Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sonography Exam review > Physics Key terms > Flashcards

Physics Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

amount of acoustic energy the patient receives

A

acoustic exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

as low as reasonably achieveable: used to reduce biological effects in humans and the fetus

A

ALARA principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

effect of ultrasound waves of living organisms, including their composition, function, growth, origin, development, and distribution

A

biological effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

interaction of the sound wave with microscopic gas bubbles found in tissues

A

cavitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

studies of various factors determining the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community

A

epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

study of the human body at work

A

ergonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

experimentation done in or on living tissue in an artificial environment outside the organism

A

ex vivo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the technique of performing a given experiment in a test tube or, generally, an a controlled environment outside a living organism

A

in vitro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one.

A

in vivo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describes the likelihood of cavitation occurring

A

Mechanical index (MI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

act passed by congress to assure safe and healthful working conditions

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

average intensity throughout the pulse duration

A

Pulse average (PA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

average intensity across the entire sound beam

A

Spatial average (SA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

peak intensity found across the sound beam

A

Spatial peak (SP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

average intensity during the pulse repetition period

A

temporal average (TA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

greatest intensity during the pulse

A

temporal peak (TP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

relates to the heating of tissue

A

Thermal index (TI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

relates to the heating of bone

A

Thermal index for bone (TIB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

relates to the heating of the cranium

A

Thermal index for cranium (TIC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

relates to the heating in soft tissue

A

Thermal index for soft tissue (TIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

injuries that are caused or aggravated by workplace activities including injuries of the muscles, tendons, and joints

A

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

process whereby sound energy is dissipated in a medium, primarily in the form of heat

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

having to do with sound

A

acoustic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

resistance of sound as it propagates

A

acoustic impedance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

effects on the sound beam caused by the medium; includes pressure, density, distance (particle motion)

A

acoustic variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

relating to the strength of the compression wave maximum variation of an acoustic variable

A

amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

amount of space within a specific boundry

A

area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

weakening of sound as it propagates through a medium

A

attenuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

attenuation occurring with each centimeter that sound travels

A

attenuation coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

range of frequencies found in pulsed ultrasound

A

bandwidth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

distance around the perimeter of an object

A

circumference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

region of high pressure or density in a compression wave

A

compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a nonpulsed wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely

A

continuous wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

one complete variation in pressure or other acoustic variables

A

cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

a unit used to compare the ratio of intensities or amplitudes of two sound waves or two points along the wave

A

decibel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

concentration of mass, weight, or matter per unit volume

A

density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

amount of space from one object to another

A

distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

fraction of time that pulse ultrasound is on

A

duty factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CAPABILITY to do work

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

comparison of range of frequencies (bandwidth) with operating frequency

A

fractional bandwidth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

number of cycles in a wave occurring in 1 second

A

frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

original operating frequency

A

fundamental frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

thickness of tissue required to reduce the intensity of the sound beam by one-half; also known as depth of penetration, half boundary layer, or penetration depth

A

half value layer (HVL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

echoes of twice the frequency transmitted into the body that reflect back to the transducer, which improves image quality

A

harmonic imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

one cycle per second; unit of frequency

A

hertz (Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

determines how much of an incident sound wave is reflected back from the first medium and how much is transmitted into the second medium

A

impedance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

direction of incident beam with respect to the media boundry

A

incident angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

initial or starting beam

A

incident beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

rate at which energy transmits over a specific area

A

intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

one thousand cycles per second

A

Kilohertz (KHz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

wave traveling in a straight line

A

longitudinal wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

incident ultrasound traveling at an oblique angle to the media boundary

A

oblique incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

time to complete one cycle

A

period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

incident ultrasound traveling at an perpendicular angle to the media boundary

A

perpendicular incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

concentration of force

A

pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

speed at which a wave moves through a medium

A

propagating speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

a collection of a number of cycles that travel together

A

pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

portion of time from the beginning to the end of a pulse; sonography generally uses 2-3 cycles, whereas Doppler uses 5-30 cycles per pulse

A

pulse duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

number of pulses per second

A

pulse repetition frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

time between the beginning of one cycle and the beginning of the next cycle

A

pulse repetition period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

a few pulses of ultrasound followed by a longer pause of no ultrasound. During this “silence”, returning echoes are received and processed

A

pulse ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

for short pulses, the Q factor is equal to the number of cycles in a pulse; the lower the Q factor, the better the image quality

A

Quality factor (Q factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

regions of low pressure or density in a compression wave

A

rarefraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

occurs when the reflector is much smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam

A

Rayleigh’s scatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

the beam redirected back to the transducer after striking a media boundary

A

reflected beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

redirection (return) of a portion of the sound beam back to the transducer

A

reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

angle between the reflected sound and a line perpendicular to the media boundary

A

reflection angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

change in direction of the sound wave after passing from one medium to another

A

refraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

redirection of sound in several directions on encountering a rough surface; also known as nonspecular reflections

A

scattering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

a traveling variation of acoustic variables

A

sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

relating to space

A

spatial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

distance over which a pulse occurs

A

spatial pulse length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

multiple echoes received at the same time generating interference in the sound wave, resulting in a grainy appearance of the sonogram

A

speckle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

these comprise the boundaries of organs and reflect sound in only one direction, are angle dependent

A

specular reflections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

resistance of a material to compression

A

stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

relating to time

A

temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

the sound beam continuing on to the next media boundary

A

transmitted beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

amount of occupied space of an object in three dimensions

A

volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

distance (legth) of one complete cycle

A

wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

the widening of the sound beam in the far field

A

angle of divergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

size of the transducer element(s)

A

aperture

82
Q

nonuniform driving (excitation) of elements in an array to reduce grating lobes

A

apodization

83
Q

collection of active elements connected to individual electronic currents in one transducer assembly

A

array

84
Q

ability to distinguish two structures along a path parallel to the sound beam

A

axial resolution

85
Q

multiple transducer elements with individual wiring and system electronics

A

channels

86
Q

occurs when two waves in phase with each other create a new wave with amplitude greater than the original two waves; in phase

A

constructive interference

87
Q

curved linear transducer containing multiple piezoelectric elements

A

convex array

88
Q

piezoelectric element

A

crystal

89
Q

temperature to which a material is raised, while in the presence of a strong electrical field, to yield piezoelectric properties. If the temperature exceeds this point, the PZT properties will be lost

A

Currie point

90
Q

Material attached to the rear of the transducer element to reduce the pulse duration

A

damping

91
Q

occurs when two waves out of phase with each other create a new wave with amplitude less than the two original waves; out of phase

A

destructive interference

92
Q

includes both axial and lateral resolution

A

detail resolution

93
Q

deviation in the direction of the sound wave that is not a result of reflection, scattering, or refraction

A

diffraction

94
Q

aperture that increases as the focal length increases; minimizes change in the width of the sound beam

A

dynamic aperture

95
Q

variable receiving focus that follows the changing position of the pulse as it propagates through tissue the electrical output of the elements can be timed to “listen” in a particular direction and depth

A

dynamic focusing

96
Q

piezoelectric component of the transducer assembly

A

element

97
Q

detail resolution located perpendicular to the scan plane; it is equal to the section thickness and is the source of the section thickness artifact

A

elevation resolution

98
Q

region of the sound beam in which the diameter increases as the distance from the transducer increases

A

far zone

99
Q

distance from a focused transducer to the center of the focal zone; distance from a focused transducer to the spatial peak intensity

A

focal length

100
Q

concentration of the sound beam into a smaller area

A

focal point

101
Q

area or region of the focus

A

focal zone

102
Q

far zone

A

Fraunhofer zone

103
Q

near zone

A

Fresnel zone

104
Q

additional weak beams emitted from a multielement transducer that propagate in directions different from the primary beam

A

grating lobes

105
Q

all points on a wave front or at a source are point sources for the production of spherical secondary wavelets

A

Huygens principle

106
Q

interference occurring when two waves interact or overlap, resulting in the creation of a new wave

A

interference phenomenon

107
Q

ability to distinguish two structures lying perpendicular to the sound path

A

lateral resolution

108
Q

a ceramic piezoelectric material

A

Lead zirconate titanate

109
Q

material attached to the front face of the transducer element to reduce reflections at the transducer surface

A

matching layer

110
Q

region of the beam between the transducer and focal point, which decreases in size as it approaches the focus

A

near zone

111
Q

natural frequency of the transducer; it is determined by the propagation speed and thickness of the element in pulse ultrasound and by the electrical frequency in continuous wave

A

operating frequency

112
Q

conversion of pressure to electric voltage

A

piezoelectricity

113
Q

applying voltage pulses to all elements in the assembly as a group, but with minor time differences.This pulses allow multiple focal zones, beam steering, and beam focusing

A

phased

114
Q

operating frequency

A

resonance frequency

115
Q

operated by applying voltage pulses to a group of elements in succession

A

sequenced array

116
Q

additional weak beams traveling from a single element transducer in directions different from the primary beam

A

side lobes

117
Q

dividing each element into small pieces to reduce grating lobes

A

subdicing

118
Q

device that converts energy from one form to another

A

transducer

119
Q

transducer element, damping, matching layer, and housing, also known as probe, scan head or transducer

A

transducer assembly

120
Q

anything not properly indicative of anatomy or motion imaged

A

artifact

121
Q

group of bits

A

binary number

122
Q

binary digit; smallest amount of computer memory

A

bit

123
Q

group of eight bits of computer memory

A

byte

124
Q

imaging display where the strength of the electron beam determines the brightness

A

cathode ray tube (CRT)

125
Q

an independent signal path consisting of a transducer element, delay, and other electronic components

A

Channel

126
Q

storage of the last several real-time frames

A

cine loop

127
Q

a series of pulses and gaps allowing multiple focal zones and harmonic frequencies

A

code excitation

128
Q

a series of closely spaced reverberation echoes behind a strong reflector

A

comet tail

129
Q

the ratio of the largest to the smallest amplitude that the ultrasound system can handle

A

dynamic range

130
Q

less in intensity from bending of the sound beam at a curved surface

A

edge shadowing

131
Q

the increase in reflection amplitude from structures that lie behind the weakly attenuating structure

A

enhancement

132
Q

displayed image of the returning echoes

A

field of view

133
Q

a complete scan of the ultrasound beam; individual image composed of multiple scan lines

A

frame

134
Q

the number of complete scans (images) displayed per second

A

frame rate

135
Q

holding and displaying one frame of the real-time sequence

A

freeze frame

136
Q

ratio of amplifier output to input of electric power

A

gain

137
Q

secondary sound beams produced by a multielement transducer

A

grating lobes

138
Q

number of scans lines per frame; scan-line density

A

line density

139
Q

denotes the rows and columns of pixels in a digital image

A

matrix

140
Q

storage of echo information

A

memory

141
Q

an artifactual gray scale, color flow, or Doppler signal appearing of the opposite side of a strong reflector

A

mirror image

142
Q

the path toward and away from a reflector are different

A

multipath

143
Q

disturbance that reduces the clarity of the signal

A

noise

144
Q

the minimum number of samples required to avoid aliasing; Doppler shift frequency above which aliasing occurs

A

Nyquist limit

145
Q

an expanded image display beyond the normal limits of the transducer

A

panoramic image

146
Q

picture element; smallest portion of a digital image

A

pixel

147
Q

number of picture elements per inch

A

pixel density

148
Q

assigning a brightness value to a missing pixel

A

pixel interpolation

149
Q

a harmonic imaging technique using two pulses per scan line where the second pulse is an inverse of the first pulse

A

pulse inversion

150
Q

the number of voltage pulses sent to the transducer each second

A

pulse repetition frequency

151
Q

time form the beginning of one voltage pulse to the start of the next voltage pulse

A

pulse repetition period

152
Q

allows access of stored data in an unsystematic order

A

random-access memory (RAM)

153
Q

produced when echoes are placed too superficially because a second pulse was emitted before all reflections have returned from the first pulse

A

range ambiguity

154
Q

store data cannot be modified

A

read-only memory (ROM)

155
Q

two dimensional imaging of the motion of moving structures

A

real-time imaging

156
Q

portion of the sound reflected from the boundary of a medium

A

reflection

157
Q

change of sound direction on passing from one medium to another

A

refraction

158
Q

multiple reflections between a structure and the transducer or within a structure

A

reverberation

159
Q

redirection of sound in several directions on encountering a rough surface

A

scattering

160
Q

reduction of reflective amplitude from reflectors that lie behind a strongly reflecting or attenuating structure

A

shadowing

161
Q

comparison of meaningful information in an image (signal) to the amount of signal disturbance (noise)

A

signal-to-noise ratio

162
Q

averaging of frames that view anatomy from different angles

A

spatial compounding

163
Q

large, flat, smooth surface

A

specular

164
Q

a misrepresentation of the Doppler shift in a negative direction occurring when the pulse repetition frequency is set too low

A

aliasing

165
Q

smallest arteries in the circulatory system controlling the needs of organs and tissues

A

arterioles

166
Q

pressure reduction in a region of high flow speed

A

Bernoulli effect

167
Q

auscultatory sound within an artery produced by turbulent speed

A

bruit

168
Q

the smallest of the body’s blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules and allowing the interchange of oxygen or carbon dioxide on nutrients to the tissue cells

A

capillaries

169
Q

noise in the Doppler signal caused by high-amplitude Doppler shifts

A

clutter

170
Q

observed frequency change of the reflected sound resulting from movement relative to the sound source or observer

A

Doppler effect

171
Q

frequency shift created between the transmitted frequency and received frequency by an interface moving with velocity at an angle to the sound

A

Doppler shift

172
Q

energy difference between two points

A

energy gradient

173
Q

to move in a stream, continually changing position and direction

A

flow

174
Q

electronic device controlling the transmission or reception of a Doppler signal; size of it is determined by the beam diameter, receiver gate length, and length of the ultrasound pulse

A

gate

175
Q

science of physical principles concerned with the study of blood circulation

A

hemodynamics

176
Q

the pressure created in a fluid system, such as the circulatory system;
when supine it is 0mm Hg
when upright; above the heart it is negative
below the heart it is positive

A

hydrostatic pressure

177
Q

the resistance to acceleration

A

inertia

178
Q

the highest frequency in a samples signal represented unambiguously; equal to one half the pulse repetition frequency

A

Nyquist limit

179
Q

positioning of multiple pulsed Doppler gates over the area of interest

A

packet

180
Q

maximum velocity at any given time

A

peak velocity

181
Q

speed is constant across the vessel

A

plug flow

182
Q

predicts volume flow in a cylindrical vessel

A

poiseuille’s equation

183
Q

difference in pressure required for flow to occur

A

pressure gradient

184
Q

predicts the onset of turbulent flow

A

Reynolds number

185
Q

difference between the maximum and the minimum Doppler frequency shifts divided by the maximum Doppler frequency shift; also known as Pourcelot index

A

resistant index

186
Q

electronic device that controls the region of Doppler flow detection

A

sample volume

187
Q

the average velocity is calculated, with the colors placed side to side

A

variance mode

188
Q

rate of motion with respect to time

A

velocity

189
Q

all measured velocities for each gate are averaged, then the colors are arranged up and down

A

velocity mode

190
Q

the smallest veins that receive blood from the capillaries and drain into larger caliber veins

A

venules

191
Q

the quantity of blood moving through the vessel per unit of time

A

volume flow rate

192
Q

a device that plots the reflection amplitudes received by the transducer

A

beam profiler

193
Q

distance closest to the transducer in which imaging cannot be performed

A

dead zone

194
Q

testing device that measures acoustic output

A

hydrophone

195
Q

the routine, periodic evaluation of data collected of the performance of the ultrasound system and transducers

A

quality assurance (QA)

196
Q

tissue equivalent testing device with characteristics that are representative of tissues

A

phantom

197
Q

periodic internal cleaning and overall evaluation of the ultrasound system function; generally performed by the system manufacturer

A

preventive maintenance (PM) service

198
Q

ability to place echoes in proper position when imaging from different orientations

A

registration accuracy

199
Q

measure of how weak a reflection the system can display

A

system sensitivity

200
Q

devices without tissue like properties designed to measure some characteristics of the imaging system

A

test objects

Sonography Exam review (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions