Physics & clinical measurement Flashcards
Explain “Accuracy”
The ability of a measurement device to match the actual value of the quantity being measured. (How close the dart are to the bullseye).
Explain “Precision”
The reproducibility of repeated measurements and a measure of their likely spread. (How tightly packed the a cluster of darts are).
Explain “Drift”
A fixed deviation from the true value at all points in the measured range. It can be corrected by the process of zeroing.
Explained “Hysteresis”
The phenomenon by which a measurement varies from the input value by different degrees depending on whether the input variable is increasing or decreasing in magnitude at that moment in time. An example is the pressure/volume-loop of the ventilator.
Explain “Non-linearity”
The absence of a true linear relationship between the input value and the measured value.
Explain “Zeroing and calibration”
Zeroing a display removes any fixed drift and improves the accuracy of the measuring system. If all points is offset by +x, zeroing subtracts x from all display values.
Calibration is used to check for linearity over a given range by taking known set points and checking that they all display a measured value that lies on the ideal straight line. The more points that fit the line, the more certain one can be that the line is indeed straight. One point calibration is useless, two points is basic but not good, three points is ideal.
Whats the seven base SI units? Include symbols and what it is measuring.
- Second (s). Measures time.
- Metre (m). Measures distance.
- Mole (mol). Measures amount.
- Ampere (A). Measures current.
- Candela (cd). Measures luminous intensity.
- Kilogram (kg). Measures mass (not weight).
- Kelvin (K). Measures temperature.
Explain signal to noise-ratio.
The ratio of the magnitude of the desired measurement (signal) to that of the undesirable information of the same type (noise). Often encountered in measurement systems with amplification (ECG, noise can be diathermy etc).
Explain:
1. Force and Newtons
2. Pressure and Pascal
3. Energy, work and Joules
4. Power and Watts
- Force is that influence that tends to change the state of motion of an object. Force = mass x acceleration. Measured in Newtons. One Newton is that force which will give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per second per second.
- Pressure is force applied over a unit area. Pressure = Force/Area. Measured in Pascal. One Pascal is equal to a force of one Newton applied over an area of one square meter.
- Energy is the capacity to do work. Work is the result of a force acting upon an object to cause its displacement in the direction of the force applied. Work (J) = Force x Distance. Both energy and work is measured in Joules. One Joule is the work done when a force of one Newton moves one meter in the direction of the force.
- Power is the rate at which work is done. Work in watts = Work in Joules / time in seconds (s). Measured in Watts.
One Watt is the power expended when one Joule of energy is consumed in one second.
Describe the three gas laws
- Boyle’s law: At a constant temperature, the volume of a fixed amount of a perfect gas varies inversely with it’s pressure. PV = K.
- Charle’s law: At a constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of a perfect gas varies in proportion to its absolute temperature. V/T = K.
- Gay-Lussac’s law: At a constant volume, the pressure of a fixed amount of a perfect gas varies in proportion to its absolute temperature. P/T = K
Describe a perfect gas and name the one real gas that’s closest to perfection.
A gas that completely obeys all three gas laws
or
a gas that contains molecules of infinitely small size, which therefore, occupy no volume themselves, and which have no force of attraction between them.
Hydrogen comes closest to being a perfect gas since it has the lowest molecular weight.
Describe Avogadro’s hypothesis
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contains equal number of molecules.
Describe and explain the universal gas equation
The universal gas equation combines all three gas laws into one.
PV = K, P/T = K, V/T = K –> PV/T = K
For one mole of gas K is named the universal gas constant and given the symbol R -> PV/T = R and for n moles of gas -> PV/T = nR -> PV = nRT
Use the universal gas equation to calculate the volume of gas in a compressed cylinder of at constant temperature. Cylinder volume is 5 lit and internal pressure 137 bar.
From PV/T = K we get:
(P1xV1)/T1 = (P2xV2)/T2 = K
T is constant so we can delete them. We are looking for V2 which gives us:
V2 = P1 x V1 / P2
V2 = 137 x 5 / 1 = 685 liters
REMEMBER: You can only use 680 liters of the gas, since the cylinder still holds 5 liters at atmospheric pressure.
Define Laminar flow. Name the equation that describes it and explain it.
Laminar flow describes the situation when any fluid (liquid or gas) passes smoothly and steadily along a given path. It is described by the HAGEN-POISEUILLE-equation.
Flow = (Pi x p x r4) / (8 x n x l)
p = pressure drop along the tube
r = radius of the tube
n = viscosity of fluid
l = length of the tube
Whats the most important aspect of the Hagen Poiseuille-equation.
That the flow is proportional to the 4th power of the radius. If the radius doubles, the flow through the tube will increase by 16 times.
How do the flow differ in the centre and periphery in laminar flow.
The fluid column has a parabolic siluett. In the middle of the column the velocity is about 2 x average, while the fluid near the edge of the tube approaches zero velocity.