physics and math Flashcards
kinetic energy is related to ______, not _______
speed
velocity
first law of thermodynamics accounts for what
conservation of mechanical energy
conservative forces (e.g. ______), conserve mechanical energy and nonconservative forces (e.g. __________), dissipate mechcanicla energy as __ or __ energy
gravity and electrostatic forces
friction and air resistance
thermal
chemical
work is not energy but a measure of ______
nrg transfer
other form is heat
when work is done by a system, it is what and when it is done on a system it is what
positive
negative
when volume stays constant as pressure canges, then no work is done because there is no area to caclulate, and that is called a what process
Isovolumetric
isochoric
if pressure remains constant as volume changes, then area under curve is rectangle of length P and width of change of V, which is called a what process
isobaric
five simple machiens
wedge, wheel and axle, lever, pulley, and screw
when considering simple machines, both the _____ and the ______ are forces
load
effort
the load determiens the necessary ___, and from that and the mechanical advantage, we can determine the necessary _____
output force
input force
zeroth law of thermodynamics
when one object is in thermal equilibrium with another object, and that one is in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then the first and third object are also in equilibrium
temp is a ______ property of matter related to average _____ energy of the particles - differences in temp determines the direction of ____
physical
kinetic
heat transfer
what is thermal equilibrium
no net heat flows between two objects in thermal contact - temps are equal then
third law of thermodynamics
entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero
isolated systems
not capable of exchanging energy or matter with their surroundings =
total change in internal energy must be zero
rare though
closed systems
capable of exchanging energy, but not matter with surroundings
gases in vessles with moveable pistons for exaple
open systems
can exchange both matter and energy with environemnt - not only does matter carry enery, but more may be transferred in form of heat or workst
ate functions
thermodynamic properties that are a function of only the current equilibrium state of a system
state functions include what
pressure, density, temp, volume, enthalpy, internal nrg, gibbs free energy, and entropy
process functions
work and heat
describe path taken to get to one state to another
first law of thermodynamics
change in total internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy transferred in the form of heat to the system minus the amoutn of nrg transferred from the system in the form of work
second law of thermodynamics
objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher tempeterautre will give off heat energy to the object with a lower temperature until both objects have the same termaptrue at thermal equilibrium
conduction
direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions
convection
transfer of heat by the physical motion of a fluid over a materal
only liquids and gases can do this
radiation
transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
can transfer energy through a vacuum
specific heat of a substance
amount of heat energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree celsius
entropy
measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temrpature
phase change names
solid to liquid
liquid to solid
liquid to gas
gas to liquid
solid to gas
gas to solid
fusion or melting
freezing or solidification
boiling, evaporation or vaporization
condensation
sublimation
deposition
isothermal
isovolumetric
isochoric
adiabatic
isobaric
constant temp
no change in volume
no work accomplished
no heat exchange
onstant pressure
atmospheric pressure changes with what
altitude
absolute (hydrostatic) pressure is what
total pressure that is exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid
field lines
used to represent the electric field vectors for a charge
point away from positive charge, and point toward negative charge
denser the field lines, the stronger the electric field
field lines of a single charge never cross each other
any charge moving parallel or antiparallel to the direction of magnetic field will experience what
no force from the magnetic field
diamagnetic materials
made of atoms with no unpaired electrons and that have no net magnetic field
paramagnetic materials
become wekly magnetized in the presence of an external magentic field
ferromagnetic materials
unpaired electrons and permanent atomic magnetic dipoles that are normally oriented randomly so that the material has no net magnetic dipole
will become strongly magnetized when exposed to magnetic field or under certain temps
points with maximum fluctation in waves
antinodes
for strings attached at both ends, the ______ tells you which harmonic it is
numebr of antinodes
in open pipes, the ____ present will tell you which harmonic it is
number of nodes
in closed pipes, count what
number of quarter wavelengths contained in pipe to determine the harmonicc
positive and negative image
positive = i>0 (real image)
negative = i<0 (virtual - located behind mirror)
any tme an object is at the focal point of a converging mirror, the reflected rays will be ____ and the image will be at ____
parallel
infinity
the focal length of conversing mirrors and lenses will always be ____, and the focal length of diverging mirros and lenses will always be ____
positive
negative
assuming o is positive,
upright images are always ___
___ image is formed when the object is a focal length away
inverted images are always ____
virtual
no
real
UV NO IR
when light enters a medium with higher index of refraction, it bends where and what about when it enters a medum wth lower index of refraction?
towards the normal
away from the normal
total internal reflection occurs as. the light moves from a medium with a ______ refractive index to a medium with a ____ one
higher
lower
ray parallel to axis -refracts where
ray through or towards focal point before reaching lens
ray to center of lens
through focal point of front face of lens
parallel to axis
continues straight through with no refraction
spherical aberration
blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at the edge of a mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at the edge of a lens
chromatic aberration
dispersive effect within a spherical lens
alpha particles do not have any _____, so they carry a charge of ___
e-
+2
what is an alpha particle?
4/2He nucleus that consists of two protons, two neutrons, and zero electrons
