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Scintigraphy > Physics/Materials > Flashcards

Physics/Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the half life of 99mTc

A

6 hours

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2
Q

How is 99mTc made?

A

99Mo generator

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3
Q

Photon energy in keV of 99mtc?

A

140keV gamma waves only

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4
Q

A curie (Ci) = how many atoms disintergration?

A

3.7 x 10 -10 per second

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5
Q

1 Bq (becquerel) = how many atoms distergration?

A

1 per seconds

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6
Q

Rad and Gray = what?

A

Radiation absorbed dose

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7
Q

I131 half life?

A

8 hours

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8
Q

I131 emits what?

A

Beta and gamma rays (364keV)

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9
Q

How is I131 made..in what machine?

A

Fission

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10
Q

What is indium 111 half life?

A

2.8 days

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11
Q

How is indium 111 made…in what machine?

A

Cyclotron

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12
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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13
Q

Atomic weight?

A

The avg of the atomic masses of all occuring isotopes

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14
Q

Atomic mass?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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15
Q

As atomic mass increases the number of neutrons has to what to keep the atom stable?

A

increase (more gluons)

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16
Q

Elements to the left of the “line of stability” are considered neutron rich or proton poor and decay how?

A

Beta minus decay - these are typically made by fission

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17
Q

Elements to the right of the “line of stability” are considered neutron poor or proton rich and decay how?

A

Beta + decay - these are typically made by cyclotons

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18
Q

PET scan detects what energy of photons?

A

511keV

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19
Q

Types of decay (5 of them)

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Negatron
  3. Positron
  4. Isomeric
  5. Electron capture
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20
Q

Alpha decay gives off what type of particle?

A

Alpha (4He+2) - Not used in diagnostic imaging due to high LET

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21
Q

What is an example of alpha decay?

A

radon

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22
Q

What is negatron decay?

A

Happens in neutron rich atoms. A neutron is turned into a proton and a negatron + neutrino are released.

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23
Q

What is a neutrino?

A

Massless and chargeless particle that means nothing to imaging

24
Q

What are the two types of negatron decay?

A
  1. Pure beta emitter - P32

2. Gamma and beta emitter - I131

25
Q

What is isomeric decay?

A

It is a beta decay (negatron)… however, the newly formed atom (after the beta and neutrino are released) holds on to the gamma and waits to release it. These transitional molecules are indicated by an “m”. Ex. 99Mo —(negatron release)–99mTc—-(gamma radiation release) —- 99Tc

26
Q

What is the middle atom call that is signified by an M in an isomeric decay?

A

Metastable

27
Q

What is the half life of 99Mo

A

109min

28
Q

What is positron decay?

A

Proton rich molecules change a proton into a neutron and release a positron. This has a energy threshold of 1.022 MeV (two positrons). 18FDG

29
Q

Electron Capture is what and when does it happen?

A

It happens when a proton-rich nuclide does not reach the energy threshold to undergo positron decay. Therefore it just sucks in a K-bond electron into the nucleus to form a neutron. A neutrino and gamma ray can be given off. This is the most desirable reaction because no particular radiation is released.

30
Q

What is the transient equilibrium when discussing 99Mo and 99mTc?

A

It is when the daughter has the same decay rate as the parent.

31
Q

When (hours) is the greatest degree of 99mTc reached in a generator?

A

23h

32
Q

How long is a 99Mo generator useful for?

A

2 weeks

33
Q

What is the product of a 99Mo generator?

A

Na99mTc04 (sodium 99mTc- pertechnetate)

34
Q

How do you test 99mTc for 99Mo breakthrough?

A

Put a lead absorbed in front of a ionization chamber that will block all the 140keV from the 99mTc but not the 740-780keV from the 99Mo.

35
Q

What is the energy of the gamma rays from 99Mo?

A

740-780keV.

36
Q

Where are the primary locations for 99mTc after intravenous injection?

A

Salivary gland
Gastric mucosa
Thyroid gland
Chorid plexus

37
Q

What is the difference between ionizing and excitement?

A

Ionizing removes electrons creating ions

Excitement moves electrons to a higher energy level.

38
Q

Why do detectors need amplification?

A

The energy deposited from decay is very small usually

39
Q

What are the 6 ways electromagnetic energy (x-rays and gamma rays) interact with matter?

A
  1. Nothing
  2. Photoelectric
  3. Compton scatter
  4. Coherent scatter
  5. Pair production
  6. Nuclear collisions
40
Q

What is the most predominant interaction of x-rays and gamma rays when interacting with matter?

A

Compton scatter

41
Q

Geiger-Mueller counters can not tell you what?

A

What type of radiation
Total amount of energy deposited

All counter do is tell you a radiation event happened.

42
Q

Detectors that tell you the amount of energy deposited are called?

A

Dosimeters

43
Q

What type of crystals are used in a gamma camera scintillator?

A

NaI (thalium)

44
Q

What does LEAP stand for?

A

Low energy all purpose

45
Q

What are the two things you need to think about when discussing collimators?

A

The energy of the pharmaceutical

The resolution/sensitivity you want

46
Q

Besides increasing thickness of the collimator, what else can influence spatial resolution?

A

The distance the patient is from the plate… think of an air gap.

47
Q

What type of collimator causes magnification?

A

converging collimator holes… meaning the holes are converging towards the patient

48
Q

What type of collimator causes minification?

A

Diverging collimator holes.. meaning the holes are diverging towards the patient.

49
Q

Pinhole collimators cause the image to do what?

A

Be completely inverted
They can be minified, magnified or the same depending on how far the patient is from the collimator and how thick the pinhole (cone) is.

50
Q

Why is NaI used for scintillation?

A

High Z allows for more Photoelectric effect to happen.

51
Q

What is the difference between SPECT scintillation and PET?

A

PET has bismuth germanate (BGO) detectors which are way more sensitive to 511keV than NaI detectors in SPECT imaging.

52
Q

LET units are?

A

KeV/um

53
Q

1 Gray = ? rads

A

100 rads

54
Q

What do you multiple Gray/rad by to get your dose equivalent?

A

Quality factor

55
Q

What is the qualtiy factor for x-rays, gamma rays and beta particles?

A

1

56
Q

What is the quality factor for neutrons/protons and alpha particles?

A

5-10 for neutrons and protons

20 for alpha particles

Scintigraphy (8 decks)

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