physics and maths tutors - health and human

Question 1

Development​ is…

Answer 1

the idea of what ​21st Century life​ should consist of - essentials (such as access to clean water and electricity), access to services and opportunities.

Development has various impacts and forms which are traditionally measured through ​economic and social factors​

Question 2

GDP​ and ​GDP per capita

Answer 2

A measure of wealth and mean wealth through income.

A high GDP per capita could represent a high-earning population and productive workforce, but GDP per capita could be skewed by very rich minorities, even if the majority of the population earn very little.

Question 3

Life Expectancy

Answer 3

Measuring lifestyles and health. Life expectancy is an estimate of how long a person will live, made when they’re born, based on predicted advances, current services and the risk of diseases.

Question 4

Literacy Rate

Answer 4

Quality of education which correlates to economic output.
A well-educated workforce tend to earn higher wages.
Literacy rates can also impact their personal lives

Question 5

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 5

Quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children.

Infant mortality is important since infants are some of the most vulnerable people of society, so are more likely to catch disease and infection or suffer from malnutrition.

Question 6

Complex indices

Answer 6

(measures more than one factor) are becoming more widely used to measure development:

Happy Planet Index
KOF Index of Globalisation​ -
World Happiness Index

Question 7

Happy Planet Index

Answer 7

Links life expectancy, wellbeing and equality with the impact of ecological footprint. It does not feature an economic component like most measures do.

Question 8

KOF Index of Globalisation​

Answer 8

Measures the strength of links between countries.
Uses economic, social and political criteria.
Despite not being a direct measure of development, globalisation closely links to a country’s development; nations that can prioritise globalisation tend to have good infrastructure, education for their workers’ families and economic funds available.

Question 9

World Happiness Index

Answer 9

Measures alternative ideas like social support, generosity & corruption.

This is a qualitative measure, based on how the population feels regarding the transparency of their government.

The validity of the World Happiness Index could be argued, since opinions can largely be influenced by the media.

Question 10

Top 5 Countries on HDI

Answer 10

Norway - 0.953
Switzerland - 0.944
Australia - 0.939
Ireland - 0.938
Germany - 0.936

Question 11

Bottom 5 Countries on HDI

Answer 11

Niger
Central African Republic
South Sudan
Chad
Burundi

Question 12

Reasons for trends in top 5 on HDI:

Answer 12

These nations have ​large economies​ and advancing technology (​quaternary​) industries, resulting in a high GDP per capita.
● Cities and towns are ​well structured​, with strong infrastructure and transport links, excellent supplies of clean water, electricity and food to households.
● Most of these nations have​ free education systems​, with opportunities to progress onto further education (universities) or into employment & apprenticeships.

Question 13

Top 5 Countries on HPI

Answer 13

Costa Rica - 44.7
Mexico - 40.7
Colombia
Vanuatu
Vietnam

Question 14

Bottom 5 Countries on HPI

Answer 14

Chad - 12.8
Luxembourg
Togo
Benin
Mongolia

Question 15

Reasons for trends ON HPI:

Answer 15

high scoring countries on the ​Happy Planet Index (HPI)​ aren’t countries that score highly on the Human Development Index: Mexico (2nd), Costa Rica (1st), Thailand (9th), Vietnam (5th), Norway (12th). These trends in HPI are more complex to explain as each country largely varies in lifestyle, physical and human geography, and government styles.

Question 16

Costa Rica

Answer 16

Abolished its army, instead spending its ​defense budget on education, health​ provisions and ​pensions​. Government taxes all fossil fuel use, spending taxes on protecting its ​tropical rainforests​. In 2015, 99% of its electricity was produced using renewable sources​.

Question 17

Norway​

Answer 17

The highest scoring European country on the Happy Planet Index. Norway provides ​free education, public pensions and healthcare​. There is ​low unemployment​, and individuals ​work reasonable hours​ in a workplace with a strong sense of ​community​.

However, Norway’s ecological footprint (consumption of resources, greenhouse gas emissions, protection of habitats and wildlife) is ​three times​ a sustainable footprint.

Question 18

Top 5 Countries with 100% literacy rates

Answer 18

Andora Finland Luxembourg Poland Cuba

Question 19

Bottom 5 Countries with literacy rates below 40%

Answer 19

Niger
Guinea South Sudan Benin Burkina Faso

Question 20

Reasons for trends:
IN LIERACY RATES

Answer 20

the literacy rates trends are similar to the Human Development Index, since literacy rates are one of many measures that are considered by the HDI.

However, literacy rates may be unreliable, since the country itself measures it rather than an independent organisation.

Therefore a country may claim to have a higher literacy rate to avoid intervention and portray the country as successful.

Question 21

Changing Definition of Development

Answer 21

Historically, there has been a strong link between development and a country’s wealth: the wealthier the country, the more they can afford to spend on infrastructure, education, health and so the more developed they are as a nation.

Rosling​ is a lead statistician who believes health and life expectancy directly correlates with a country’s development. He also tries to disgrace national governments about the inequalities in health and wellbeing across the world through GapMinder

Question 22

Democracy​

Answer 22

​ is a system of government based on the belief that the population has ​equal rights​ in deciding on how the country is run.

Each member of society who is eligible to vote gets to an elect representatives in government to govern on their behalf (not everyone is able to vote e.g. prisoners in the UK cannot vote).

Question 23

Capitalism

Answer 23

is the economic system where industry is owned by ​private businesses​ and are run to make profit as opposed to being run by the state.
Within this system individuals earn wages based on their skills and hours worked. This can lead to great ​inequality of wealth​ across the population.

However, capitalist economies tend to be the ​most wealthy​ and successful across the globe: USA, UK, Germany
Do note, however, that even though a country may be described as capitalist it doesn’t mean every industry in it is privatised.
Royal Mail, until 2013, was state owned. Conversely, America has a private healthcare system whereas the NHS in the UK isn’t.

Question 24

‘Western’ development​

Answer 24

This westernised equal rights, democracy, capitalism - is seen by some as a successful in promoting development, since historically western countries have been (and continue to the present day) leading in economic and political significance.

Question 25

However, some governments do not wish to adopt Western governance and values. They may go against their traditions, culture and way of life. why?

Answer 25

Western lifestyles are ​unsustainable​, consuming large volumes of energy and water and creating a large proportion of ​greenhouse gas emissions​.
- Many western countries have a large proportion of atheists or ​relaxed religious views​. This can be reflected in laws: pro-abortion, divorce, mixed-gender schools. This can contradict other religions’ laws.

Therefore there are different models of governance:

Question 26

Sharia Law - Model of Non-Secular Governance

Answer 26

There are some countries whose laws coincide with ​Islamic Sharia Law​ such as Saudi Arabia and Iran.

Here, law and religion are intertwined unlike in Western governments where ​secularisation has occurred. Sharia Law is particularly different from Western laws in its attitudes towards marriage, inheritance and ​women’s role​ in society.

The ​severity of interpretations​ of the law is disputed between various islamic countries, with Saudi Arabia having one of the strictest interpretations.

As a consequence of this they have some of the most controversial views on women’s treatment and rights. They also have the death penalty and there’s much debate about their human rights record.

Due to Saudi’s oil wealth they are still central figures within the world’s economy despite having a different form of government.

Question 27

Bolivia - Model of Sustainability

Answer 27

Evo Morales​ (Bolivia’s president) is the leader of the ‘Movement towards Socialism’ party. He lead the creation of the 2009 Constitution focused on ​Law of Mother Earth:
● Mother Nature has ​rights​, including to remain in equilibrium and unaltered by ​genetic modification​.
● The government has a duty in ​protecting Mother Nature​, through reducing resource consumption to advocating for the removal of all ​weapons of mass destruction​ (nuclear, chemical, biological)
● Any damage previously against Mother Nature is the responsibility of our generation, and action should be taken to ​restore Mother Nature to equilibrium​.
The Law of Mother Nature is an approach to put nature first in response to ​climate change​ and increasing pollution. This model required adaptation of Bolivia’s ​economic structure​ and rethinking​ the traditional model of development, which other countries are very hesitant to follow.

Question 28

Communism​

Answer 28

is the opposite to capitalism, prominent industries are ​state-owned​ which means competition between businesses is reduced.

As a consequence of less focus on profits, working conditions and pay should be more regulated and fairer.

However, in practice this isn’t always the case.

Question 29

Historically, communist states haven’t been the most successful because

Answer 29

• Little economic growth​, as there is no foreign direct investment or competition between companies.
• Wages were controlled by bureaucrats within government, so ​inequality​ still existed within wealth distribution and political voice.
• To maintain their one-party control, governments would restrict freedom of speech and human rights of their population.

Question 30

However, many communist states have…

Answer 30

opened themselves to ​globalisation, trade and political cooperation​. For example, ​China​ has the fastest growing economy in the last 30 years since opening up to FDI and relaxing its one-child policy.

However, China’s government still remains communist, which isn’t limiting China’s development and growth. This can also be seen in former USSR countries.

Question 31

Authoritarian - Opposite Model to Democracy

Answer 31

(sometimes called ​totalitarian​) are the opposite to democratic states, where decisions are made by the government or an individual alone.

Authoritarian states tend to have a bad record for development and human rights:

Question 32

examples of authoritarian states

Answer 32

North Korea​ - ​persecution​ of anyone who questions the government without a fair trial, execution and torture​ of prisoners, locals cannot travel or communicate with foreign countries. Power is based on ​dictatorship​, where Kim Jong Un inherited power after his Father as the Supreme Leader.

● Myanmar - persecution of ​Rohingya muslims​, forcing them to migrate to flee torture or murder. ​Limited freedom of speech​, with journalists imprisoned regularly for portraying the Myanmar government negatively.

Question 33

Health in Developing Countries

Answer 33

Poor healthcare​
Poor access to food
Poor access to clean water
Climate
Overcrowding

Question 34

Poor healthcare​

Answer 34

low levels of development mean countries don’t have money to invest in their healthcare.

Low education levels also mean they don’t have as many healthcare professionals as developed countries.

People may have to travel a long way to access healthcare (hospitals are mainly in big cities and may be poorly equipped).

They may not have the money to invest in things like vaccines.

Question 35

Poor access to food

Answer 35

​malnutrition leaves a population more open to diseases.

Question 36

Poor access to clean water

Answer 36

Waterborne diseases such as cholera are prevalent in
developing countries.

Question 37

Climate

Answer 37

many developing nations are situated within Africa and South Asia, which have tropical or semi-arid climates​.

The warmth and moisture typical to theses climates promote​ tropical diseases​ such as Malaria, which needs specialist medical attention and nets to protect families from mosquito carriers (both are expensive).

Question 38

Overcrowding​

Answer 38

will also increase the spread of tropical illnesses, since contagion can pass easily between houses.

Overcrowding tends to occur in ​rapidly growing cities​, where migrant settlers cannot afford or find space to live in; instead,​ informal settlements​ are established on the periphery of the city, with little infrastructure or planning.

In these shanty towns, ​poverty is high​, ​services ​(​doctors, schools, police)​ are extremely limited​ and houses are in​ close proximity​ to each other, allowing easy spread of fire and disease between households.

Diseases tend to affect the more ​vulnerable​ members of society (young children, elderly people, pregnant women) which means ​infant and maternal mortality​ rates tend to be high for developing nations.

Question 39

Health in Developed World

Answer 39

● Most developed countries have ​excellent access to clean water​, some countries rarely experiencing severe drought.
● Most populations have ​disposable income​, which they can spend on improving their lifestyle and wellbeing: central heating, fitness/ gym membership, dishwashers. This will reduce their risk of illness and injury, promote healthy living and so ​extend their life expectancies​.

Question 40

examples of Health in Developed World

Answer 40

Japan has some of the longest living people, who would argue that the Japanese ​lifestyle and diet​ is one of the reasons for the longevity. European countries have become conscious of their diet, especially since most Europeans have office-based jobs so burn less calories.
● Developed nations have good healthcare access, life insurance and can afford advancing medical procedures and medicines.

Question 41

However, developed nations do face some health issues:

Answer 41

➔ Lifestyle choices​ - including smoking, alcohol consumption and excessive saturated fats - limits developed nations life expectancy. Especially in America and the UK, ​obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer​ affect a large proportion of the population and have added strain to their healthcare systems within the last few decades.

➔ Large cities such as London, Paris and New York are still ​susceptible to infectious disease​, due to their large population density and high net movement of people daily. They are also prone to ​extreme weather events​ (long- period heatwaves, blizzards) that can heighten illness, isolate vulnerable individuals and put pressure on supplies of water and food.

Question 42

Variations in Health within a Country

Answer 42

There is a ​ten year difference​ between life expectancies across the UK, with the highest life expectancies tending to be in the South.
Overall, life expectancy has improved for most boroughs in the UK due to:
- Changing Employment​ - As the UK develops, more people are employed in ​tertiary and quaternary​ industries. Therefore fewer people have physically demanding/ laborious jobs.
- Increasing wealth​ (on average!) - Households earn more on average, so can spend more on ​improving their lifestyles​ (gym membership, home-cooked foods) and so have higher life expectancies.
- Fewer risks to life​ in the last decade, due to the introduction of stricter ​health & safety regulations​ in the workplace, increased vaccination programmes​ and ​improved knowledge​ from a young age of the hazards of smoking, crossing roads, etc.

Question 43

However, not all counties within the UK have the same health and life expectancies. This may be due to:

Answer 43

● Economic decline​ - often due to deindustrialisation - can lead to sudden unemployment and deprivation​ within a community. This is the case for previous mining towns and villages in Scotland and Wales which have some of the lowest life expectancies and highest deprivation levels, where coal mining was closed 30 years ago.

● Culture​ - Traditionally, men would finish their day at work with a drink at the pub in working men’s clubs. This culture of after work drinks can encourage a culture of excessive drinking and smoking​.

● Densely populated cities​ are vulnerable to ​infectious diseases​, especially due to the large net movement of people (tourists, business people, locals). This will limit life expectancy for cities such as London, Manchester and Birmingham.

Question 44

Inequality within Populations

Answer 44

There can be inequality within a population’s health for a variety of reasons; health may vary between ​gender, ethnicity and socio-economic groups​.

Question 45

Health Inequality between Genders:

Answer 45

In some countries, ​inequality in the roles of gender​ will affect their health.

Historically, in England, the men of the family would mine and so would be​ exposed to particulates and risks​ (mine collapsing, gas explosions, accident with equipment).

Therefore, men would have a lower life expectancy due to their occupations.

This is the case for ​mineral mining across Africa​, where men face respiratory diseases and chemical exposure whilst the mother raises the family or have less-hazardous occupation.

Question 46

Health Inequality across Socio-Economic Groups:

Answer 46

Inequality between socio-economic groups has a large influence over an individual’s health. Often, low socio-economic groups​ are employed in the ​more riskier or physically demanding jobs​, due to the health risk associated with the work.

Also, low socio-economic groups have some of the ​lowest education rates​. This can affect their attitude to healthy lifestyles and achieving a higher-paid, lower-risk job.

Question 47

Health Inequality across Ethnicity:

Answer 47

Indigenous and minority communities​ can have the ​lowest life expectancies​ within a country. This may be due to:

● Limited provisions in accordance with their culture​ - If indigenous communities rely on the ​natural environment​ for food and resources, some countries that limit their space and degrade the natural environment will damage the health of their indigenous communities (e.g. First Nations in Canada). Alternatively, if health services are run in a way that ​conflicts with a minorities’ religion​ (e.g. male doctors attending female patients), some individuals may avoid medical assistance.

● Physical isolation from services​ - Indigenous communities tend to live ​isolated in remote rural locations​, so have a restricted access to health services, emergency services and medicine. This may mean severe diseases go ​undiagnosed​, individuals face a ​large risk of infection​ if cut and often resort to ​herbal, traditional medicines​ rather than seeking outside medical attention.

Question 48

Education and Development

Answer 48

Education improves aspects of a country’s problems and individual’s lifestyles. Education is one of the ​most influential factors​ in a country’s development, because different levels of education can have implications on many other factors:

Question 49

Night School​

Answer 49

Opportunity for education in vocational skills for individuals above 18
- For ​farmers​, attending night school can educate them on new technologies or research into
new agricultural practice​. This can pass down into an individual’s practice, which could improve productivity and crop yield​ (working with fallow periods, improving soil nutrition).

• Alternatively, individuals may wish to ​improve their qualifications​ to progress in their employment. This enables them to earn a higher wage and so they can afford to ​improve their quality of life​.
• For parents on low income, by attending night school and improving their earnings, they may also affect their child’s education; instead of working to contribute to the family’s income (often in sub-standard jobs), ​children can attend primary education​ and so improve their future earnings and opportunities.

Question 50

Primary Education ​

Answer 50

Standard education across the entire population, up to the age of 11. Teaches basic reading and writing abilities.

• Education can improve the ​health​ of a population. If someone can read, they can educate themselves on illnesses and be able to read medicine instructions. If they suffer from less illnesses, a family can continue to earn and so afford a better quality of life.
• Especially for girls, basic education can educate young people on contraception and health. In some countries, sexual health is biased when taught by parents, so a child follows their religion, decisions or traditions. Instead, primary education can provide an unbiased opinion which can help decisions made about family planning.

Question 51

Further Education

Answer 51

Institutes such as colleges and universities that provide specialist education to 16 - 24 year olds (on average).
- A ​workforce​ will have to be skilled to ​attract high-income opportunities​ and technical TNCs. Locations can build a ​reputation​ for their skilled workforce, such as Bangalore’s growing IT industry where workers can speak multiple languages (especially English) to communicate with customers in call centres.

• The expansion of a country’s quaternary industry depends on a young population, educated in specialist technical subjects (such as Science, Engineering, Computer Science) at degree level.
• The knowledge gained by employees by working for quaternary TNCs may be passed down into households, where more of the population can ​repair & operate household appliances​ (e.g. washing machines) which can significantly ​improve quality of life​.

Question 52

Barriers to Education

Answer 52

However, education may not be available to all, even in the 21st Century. ​

Gender inequality​ is the predominant reason why many children don’t attend primary or secondary education.

Some interpret their ​religion or traditions​ to deem that girls aren’t capable or shouldn’t mix with boys.

Many families in developing countries prevent their children from attending school, instead ​sending them to work​ from an early age.

Other factors - ​epidemics, conflict or corrupt governments​ - can also restrict school attendance and the ability for schools to provide education.

Question 53

There are several different approaches to improving social development.

Answer 53

● Welfare states​ ​can aim to provide a ​stable economy​ by providing for those unemployed or
disadvantaged. Only MEDC governments that can ​afford​ the balance can adopt this
approach.

● Totalitarian regimes​ ​focus on ​political and military​ enforcement. They aim to gain wealth
through streamlining services and being ​efficient​ as possible. This in turn will allow them to
create new job opportunities or infrastructure, ​indirectly​ helping the poor.

● IGO’s​ have been key since 1945 in the ​economic development​ and ​rebuilding​ across the
world after the effects of WWII. Organisations including the IMF, WTO & World Bank have the same aims and objectives that have made them successful in ​globalisation​. ​However, some argue that IGOs have helped TNCs succeed, whilst ​widening the inequality​ between rich and poor.

Question 54

The UN​ ​focus on protecting:

Answer 54

○ Human rights
○ Peace​ & serenity
○ Social advancement

The UN attempted to achieve these goals by creating the​ ​Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s)​.

Question 55

MDGs

Answer 55

were put into place as a ​framework​ for development for ​emerging countries and for developed countries to provide assistance.

The framework ran from 2000 to 2015 and included goals such as:
○ Eradicate ​Poverty and Hunger
○ Universal Primary ​Education
○ Combat ​AIDs, HIV, Malaria​ and other diseases ○ Develop Global Partnerships for​ Development ○ Promote ​Gender Equality
○ Reduce ​Infant Mortality
○ Improve ​Maternal Health
○ Encourage Environmental ​Sustainability

Question 56

The success of ​MDG’s​ is questionable. For example:

Answer 56

○ To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- People living on $1.25 has halved
- 1 in 8 still remain in hunger and malnourishment

○ To achieve universal primary education
- Dramatic increase in enrollment and government encouragement
- 1⁄6 people are illiterate of which 2⁄3 are women

○ To ensure environmental sustainability
- 1.9 billion more people have access to drinking water
- Climate Change still remains a threat

Question 57

The MDG’s were replaced by the…

Answer 57

​Sustainable Development Goals​ ​in 2015 to encourage sustained social development.

There were more goals created (​17​ in total compared to 8 previously)

These targets aim to be reached by ​2030​ in expansion of the millenium development goals

Question 58

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Answer 58

● 30 articles​ set out in 1948 based on the rights of freedom & justice
● Has become the basis of ​International Law​ and countries are expected to adhere to all of
the articles, not just the ones that suit their society
● Authoritarian​ countries - which limit personal freedom - have limited human rights with the
existence of ​slavery​ (Mauritania) and ​female discrimination​ (Saudi Arabia)
● The UDHR has been criticised as favouring ​Western values​ and forcibly trying to change
other ​traditional cultures​.
● Whilst developed countries now focus on social and political advancement, ​developing and emerging countries​ state that their economic development is more important, as developed countries had the chance to develop without restrictions.

Question 59

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

Answer 59

European Court of Human Rights developed ​ECHR​ as a follow on to the UDHR with similar aims to promote ​democracy, integration & freedom. 59 articles​ of which there are 47 signatories to promote unity in Europe

Question 60

problem with ECHR

Answer 60

Some believe that it undermines ​national sovereignty​ with the European Court overruling the decision of the national courts, such as:
○ Deportation of political prisoners
○ Abortion laws
○ Surveillance & Intelligence decisions

However, international courts are good for ​individuals​ who believe their government should be held accountable​ to an action of decision.
With countries claiming it negatively impacts their sovereignty, several countries have drafted their own rights laws.

The UK suggested the ​British Bill of Rights​ ​in 2015
○ Would bring European law into UK constitution ○ Issues of terrorism plans would be resolved
○ An alternative when the UK leaves the EU

Question 61

The Geneva Convention

Answer 61

The Geneva Convention is a set of international rules that apply in ​war​ situations that protect:
○ Civilians
○ Wounded armed forces
○ Prisoners of war
○ Shipwrecked navy forces

Ratified into ​international law​ by 196 states worldwide including Russia, Iraq & North Korea. The UN Security Council​ is ultimately the final decision maker on any complaints or incidents.

Countries have been known to ​break​ the Geneva Conventions by ​torturing and interrogating prisoners of war​, including British soldiers interrogating PoW’s in Iraq in 2006.

Question 62

Alternative Approaches to Human Rights

Answer 62

● Social progression in the West has created a focus on ​civil and political rights​ (the right to vote, freedom in speech & free movement)
● Attitudes in the east and communist countries still focus on the priority of ​economic and cultural rights​ (Beliefs in the right to work and ability to be housed)
● Different countries & populations will have ​different viewpoints​ depending on the progression​ of their country. Many ​developing/emerging​ countries can choose to prioritise economic stability as well as political security.
● Globalised ​communication​ is making detrimental attitudes to human rights more prevalent in the news which creates ​public pressure​ for governments to act and intervene.
● Authoritarian & Democratic​ ​countries have differing attitudes to the protection of human rights.

Question 63

Corruption stifles ​development​ in many ways:

Answer 63

● Money lost to corruption could instead be spent on the ​provision of services and
infrastructure​, which could:
○ Improve health and social well-being
○ Attract businesses, improving the economy and job opportunities ○ Improve safety and reduce levels of crime

● Corruption threatens ​human rights​ enforcement since politicians may exploit their people to remain in power or businesses bribe the government to exploit workers or the environment.

● Corruption severely impact the level of ​trust​ between the population and their government.

Question 64

The UN established a convention against corruption

Answer 64

177 states​ signed.

It ​criminalises corruption and suggests ​international cooperation​ to hold those accountable.

Political corruption impacts the ​poorest​ in society, which creates greater ​inequality​ between the different levels of society.

Question 65

Demands for Equality

Answer 65

The ​British Human Rights Report​ sets out ​priority countries​ to target to ensure equality and the following of human rights globally. Priority countries tend to be notorious for modern ​slavery​, discrimination​ against women and ​homophobic​ attitudes, with little done to change these issues.

Developed countries have now progressed towards aiming for ​equal opportunities​, recognition and pay for men and women after years of oppression of women. There are still industries were ​gender equality​ is difficult or there are few women employed (such as STEM) or male employees (such as nursing & midwifery).

Question 66

Cultural shifts​ and changes in attitudes have created pressure on emerging societies to conform and create a more equal society for women:

Answer 66

Saudi Arabia have seen resistance to their ​enforcement of Sharia Law to restrict women​ - ​Public pressure lead to women being able to drive in 2016

○ Malala Yousafzai was ​shot by the taliban for speaking up about girls getting into education and continuing into employment​ - ​received the Nobel Peace Prize and now attends Oxford University to study PPE

○ Pakistan & US Aid - ​2nd worst country in the world for gender equality ​- ​USAid dairy project trained 9,000 women - Increased girls enrollment in school with 5,200 scholarships for higher education