brainstem that is responsible for alertness

386
Q

Retrieval

A

process of remembering information stored in long-term memory (recall, recognition, relearning)

387
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss that impacts long-term memories of events prior to injury

388
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the hindbrain

389
Q

Ritual

A

formalized ceremony

390
Q

Role conflict

A

difficulty in satisfying role requirements among various roles

391
Q

Role partner

A

person one interacts with while p`laying a role

392
Q

Role performance

A

carrying out the behaviours associated with a role

393
Q

Role set

A

a situation where a given status has many roles associated with it

394
Q

Role strain

A

difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

395
Q

Role taking

A

when children come to understand the perspectives of others and how that differs from themselves

396
Q

Sanction

A

societally enforced punishment (formal and informal)

397
Q

Formal sanctions

A

sanctions enforced by social institutions (ex. laws)

398
Q

Informal sanctions

A

sanctions enforced by social behaviours (ex. ostracization)

399
Q

Schachter-Singer theory

A

psychological response occurs then cognitive appraisal and then emotion is experienced

400
Q

Schema

A

organized pattern of thought and behaviour (

401
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 yrs, object permanence, circular reaction

402
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-7 yrs, symbolic thinking, conservation, egocentrism

403
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11 yrs, logical, inductive logic

404
Q

Formal operational

A

12+, abstract thinking, deductive logic

405
Q

Schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder charcatrrized by distortion of reality

406
Q

Second sickness

A

concept by Howard Waitzkin that poor health is exacerbated by social injustice

407
Q

Secondary group

A

group with weaker bond

408
Q

Secondary stress appraisal

A

interpreting if one is able to cope with the threat

409
Q

Selective attention

A

ability to focus on single stimulus even when other stimuli is occuring

410
Q

Self-concept

A

sum of thoughts and feelings about oneself (self-schemata and appraisal of one’s past and future self)

411
Q

Self-determination theory

A

motivation theory based on achieving autonomy, competence and relatedness

412
Q

Self-disclosure

A

in interpersonal attraction or impression management when one shared in hopes of being met with empathy

413
Q

Self-discrepency theory

A

theory that we all have three selves (actual self, ideal self, ought self)

414
Q

Self-efficacy

A

how capable one sees themselves, Bandura (FALL, RISE)

415
Q

Self-enhancement

A

the need to maintain self worth by self-serving bias

416
Q

Self-esteem

A

individual’s feelings of self-worth

417
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when stereotyping creates conditions that lead to the confirmation of that stereotype

418
Q

Self-handicapping

A

impression management strategy where one creates obstacles to avoid self-blame when not meeting expectations

419
Q

Self-presentation

A

displaying oneself through acceptable actions and behaviours

420
Q

Self-reference effect

A

tendency for individuals to best recall information they can relate to their own experiences

421
Q

Self-schema

A

a self given label

422
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the idea that individuals will view own success being based on internal factors and failure as based on external factors

423
Q

Semantic network

A

organization of information in the brain by linking concepts with similar characteristics and meaning

424
Q

Semanticd

A

meaning

425
Q

Sensitive period

A

a time when environmental input has a maximal impact on the development of an ability

426
Q

Sensory memory

A

visual and auditory stimuli briefly stored

427
Q

Septal nuclei

A

part of limbic system, pleasure center of brain

428
Q

Serial position effect

A

tendency to better remember beginning or end of a list

429
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

430
Q

Shadowing

A

experimental technique where participants recite speech immediately after hearing it

431
Q

Shaping

A

in operant conditioning, process of conditioning a complicated behaviour by rewarding successive approximations

432
Q

Short-term memory

A

memory that fades quickly, 30 seconds without rehearsal (capacity: 7+/- 2)

433
Q

Sick role

A

theory that a person who is ill enters “sanctioned deviance” where they are exempt from societal norms

434
Q

Signal detection theory

A

theory that psychological and environmental context plays a role in stimuli perception

435
Q

Similarity

A

people like people with similar aspects

436
Q

Situational attributions

A

attributions that relate to surrounds rather than the features of an individual

437
Q

Sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder where a person may cease to breathe while sleeping (obstruction or neurological)

438
Q

Sleep cycle

A

single complete progression through each stage of sleep (1-2-3-4-3-2-REM)

439
Q

Slow-wave-sleep (SWS)

A

stage 3, stage 4 (delta-wave sleep)

440
Q

Social action

A

actions individuals are conscious of and perform because others are around

441
Q

Social capital

A

Investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective awards

442
Q

Social class

A

category of people with shared socioeconomic background

443
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

theory that attitudes are formed by observing behaviour, cognition, and the environment

444
Q

Social construction model

A

theory of emotional expression that emotion are not biologically wired but based on experiences

445
Q

Social constructionism

A

an approach that looks at ways in which people participate in the formation of their perceived reality

446
Q

Social control

A

regulating behaviours of people

447
Q

Social facilitation

A

the tendency for people to perform at a different level when others are around

448
Q

Social institutions

A

established patterns of behaviour that are accepted as culture

449
Q

Social interactionist theory

A

the theory that language acquisition is driven by the desire to communicate

450
Q

Social loafing

A

the tendency of people to put in les effort in group settings

451
Q

Social mobility

A

movement of people in social heirarchy

452
Q

Social perception

A

understanding the motives of people in the social world (social cognition)

453
Q

Social reproduction

A

the idea that social inequality is passed on through generations

454
Q

Social stratification

A

organization of societies into hierarchical systems

455
Q

Social support

A

caring for by a social network

456
Q

Socialization

A

process of developing and spreads norms, customs, beliefs

457
Q

Somatic symptom disorders

A

disorders marked by bodily symptoms that cause significant stress

458
Q

Somatosensation

A

sense of touch (modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, temperature)

459
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

region of parietal lobe located on prostcentral gyrus and involved in somatosensory processing

460
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleep disorder where one carries out actions in their sleep

461
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

memory erroe where they remember details but confuses the context

462
Q

Spacing effect

A

phenomenon of retaining large amount of information when the amount of time between relearning is increased

463
Q

Spatial inequality

A

unequal amounts of resources depending on area

464
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a conditioned response previouslt extinct

465
Q

Spreading activation

A

unconscious activation of closely linked nodes of a semantic network

466
Q

State-dependent memory

A

retrieval cue where memory is aided when in the same of emotion or intoxication

467
Q

Stereocilia

A

structures on hair cells that sway with movement in endolymph, causing receptor potential

468
Q

Stereotype content model

A

postulates that all group stereotypes form along two dimensions: (1) warmth and (2) competence

469
Q

Stereotype threat

A

feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about ones social group

470
Q

Stereotype

A

attitudes or impression that are made based on superficial information

471
Q

Stigma

A

extreme disaproval based on differences

472
Q

Stimulant

A

a drug that increases CNS arousal

473
Q

Storage

A

retention of encoded information (sensory, short-term, long-term)

474
Q

Strain theory

A

theory that explains deviance is a reaction to strain between social goals and social structure

475
Q

Structural poverty

A

theory that poverty is due to inadequacies in societal and economic structure

476
Q

Subcultres

A

groups that distinguish themselves from primary culture

477
Q

Sublimation

A

defense mechanism where urges are transformed into aocially acceptable behaviours

478
Q

Subliminal perception

A

perception of a stimulus below a threshold

479
Q

Susbtantia nigra

A

part of basal ganglia responsible for dopamine release

480
Q

Sulcus

A

fold in the cerebral cortex

481
Q

Superego

A

part of unconscious mind focused on perfectionism

482
Q

Superior colliculus

A

strutcure in midbrain that receives visual input

483
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

ethnic identity only relevant on special occasions

484
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

theoretical framework that studies ways individuals interact

485
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

adjustment of neural connections

486
Q

Syntax

A

the way words are ordered

487
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

education, occupation, income

488
Q

Dichotic listening

A

presenting two different auditory stimuli to different ears

489
Q

SYMLOG

A

studying group dynamics (dom vs. sub, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, controlled vs. emotionally expressive)

490
Q

Tactical self

A

in impression management, the person one markets themselves to be

491
Q

Self-verification

A

tendency to seek out information consistent with one’s self-concept

492
Q

Sensory interaction

A

the idea that one sensory modality may influence another

493
Q

Covariation model

A

an attribution model that uses consensus, consistency and distinctiveness cues

494
Q

Neutral judge

A

seeing a behaviour as coming from both internal and external factors

495
Q

ABC model

A

attitudes have 3 components (affective, behavioural and cognitive)

496
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

frustration turns to aggressive impulses

497
Q

Reverse halo effect

A

negative impressions of a person cause you to feel negatively about that person

498
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

you get what you deserve

499
Q

Xenocentrism

A

judging one’s culture as superior to one’s own culture

500
Q

Group favoritism

A

we favor people in our group but out-group we are neutral to

501
Q

Out group derogation

A

friendly to in group but not friendly to out group

502
Q

Dependency ratio

A

age-based measurement that takes people who are dependent and compares to people in workforce (the higher the ratio, the more dependent people)

503
Q

Life course theory

A

theory about elderly that looks at aging throughout life

504
Q

Age stratification theory

A

age is a way of regulating the behaviour of a generation?

505
Q

Activity theory

A

theory about elderly that looks at how the older generation sees themselves

506
Q

Disengagement theory

A

theory about elderly that assumed elderly get more self-absorbed as they age

507
Q

Continuity theory

A

people try to maintain same basic structure throughout their lives

508
Q

World-Systems theory

A

importance of world as a unit (core periphery, semi-periphery)

MCAT (5 decks)

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