Abdomen Key terms Flashcards
A large triangular area devoid of peritoneal covering located between the two layers of the coronary ligament
bare area
thrombosis of the main hepatic veins
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Most common benign neoplasm of the liver consisting of large blood-filled cystic spaces
cavernous hemangioma
a general term used for chronic and severe insult to the liver cells leading to fibrosis and formation of regenerating nodules
cirrhosis
an accessory blood pathway developed through enlargement of secondary vessels
collateral
divides the liver into eight segments in an imaginary H pattern
Couinaud anatomy
an infectious cystic disease associated with underdeveloped sheepherding areas of the world
echinococcal cyst
excessive deposition of neutral fat within the parenchymal cells
fatty infiltration
divides the liver into the right, left, and caudate lobes
Functional lobar-segmental anatomy
blood flowing away from the liver
hepatofugal
enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
blood flowing into the liver
hepatopetal
generic term used for the laboratory values determining liver function (alt, alkaline phosphotase)
Liver function tests (LFTs)
region in the hepatic hilum containing the proper hepatic artery, common duct, and main portal vein
porta hepatis
increased venous pressure in the portal circulation associated with compression or occlusion of the portal or hepatic veins
portal hypertension
extension of the right lobe inferior and anterior to the lower pole of the right kidney
Riedel lobe
a passageway between two natural channels
shunt
a tube designed to be inserted in a passageway or vessel to keep it patent
stent
divides the liver into the right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes
traditional lobar anatomy
congenital cyst formation associated with weakening of the bile duct wall
true hepatic cyst
an enlarged or tortous vein, artery, or lymph node
varix
acute inflammation of the gallbladder
acute cholecystitis
a benign epithelial tumor: histiologically similar to a bowel wall polyp; most common benign neoplasm
adenoma
hyperplasia of epithelial and muscle layers in the gallbladder wall; a small polypoid mass of the gallbladder wall; diverticulosis of the gallbladder
adenomyomatosis
opening in the duodenum for the entrance of the the common bile duct
ampulla of vater
roundworm that inhibits the intestine
ascariasis
a fluid secreted by the liver, concentrated in the gallbladder, and poured into the small intestine via the bile ducts; plays a role in emulsification, absorption, and digestion of fats
bile
yellow pigment in bile formed by the breakdown of red blood cells
bilirubin
partial or complete absence of the biliary system
biliary atresia
visceral pain associated with passing of stone(s) through the bile ducts; also called cholecystalgia
biliary colic
dilated bile ducts
biliary dilatation
an extrahepatic collection of extravasated bile from trauma, surgery, or gallbladder disease
biloma
paroxysmal tachycardia
Bouveret syndrome
a segmental, saccular, or beaded appearance to the intrahepatic biliary ducts
Caroli disease
inflammation of a bile duct
cholangitis
carcinoma of a bile duct
cholangiocarcinoma
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
a hormone secreted in the small intestine that stimulates gallbladder contraction and secretion of pancreatic enzymes; stimulation occurs after food reaches the duodenum
cholecystokinin
cystic dilatation of the common bile duct
choledochal cyst
calculus in the common duct; stones contain bile pigments, bile calcium salts, and cholesterol
choledocholithiasis
the presence or formation of gallstones; stones contain cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and calcium carbonate
cholelithiasis
a form of hyperplastic cholecystosis caused by the accumulation of triglycerides and esterified sterols in the macrophage of the gallbladder wall
cholesterolosis
type of cholesterolosis associated with a strawberry appearance to the gallbladder
cholesterosis
recurrent attack of acute cholecystitis
chronic cholecystitis
parasite that typically resides in the intrahepatic ducts; the gallbladder and pancreas may also be affected
clonorchiasis
portion of the extrahepatic biliary system formed at the junction of the common hepatic and cystic ducts; empties into the second portion of the duodenum
common bile duct
term used to include the extrahepatic common hepatic duct and common bile duct
common duct
the right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct in the porta hepatis (hepatic hilum)
common hepatic duct
painless jaundice associated with an enlarged gallbladder caused by the obstruction of the distal common blie duct by an external mass (typically adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head)
Courvoisier sign
small duct that drains the gallbladder
cystic duct
gas in the gallbladder wall or lumen
emphysematous cholecyctitis
reservoir for bile
gallbladder
bleeding into the biliary tree associated with liver biopsy, blunt trauma, or rupture of a hepatic artery aneurysm
hematobilia
small posterior pouch near the gallbladder neck
harmann pouch
yellowish discoloration of the skin or sclera related to an increased level of bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
fold or septation of the gallbladder at the junction of the neck and body
junctional fold
carcinoma located at the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts
Klatskin tumor
a hyperechoic line extending from the portal vein to the gallbladder fossa; a boundary between the left and right lobes of the liver
main lobar fissure
impacted stone in the cystic duct causing compression on the common hepatic duct resulting in jaundice
Mirizzi syndrome
condition in biliary obstruction representing imaging of the dilated hepatic duct and adjacent portal vein
parallel channeling
fold in the gallbladder fundus
phrygian cap
air in the biliary tree
pneumobilia
a soft tissue mass protruding from the gallbladder wall
polyp
calcification of the gallbladder wall
porcelain gallbladder
echogenic bile; viscous bile; contains calcium bilirubinate
sludge
mobile, echogenic, nonshadowing mass in the dependent portion of the gallbladder
sludgeball
echogenic bile that does not layer evenly; resembles a polypoid mass
tumefactive sludge
wall-echo-shadow sign; “double arc” sign, seen with a stone filled gallbladder
WES sign
acute inflammation causing escape of pancreatic enzymes from the acinar cells into the surrounding tissue.
most commonly caused by biliary disease followed by alcohol abuse
acute pancreatitis
digestive enzyme produced in the pancreas that aids in converting starches to sugars; also produced in to salivary glads, liver, and fallopian tubes
amylase
opening in the duodenum for the entrance of the common bile duct
ampulla of Vater
anomaly caused by the failure of a normal regression of the left ventral bud
annular pancreas
multiple, persistent, or prolonged episodes of pancreatitis
chronic pancreatitis
autosomal recessive exocrine gland disorder where organs become clogged with mucus secreted by the exocrine glands
cystic fibrosis
pertaining to a process in which a group of cells secrete into the blood or lymph circulation a substance (hormone) that has a specific effect on tissues in another part of the body
endocrine
the process of secreting outwardly through a duct to the surface of an organ
exocrine
secondary secretory duct of the pancreas
duct of Santorini
primary secretory duct of the pancreas
duct of Wirsung
controls the blood sugar level in the body
glucose
enzyme produced primarily by the pancreas that changes fats to fatty acids and glycerol; increases after damage has occurred to the pancreas
lipase
pertaining to the pancreas and duodenum
pancreaticoduodenal
also known as Whipple procedure
a surgical resection of the pancreatic head or periampullary area;
relieves obstruction of the biliary tree that is often caused by a malignant tumor. The remaining normal pancreatic tissue is attached to the duodenum
pancreatoduodenectomy
en extension of pancreatic inflammation into the peripancreatic tissues, resulting in an enlarged solid inflammatory mass with retroperitoneal fat necrosis
phlegmon
the joining of the portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric vein
portosplenic confluence
a space or cavity, without a lining membrane, containing gas or liquid; caused by a leakage of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissues
pseudocyst
a sheath of muscle fibers surrounding the distal common bile and pancreatic ducts as they cross the wall of the duodenum
sphincter of Oddi
a surgical resection of the pancreatic head or periampullary area, relieves obstruction of the biliary tree that is often caused by a malignant tumor. the remaining normal pancreatic tissue is attaached to the duodenum
whipple procedure
ischemic necrosis of tubular cells; most common cause of renal failure
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
benign tumor composed of blood vessels smooth muscle, and fat
angiomyolipoma
polypoid in the blood that causes vasoconstriction, increase in blood pressure, and the release of aldosterone
angiotensin
cortical buldge on the lateral aspect of the kidney
dromedary hump
fibrous connective membrane of the body that may be separate from other structures
fascia
immaturity of renal development resulting in a lobulated renal contour
fetal lobulation
protective covering of tissue surrounding each kidney
Gerota’s fascia
inflammation of the glomerulus of the ki
glomerulonephritis
structure composed of blood vessels or nerve fibers
glomerulus
enlargement of a column of bertin that extends into the renal pyramid
hypertrophied column of Bertin
embryonic remnant of the fusion site between the upper and lower poles of the kidney
Junctional parenchymal defect
renal pyramid
medullary pyramid
blunt apex of the renal pyramid
papilla
cyst beside the renal pelvis; may obstruct the kidney
parapelvic cyst
dilatation of the renal pelvis
pelviectasis
cyst around the renal pelvis; does not obstruct the kidney
peripelvic cyst
sharp, severe flank pain radiating to the groin
renal colic
the inability of the kidneys to excrete waste concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes
renal failure
partial kidney function failure characterized by less than normal urine output
renal insufficiency
the functional tissue of the kidney consisting of the nephrons
renal parenchyma
excessive accumulation of fat in the renal sinus
renal sinus lipomatosis
renal enzyme that affects blood pressure`
renin
quick fluctuating color Doppler signal from a rough surface or highly reflective object
twinkle artifact
epithelial tube connecting the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus
urachus
prolapse of the distal ureter into the urinary bladder
ureterocele
a nodule of normal splenic tissue commonly located near the splenic hilum
accessory spleen
a decrease in hemoglobin levels in the blood
anemia
abscence of the spleen associated with two right lungs; a midline liver; and GI and urinary anomalies
asplenia syndrome
a rare benign neoplasm composed of lymphoid tissue. Also known as splenoma
hamartoma
the percentage of red blood cells in the blood
hematocrit
carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells and returns carbon dioxide back to the lungs
hemoglobin
hematoma located within the splenic parenchyma
intraparenchymal hematoma
proliferation of white blood cells
leukemia
white blood cells count above 20,000mm^3
leukocytosis
white blood cell count below 4000mm^3
leukipenia
malignant disorder involving the lymphoreticular system
lymphoma
multiple small spleens associated with two left lungs and GI, cardiovascular, and biliary anomalies
polysplenia
a localized dilatation of the splenic artery
splenic artery aneurysm
occclusion of the main splenic artery or one of its branches
splenic infarction
hematoma located between the spenic capsule and parenchyma
subcapsular hematoma
refers to an abnormal location of the spleen
wandering spleen
