Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT > orgo chem > Flashcards

orgo chem Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

geminal diols what

A

spontaneously dehydrate (lose water molec) to produce carbony comounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

diols with hydroxyl groups on the same carbon are called _____, and diols with hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons are called ___

A

geminal (hydrates)
vicinal
diols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

alcohols with two hydroxyl groups are called what

A

diols
or glycols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

esters are what

A

carboxylic acid derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

____ isomers are the least similar of all isomers

A

structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do structural isomers share?

A

molecular formual - molecular weight is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

physical properties

A

characteristics of processes that dont change the composition of matter,s uch as melting point, boiling point, soubility, odor, colour and density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chemical properties

A

reactivity of molecule with other molecules and result in changes in chemical composition

in organic chem, this is mostly in functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stereoisomers share what

A

atomic connectivity - same structural backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

conformational isomers

A

differ in rotation around single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

configurational isomers

A

can be interconverted only by breaking bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anti conformation

A

staggered - two largest groups are antiperiplanar (same plane, opposite sides) - most energetically favourable type of staggered conformation (lowest energy state)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gauche

A

two largest groups are 60 degrees apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

totally eclipsed is what energy state?

A

highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ring strain factors

A

angle strain, torsional strain, and nonbonded strain (steric strain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

angle strain

A

results when bond angles deviate from their ideal values by being stretched or compressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

torsional strain

A

cyclic molecules must assume conformations that have eclipsed or gauche interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nonbonded strains (vdw)

A

nonadjacent atoms or groups compete for same space

dominant source of steric strain in flagpole interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cyclohexane three main conformaions

A

chair
boat
twist (skew boat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hydrogen atoms that are perpendicular to plane of ring

A

axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hydrogen atoms that are parallel

A

equatorial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chiral if wht

A

mirror image cannot be superimposed on original object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

enantiomers have nearly identical ______ proerites and chemical peoperties, but they rotate ________ light in opposite directions and react differently in chiral environments

A

physical
plane polarized light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

d- or + to refer to _______ rotation, l- and - to refer to ______ rotation

A

clockwise
counterclockwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

racemic mixture displays ____ optical activity

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

meso compound

A

a molec with chiral centers that has an internal plane of symmetry

two halves that are mirror images - thus as a whole they are not optically active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

relative configuration of chiral molecule

A

configuration in relation to another chiral molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

absolute conformation of chiral molec

A

exact spatial arrangement of these atoms or gruops - independent of other molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

priority in e and z formation / designation is assigned based on what

A

atom bonded to double bonded carbosn - higher the atomic number, higher the priority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

alkene is named _____, if the two highest priority substients on each carbon are the same side of the double bond,

A

Z

31
Q

if two highest priority substituents are on opposite sides, they are named ___

A

E

32
Q

when drawing the circle for r and s, if the roation is counterclockwise, then it is called what and what if it is clockwise

A

S
R

33
Q

s and p orbital shapes

A

s - spherical and symmetrical centered around nucleu
p - composed of two lobes located symmaetrically about the nucleus and contains a node - area where probability of finding an e- is zero

34
Q

if the signs of the wae functions are the same, a lower energy more stable ____ orbital is produced, and if they are different, a higher energy (less stable) ____ orbital is prodcued

A

bonding
antibonding

35
Q

how are sigma bonds formed?

A

head-to-head or tail-to-tail overlap of atomic orbitals - most common bond in organic compounds and on MCAT

36
Q

single bonds are what kind of bond

A

sigma bonds

37
Q

pi bond formation how

A

when two p orbitals line up in a parallel fashion - e- cloud overlaps

38
Q

what forms a double and triple bond

A

double is pi on top of sigma

tripe is sigma and two pi

39
Q

which is weaker pi or sigma?

A

pi bonds are weaker
strength is additive though - double and triple bonds are stronger than single

40
Q

conjugation requires alternating single and multiple bonds because this pattern __________ down the backbone of the molecule

A

aligns a number of unhybridized p orbitals

41
Q

____ electrons can delocalize through p-orbital system, adding ___ to the molec

A

pi
stability

42
Q

lewis acid is what

A

e- acceptor

43
Q

lewis base is what

A

e- donor

44
Q

bronsted lowry acid

A

e- donor

45
Q

bronsted lowry base

A

e- acceptor

46
Q

nucleophiles tend to have ______ or ____ bonds that can be used to form covalent bonds to electrophiles

A

lone pairs

pi

47
Q

how can you identify nucleophiles (most)

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen (CHON) with a minus sign or lone pair

48
Q

nucleophilicity is determined by four major factors which are

A

charge - nucleophilicity increases with increasing electron density - more negative charge

electronegativity - nucleophilicity decreases as EN increases because these atoms are less likely to share e- density

steric hindrance - bulkier molecues are less nucleophilic

solvent - protic solvents can hinder nucleophilicity by protonating the nucleophile or through hydrogen bonding

49
Q

leaving groups

A

molecular fragments that retain e- after heterolysis

50
Q

nucleophilic attack will only occur when

A

if the reactants are more reactive than the products

51
Q

steric hindrance

A

describes prevention of rxns at particular location within molecule due to size of substuent groups

52
Q

primary secondary tertiary alcohols being oxidized to what

A

primary - aldehydes

secondary - ketons

tertiary - cannot be oxidized bc they are already as oxidized as they can be without breaking a carbon-carbon bond

53
Q

jones oxidation

A

chromium trioxide Cro3 - dissolved with dilute sulfuric acid in acetone

54
Q

treatment of phenols with oxidizing agents produces compounds called what

A

quinones

55
Q

hydroxyquinone vs hydroquinone`

A

contains two carbonyls and a variable number of hydroxyl groups

benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups

56
Q

electron withdrawing groups like oxygen stabilize what and what destabilizes th same ting

A

organic anions

electron donating groups like alkyl groups

57
Q

ketones are slighltly less likely to reat with nucleophiles because what

A

extra alkyl group destabilizes the carbanion and increase steric hindrance

58
Q

are carboxylic acids polar

A

yesc

59
Q

carboxylic acid acidity is due to what

A

resonance stabilization and can be enhanced by addition of electronegative groups or greater ability to delocalize charge

60
Q

which hydrogen is the most acidic proton on a carboxylic acid?

A

hydroxyl hydrogens

61
Q

protonating the c=o makes electrophilic carbon what

A

even more ripe for nucleophilic attack

62
Q

conjugated molex

A

molecs with unhybridized p orbitals

63
Q

UV spectroscopy is most useful for what

A

studyign compounds containing double bondns or heteroatoms with lone pairs that create conjugated systems

64
Q

in proton nmr, each peak or group of peaks that are part of a mulitplet represents what

A

single group of equivalent protons

65
Q

splitting of a peak in proton nmr represents what

A

the number of adjacent hydrogens

peak will be split into n+1 subpeaks where n is number of adjacent hydrogens

66
Q

proton nmr is good for what

A

determining relative no. of protons and their relative chemical elements

showing how many adjacent protons thera re by splitting patterns

inferring certain functional groups

67
Q

solubility based extraction procedures

A

extraction
filtration
recrystallization

68
Q

amides are formed how

A

condensation reaction of other carboxylic acid derivatives and ammonia or an amine

69
Q

cyclic amides are called what

A

lactams

70
Q

esters are formed how

A

by the condensation reaction of carboxylic acids or anhydrides with alcohols

71
Q

anhydrides are formed how

A

by condenstation reaction of two carboxylic acids

72
Q

steric hindrance

A

when a reaction doesn’t proceed due to the size of the substituents

73
Q
A

MCAT (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions