Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Abductor
A
muscle that moves limb away from center
2
Q
Acetylcholine
A
found in somatic motor neurons, preganglionic parasympathetic, sympathetic nerves, metabolized by acetylcholinesterase
3
Q
Actin
A
found in cytoskeleton of muscle cells, thin filaments and microfilaments
4
Q
Adductor
A
muscle that moves limb toward center
5
Q
Adipose
A
fat-storing tissue
6
Q
Albumin
A
synthesized in the liver, maintains oncotic pressure and serves as a carrier for drugs and hormones
7
Q
Allantois
A
1/4 of embryonic membranes, contains embryo’s waste products
8
Q
Amnion
A
innermost fluid-filled embryonic membrane, protective sac
9
Q
Aortic valve
A
one of the semilunar valves, separates left ventricle from aorta
10
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
peripheral portion of skeleton (arms, legs,and pelvic and pectoral girdles)
11
Q
Archenteron
A
central cavity in gastrula stage, lined by endoderm, gives rise to digestive tract
12
Q
Articular cartilage
A
cartilaginous coating end of bones, provides smooth surface for joint
13
Q
Asters
A
star-shaped structures that form around centrosome during mitosis
14
Q
Axial skeleton
A
midline structures of the skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribcage)
15
Q
Axon hillock
A
site of action potential
16
Q
Bile
A
salts, pigments, cholesterol, produced by liver and stored in the gallbladder, emulsifies fat when secreted into small intestine via the bile duct
17
Q
Bilirubin
A
product of hemoglobin breakdown, modified to more soluble form in the liver
18
Q
Binary fission
A
asexual reproduction of prokaryotes
19
Q
Blastocoel
A
fluid-filled central cavity of the blastula
20
Q
Blastocyst
A
mammalian blastula, consists of trophoblastic cells and inner cell mass
21
Q
Blastopore
A
opening of archenteron in gastrula stage
22
Q
Bohr effect
A
changes affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, when pH is low, dissociation curve shifts right indicating decreasing affinity
23
Q
Bolus
A
chewed food leaving the mouth, travelling through esophagus and entering stomach
24
Q
Bone marrow
A
central poriton of bones, contains fat and developing blood cells
25
Bone matrix
organic and inorganic minerals, provide strength to compact bond
26
Bowman's capsule
cuplike structure in nephron, collects glomerular filtrate and channels it into the PCT
27
Brush-border enzymes
enzymes present on luminal surface of cells lining duodenum, break down larger biomolecules into monomers
28
Bundle of His
carries impulses from AV node to the ventricles
29
Callus
area of excessive deposition of keratin
30
Canaliculi
small canals that connect lacunae and Haversian canals, allows flow of nutrients and wastes
31
Cardiac output
total blood volume pumped by left ventricle in one minute (multiply HR by SV)
32
Cartilage
produced by chondrocytes
33
Cecum
first part of large intestine, accepts material from ileocecal valve, point of attachement to appendix
34
Cell theory
4 tenets, all living things composed of cells, cell is basic functional unit, all cells arise from preexisting cells, DNA is the genetic material
35
Centriole
organelle that organizes spindle apparatus during mitosis and meiosis
36
Centrosomes
paired cylindrical organelles, contain centrioles
37
Cervix
lower end of uterus
38
Chief cells
in stomach, secrete pepsinogen
39
Pepsinogen
secreted by chief cells in stomach, cleaved to pepsin by acidic environment
40
Chondrin
cartilage matrix secreted by chodnrocytes
41
Chylomicron
soluble lipid molecule that consists of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, absorbed into lacteals from digestive tract
42
Chyme
aqueous mixture of food and secretions that leave stomach to enter duodenum
43
Conjugation
sexual reproduction in bacteria, joining by pilus where genetic material is exchanged
44
Corona radiata
layer of cells surrounding oocyte
45
Corpus luteum
remnant of ovarian follicle, after ovulation continues to secrete progesterone
46
Cortical reaction
release of calcium ions by ovum after fertilization, prevents further fertilization
47
Corticosteroids
produced in adrenal cortex, (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones)
48
cAMP
intracellular secondary messenger initiated by peptide hormone, synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase
49
Adenylate cyclase
synthesized cAMP from ATP
50
Cytokine
stimulates inflammation and recruits additional immune cells
51
Dermis
layer of skin under epidermis, contains sweat glands, hair follicles, fat and blood vessels
52
Diaphragm
thin, muscular structure that divides thorax from abdomen, provides driving force for inhalation
53
Diaphysis
cylindrical shaft of long bone
54
Diastole
period of relaxation of cardiac muscle (atrioventricular valves open)
55
Determination
designation of a cell within embryo as having a particular future function
56
Differentiation
when unspecialized cells become specialized
57
Direct hormone
substance that causes a change in physiological activity without requiring an intermediary
58
Ductus arteriousus
fetal structure that shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (bypasses lungs)
59
Ductus venosus
shunt from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava (bypasses liver)
60
Duodenum
first part of small intestine, site of digestion (contents of stomach, pancreatic and bile ducts)
61
Ectoderm
skin, nervous system, inner ear, lens of eye
62
Endoderm
alimentary canal, digestive and respiratory organs
63
ER
transport various proteins and lipids
64
Endothelium
lining of blood vessels
65
Enteric nervous system
neurons in gastrointestinal tract, peristalsis
66
Epidermis
outermost layer of skin
67
Epididymas
coiled tube where sperm gain motility
68
Epiglottis
small flap of cartilage that covers glottis, prevents food from entering larynx
69
Epinephrine
synthesized by adrenal medulla
70
Epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous structure in epiphysis where growth occurs
71
Epiphysis
dilated end of long bone
72
Episomes
subset of plasmids capable of integrating into genome
73
Epithelium
covers internal and external surfaces of body structures and cavities
74
Esophagus
connects pharynx to stomach
75
Extensor
muscle used in straightening limb
76
Fetus
9 weeks after fertilization after birth
77
Fibrin
insoluble proteins that forms most of blood clot
78
Filtration
process by which blood plasma is forced out of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule
79
Flagellum
made of microtubules
80
Flexor
muscle used in bending limb
81
Foramen ovale
shunt in fetus between right and left atria (bypass lungs)
82
Gallbladder
below liver, stores bile, contracts in response to cholecystokinin
83
Cholecystokinin
contracts gallbladder for bile to enter duodenum
84
Glomerulus
network of capillaries encapsulated by Bowman's capsule
85
Glottis
opening to trachea
86
Golgi apparatus
plays a role in packaging and secretion of proteins
87
Gram staining
gram + becomes purple, gram - becomes red
88
Grey matter
region in central nervous system that consists largely of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and synapses
89
Havesian canal
central channel within osteon that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymph vessels
90
Hematocrit
measurement of how much of a blood sample consists of RBC
91
Hilum
area of organ where large vessels or other structures enter or exit
92
Hypodermis
subcutaneous layer beneath dermis
93
Ileum
terminal part of small intestine
94
Independent assortment
unlinked genes separate randomly
95
Indeterminate cleavage
rapid mitotic divisions resulting in cells that are capable of becoming complete organisms
96
Inducer
chemical that results in differentiation of responsive cell
97
Integument
outer layer of body (provides function for thermoregulation and innate immunity)
98
Intrapleural space
fluid-filled space between visceral and parietal pleura, lubricates the two pleural surfaces and allows for pressure differential
99
Jejunum
middle portion of small intestine
100
Keratin
protein present in outermost layer of skin (epidermis), prevents loss of fluids and salts and foreign substances, an intermediate filament within cells
101
Keratinocytes
cells within epidermis that produce keratin
102
Kidney
regulates water and salt concentration
103
Kinetochore
located at centromere, place for spindle fibers to attach to chromosome
104
Lacteal
small lymphatic vessel, runs in center of villi in the small intestine, site of lipid absoprtion into lymphatic system
105
Lacunae
small spaces within bond matrix where osteocytes reside
106
Lamellae
concentric circles of bony matrix within the Haversian systems of bone
107
Langerhans cells
macrophages of the skin
108
Large intestine
resorption of water and forms semisolid feces (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)
109
Larynx
between pharynx and trachea
110
Latent period
short interval between application of a stimulus and contraction of muscle
111
Ligament
connects bones
112
Lipase
enzyme that cleaved bonds in lipids
113
Loop of Henle
U-shaped section of nephron
114
Lower esophageal sphincter
separate esophagus from stomach
115
Lumen
space within tube or sac
116
Lymph node
location for antigen presentation
117
Lysogenic cycle
integration of viral DNA into bacterial gene without destroying host
118
Lytic cycle
involves destruction of the host bacterium
119
Melanin
produced by melanocytes that protects skin from UV radiation
120
Melanocytes
produces melanin
121
Mesoderm
muscular, skeletal, urogenital and circulatory system
122
Microfilaments
rods of actin that participate in muscle contraction, movement of material within cell and amoeboid movement
123
Microglia
phagocytes of CNS
124
Microtubules
small, hollow tube composed of two types of protein subunits, comprises cilia and flagella, allows vesicle movement in cell
125
Mitral valve
atrioventricular valve that separates left atrium from left ventricle
126
Monocyte
WBC that becomes macrophage or dendritic cell in tissue
127
Morphogen
causes nearby cells to proceed in a specific developmental pathway
128
Morula
solid ball of cells in early cleavage
129
Myelin
white, lipid-containing materal surrounding axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems
130
Myogenic activity
ability to contract without input from nervous system (smooth and cardiac muscle types)
131
Myoglobin
binds oxygen in muscle
132
Myosin
thick filaments in muscle
133
Neural crest cells
cells that originate at tip of neural folds, migrate to form PNS, melanocytes etc.
134
Neural fold
group of ectodermal cells that slide together to create a fold which becomes neural tube
135
Neural tube
hollow tube that gives rise to CNS
136
Neuroglia
support cells for neurons
137
Nodes of Ranvier
points on myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin
138
Norepinepjrine
hormone synthesized by adrenal medulla
139
Notochord
induces neurulation
140
Oligodendrocyte
produces myelin in CNS
141
Osteoblast
form new bone
142
Osteoclast
dissolve bone
143
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in bone matrix
144
Pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum, produces insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
145
Papillary layer
upper layer of dermis (right below epidermis), consists of loose connective tissue
146
Parathyroid glands
release PTH
147
PTH
increase calcium, vitamin D activation
148
Parietal cells
cells in stomach that produces HCl
149
Peptidase
enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds
150
Periosteum
fibrous sheath surrounding long bones
