Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Abductor

A

muscle that moves limb away from center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acetylcholine

A

found in somatic motor neurons, preganglionic parasympathetic, sympathetic nerves, metabolized by acetylcholinesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Actin

A

found in cytoskeleton of muscle cells, thin filaments and microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adductor

A

muscle that moves limb toward center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adipose

A

fat-storing tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Albumin

A

synthesized in the liver, maintains oncotic pressure and serves as a carrier for drugs and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Allantois

A

1/4 of embryonic membranes, contains embryo’s waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amnion

A

innermost fluid-filled embryonic membrane, protective sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aortic valve

A

one of the semilunar valves, separates left ventricle from aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

peripheral portion of skeleton (arms, legs,and pelvic and pectoral girdles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Archenteron

A

central cavity in gastrula stage, lined by endoderm, gives rise to digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Articular cartilage

A

cartilaginous coating end of bones, provides smooth surface for joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Asters

A

star-shaped structures that form around centrosome during mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Axial skeleton

A

midline structures of the skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribcage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Axon hillock

A

site of action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bile

A

salts, pigments, cholesterol, produced by liver and stored in the gallbladder, emulsifies fat when secreted into small intestine via the bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bilirubin

A

product of hemoglobin breakdown, modified to more soluble form in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Binary fission

A

asexual reproduction of prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blastocoel

A

fluid-filled central cavity of the blastula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blastocyst

A

mammalian blastula, consists of trophoblastic cells and inner cell mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blastopore

A

opening of archenteron in gastrula stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bohr effect

A

changes affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, when pH is low, dissociation curve shifts right indicating decreasing affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bolus

A

chewed food leaving the mouth, travelling through esophagus and entering stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bone marrow

A

central poriton of bones, contains fat and developing blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bone matrix

A

organic and inorganic minerals, provide strength to compact bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

cuplike structure in nephron, collects glomerular filtrate and channels it into the PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Brush-border enzymes

A

enzymes present on luminal surface of cells lining duodenum, break down larger biomolecules into monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Bundle of His

A

carries impulses from AV node to the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Callus

A

area of excessive deposition of keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Canaliculi

A

small canals that connect lacunae and Haversian canals, allows flow of nutrients and wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cardiac output

A

total blood volume pumped by left ventricle in one minute (multiply HR by SV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cartilage

A

produced by chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cecum

A

first part of large intestine, accepts material from ileocecal valve, point of attachement to appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cell theory

A

4 tenets, all living things composed of cells, cell is basic functional unit, all cells arise from preexisting cells, DNA is the genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Centriole

A

organelle that organizes spindle apparatus during mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Centrosomes

A

paired cylindrical organelles, contain centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cervix

A

lower end of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Chief cells

A

in stomach, secrete pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pepsinogen

A

secreted by chief cells in stomach, cleaved to pepsin by acidic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Chondrin

A

cartilage matrix secreted by chodnrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Chylomicron

A

soluble lipid molecule that consists of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, absorbed into lacteals from digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Chyme

A

aqueous mixture of food and secretions that leave stomach to enter duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Conjugation

A

sexual reproduction in bacteria, joining by pilus where genetic material is exchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Corona radiata

A

layer of cells surrounding oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Corpus luteum

A

remnant of ovarian follicle, after ovulation continues to secrete progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Cortical reaction

A

release of calcium ions by ovum after fertilization, prevents further fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Corticosteroids

A

produced in adrenal cortex, (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cAMP

A

intracellular secondary messenger initiated by peptide hormone, synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Adenylate cyclase

A

synthesized cAMP from ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Cytokine

A

stimulates inflammation and recruits additional immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Dermis

A

layer of skin under epidermis, contains sweat glands, hair follicles, fat and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Diaphragm

A

thin, muscular structure that divides thorax from abdomen, provides driving force for inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Diaphysis

A

cylindrical shaft of long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Diastole

A

period of relaxation of cardiac muscle (atrioventricular valves open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Determination

A

designation of a cell within embryo as having a particular future function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Differentiation

A

when unspecialized cells become specialized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Direct hormone

A

substance that causes a change in physiological activity without requiring an intermediary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Ductus arteriousus

A

fetal structure that shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (bypasses lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ductus venosus

A

shunt from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava (bypasses liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Duodenum

A

first part of small intestine, site of digestion (contents of stomach, pancreatic and bile ducts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Ectoderm

A

skin, nervous system, inner ear, lens of eye

62
Q

Endoderm

A

alimentary canal, digestive and respiratory organs

63
Q

ER

A

transport various proteins and lipids

64
Q

Endothelium

A

lining of blood vessels

65
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

neurons in gastrointestinal tract, peristalsis

66
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer of skin

67
Q

Epididymas

A

coiled tube where sperm gain motility

68
Q

Epiglottis

A

small flap of cartilage that covers glottis, prevents food from entering larynx

69
Q

Epinephrine

A

synthesized by adrenal medulla

70
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

cartilaginous structure in epiphysis where growth occurs

71
Q

Epiphysis

A

dilated end of long bone

72
Q

Episomes

A

subset of plasmids capable of integrating into genome

73
Q

Epithelium

A

covers internal and external surfaces of body structures and cavities

74
Q

Esophagus

A

connects pharynx to stomach

75
Q

Extensor

A

muscle used in straightening limb

76
Q

Fetus

A

9 weeks after fertilization after birth

77
Q

Fibrin

A

insoluble proteins that forms most of blood clot

78
Q

Filtration

A

process by which blood plasma is forced out of the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule

79
Q

Flagellum

A

made of microtubules

80
Q

Flexor

A

muscle used in bending limb

81
Q

Foramen ovale

A

shunt in fetus between right and left atria (bypass lungs)

82
Q

Gallbladder

A

below liver, stores bile, contracts in response to cholecystokinin

83
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

contracts gallbladder for bile to enter duodenum

84
Q

Glomerulus

A

network of capillaries encapsulated by Bowman’s capsule

85
Q

Glottis

A

opening to trachea

86
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

plays a role in packaging and secretion of proteins

87
Q

Gram staining

A

gram + becomes purple, gram - becomes red

88
Q

Grey matter

A

region in central nervous system that consists largely of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and synapses

89
Q

Havesian canal

A

central channel within osteon that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymph vessels

90
Q

Hematocrit

A

measurement of how much of a blood sample consists of RBC

91
Q

Hilum

A

area of organ where large vessels or other structures enter or exit

92
Q

Hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer beneath dermis

93
Q

Ileum

A

terminal part of small intestine

94
Q

Independent assortment

A

unlinked genes separate randomly

95
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

rapid mitotic divisions resulting in cells that are capable of becoming complete organisms

96
Q

Inducer

A

chemical that results in differentiation of responsive cell

97
Q

Integument

A

outer layer of body (provides function for thermoregulation and innate immunity)

98
Q

Intrapleural space

A

fluid-filled space between visceral and parietal pleura, lubricates the two pleural surfaces and allows for pressure differential

99
Q

Jejunum

A

middle portion of small intestine

100
Q

Keratin

A

protein present in outermost layer of skin (epidermis), prevents loss of fluids and salts and foreign substances, an intermediate filament within cells

101
Q

Keratinocytes

A

cells within epidermis that produce keratin

102
Q

Kidney

A

regulates water and salt concentration

103
Q

Kinetochore

A

located at centromere, place for spindle fibers to attach to chromosome

104
Q

Lacteal

A

small lymphatic vessel, runs in center of villi in the small intestine, site of lipid absoprtion into lymphatic system

105
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces within bond matrix where osteocytes reside

106
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric circles of bony matrix within the Haversian systems of bone

107
Q

Langerhans cells

A

macrophages of the skin

108
Q

Large intestine

A

resorption of water and forms semisolid feces (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)

109
Q

Larynx

A

between pharynx and trachea

110
Q

Latent period

A

short interval between application of a stimulus and contraction of muscle

111
Q

Ligament

A

connects bones

112
Q

Lipase

A

enzyme that cleaved bonds in lipids

113
Q

Loop of Henle

A

U-shaped section of nephron

114
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

separate esophagus from stomach

115
Q

Lumen

A

space within tube or sac

116
Q

Lymph node

A

location for antigen presentation

117
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

integration of viral DNA into bacterial gene without destroying host

118
Q

Lytic cycle

A

involves destruction of the host bacterium

119
Q

Melanin

A

produced by melanocytes that protects skin from UV radiation

120
Q

Melanocytes

A

produces melanin

121
Q

Mesoderm

A

muscular, skeletal, urogenital and circulatory system

122
Q

Microfilaments

A

rods of actin that participate in muscle contraction, movement of material within cell and amoeboid movement

123
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytes of CNS

124
Q

Microtubules

A

small, hollow tube composed of two types of protein subunits, comprises cilia and flagella, allows vesicle movement in cell

125
Q

Mitral valve

A

atrioventricular valve that separates left atrium from left ventricle

126
Q

Monocyte

A

WBC that becomes macrophage or dendritic cell in tissue

127
Q

Morphogen

A

causes nearby cells to proceed in a specific developmental pathway

128
Q

Morula

A

solid ball of cells in early cleavage

129
Q

Myelin

A

white, lipid-containing materal surrounding axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems

130
Q

Myogenic activity

A

ability to contract without input from nervous system (smooth and cardiac muscle types)

131
Q

Myoglobin

A

binds oxygen in muscle

132
Q

Myosin

A

thick filaments in muscle

133
Q

Neural crest cells

A

cells that originate at tip of neural folds, migrate to form PNS, melanocytes etc.

134
Q

Neural fold

A

group of ectodermal cells that slide together to create a fold which becomes neural tube

135
Q

Neural tube

A

hollow tube that gives rise to CNS

136
Q

Neuroglia

A

support cells for neurons

137
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

points on myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin

138
Q

Norepinepjrine

A

hormone synthesized by adrenal medulla

139
Q

Notochord

A

induces neurulation

140
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

produces myelin in CNS

141
Q

Osteoblast

A

form new bone

142
Q

Osteoclast

A

dissolve bone

143
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells in bone matrix

144
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum, produces insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

145
Q

Papillary layer

A

upper layer of dermis (right below epidermis), consists of loose connective tissue

146
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

release PTH

147
Q

PTH

A

increase calcium, vitamin D activation

148
Q

Parietal cells

A

cells in stomach that produces HCl

149
Q

Peptidase

A

enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds

150
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous sheath surrounding long bones

MCAT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions