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Scintigraphy > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What type of atom undergoes: Beta minus, beta plus, Electron caputre and alpha decay?

A
  1. Beta negative - Neutron rich elements - want to gain a proton so have to get rid of that negative energy
  2. Electron capture and Beta plus: Proton rich elements - need to get rid of proton
    1. Electron capture is low energy bitches that just take in an electron and grab its negative power!
  3. Alpha is large elements.
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2
Q

What is isobaric or isomeric change?

A

Isobaric - Mass stays the same but the structure of the nucleus changed

Isomeric - energy changed… nothing else

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3
Q

What is an isotope, isotone, isobar and Isomer?

A

Isotope = protons stayed the same

Isotone = neutrons are the same

Isobar = Mass is the same

Isomer = Energy changed

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4
Q

How does Mo99 turn to Tc99?

A

First it undergoes beta - and turns into a metastable 99mTc, then it undergoes isomeric gamma release of 140keV and becomes 99Tc.

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5
Q

What can happen in isomeric transition that would be bad for imaging?

A

Internal Conversion - instead of giving off a gamma ray the energy is transited to an electron that flies off as an auger electron and characteristic electrons.

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6
Q

A nuclear reactor makes what while a cyclotron produces?

A

Nuclear reactor produces neutrons

Cyclotron produces charged particles

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7
Q

What does Carrier free mean?

A

Carrier free means no left over parent element… a cyclotron is carrier free.

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8
Q

What are the three types of half life and how do they relate?

A

Phyiscal, biological and effective

1/Effective = 1/physical + 1/Biological

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9
Q

How long till the radioactive material is considered gone?

A

10 half lives.

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10
Q

What is the biologic and physical half life of I131?

A

Biologic = 24 days

Physical = 8 days

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11
Q

What does Ci and Bq measure and how do they relate to eachother?

A

Becquerel and Ci = number of disintegrations per second

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 dis/sec

1 Bq = 1 dis/sec

37 Bq = 1 mCi

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12
Q

What are the parts of a gamma camera?

A

Collimator

Scintillator - NaI and thallium

Photomultipler

Computer

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13
Q

What collimator is the workhorse of nuke med?

A

Parallel Hole collimator

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14
Q

What radiopharms use a low energy collimator?

A

99mTc

I123

X133

Thallium 201

Co57

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15
Q

What radiopharms use a medium energy collimator?

A

Ga 67

In111

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16
Q

What radiopharms use a high energy collimator?

A

Fluoine18

I131 (beta emitted as well)

Ga68

17
Q

What size holes and septa do we use for high energy radiopharms?

A

Long thick septa

Large holes

18
Q

What does the pinhole collimators due to the image?

A

Magnifies and inverts

If the detector:pinhole length is the same as the pinhole:patient length than no magnification

19
Q

What are the types of collimator holes?

A

Pinhole

Parallel

Converging - magnifies

Diverging - minifies

20
Q

What do photomultipler tubes do?

A

Detect light and turn it into elctric signal which it accelerates

21
Q

What is downscatter?

A

It is when you use two different radiopharms with different energies. If you use the higher energy first it may cause masking of the lower energy. So USE THE LOWER ENERGY FIRST.

22
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Geiger-Muller counter?

A

Detects ionizing radiation (particle or not)

Very sensitive

Great for low level surveying

Terribel for very high radiation - gas in the counter becomes ionized and creates a voltage… then the ionization must dissipate before it response again.

Max dose 100 mR/H

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a ion chamber?

A

Measure dose rates

Used in higher rates

Lower sensitivity

Max dose 100R/h

24
Q

What are the different types of dosimeters?

A
  1. Pocket ionization detector:
    1. ionization chamber
    2. real-time estimates - must be charged and zeroed to get this
  2. Solid state dosimeter:
    1. Acumulated dose or rate with real time LCD display
  3. Film Badge:
    1. Cummulative dose
  4. Optically stimulated dosimeter:
    1. Replaced film badge with chip or strips under a filter
  5. Thermo-luminsecent dosimeter:
    1. Ring badge
    2. Worn facing the palm/target
25
Q

What is a well-counter?

A

Small gamma camera (NaI) with one PMT

Used in wipe test

26
Q

What are considered major spills?

A

100mCi of Tc or Thallium

10mCi of I123, Indium, Ga67

1mCi of I-131

27
Q

What is the highest mrem/hr for people (general public) in a unrestricted area? What’s the annual dose for the general public?

A

2mrem/hr

100mrem for general public annual dose

28
Q

NRC occupational exposure dose limits:

  1. Total body dose per year
  2. Dose to ocular lens per year
  3. Total equivalent organ dose per year
  4. Total equivalent extremity dose per year
  5. Total embroy dose over 9 months
A
  1. 50mSv - body
  2. 150mSv - ocular
  3. 500mSv - Organ
  4. 500mSv - Extremity
  5. 5mSv (this is after declaration of pregnancy) - fetus
29
Q

How does rads relate to rem?

How do rad relate to Gray?

How does mSv relate to mrem?

What are the first three decimal places called?

A

1 rad = 1 rem

1 rad = 0.01 Gy

1mSv = 100mrem = 0.1 rem

Deci (0.1), centi (0.01), milli (0.001)

30
Q

What is radionuclide purity in regards to Tc and how is it done?

A

Making sure it is Tc and not Mo.

Put it behind lead and see if you get a signal. Mo will break through with 740keV while Tc at 140keV will not.

31
Q

What is chemical purity in regards to Tc and how is it done?

A

Testing for Al by pH

Al will cause uptake of Tc in the liver and lungs

So on a Tc scan it will light up the liver, and on a liver scan with MAA it will light up the lungs

32
Q

What is radiochemical purity in regards to Tc and how is it done?

A

Testing for free Tc

Use a chromatography

33
Q

Where is uptake of free Tc?

A

Gastric

Salivary gland

Thyroid

Sweat glands

Choroid plexus

34
Q

What causes free Tc to be present?

A

Air in vial causing oxidation

35
Q

What is transient equilibrium and where is it seen?

A

Seen in Mo and Tc generators

The daughter (Tc) has a shorter half life and therefore equilbrium between birth and death of Tc happens at 4 half lives.

36
Q
A

Scintigraphy (8 decks)

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