behavioural sciences Flashcards
transduction
conversion of physical, electromanetic, auditory, and other info from our internal and external enviornment to perihperal nervous system
perception
processing of this info to make sense of significance
ganglia
collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the cns
photoreceptors
respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum
hair cells
respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures
nociceptors
respond to painful or noxious stimuli
thermoreceptors
respond to changes in temp
osmoreceptors
respond to osmolarity of bloodolf
actory receptors
respond to volatile compounds
taste receptors
RESPOND TO DISSOLVED COMPOUNDS
absolute threshold
minimum intensity at which a stimulus will be transduced (converted into action potentials)
thresholds can also be called what
limina
subliminal perception
perception of stimulus below given threshold
discrimination testing
presented with stimulus that is varied slightly and then is asked to identify whether there is a difference in second stimulus - difference between current stimulus and og is increased until participant reports noticing a change
webers law
there is a constant ratio between the change in stimiulus magnitide needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the og stimulus
jnd
just noticeable difference
jnd for sound frequency
0.68 percent
3Hz/440Hz
sclera
white part of the eye
choroidal vessels
complex intermingling of blood vessels between sclera and retina
anterior chamber is between what and posterior chamber is between what
lies in fron tof iris
between iris and lens
two muscles of iris
dilator pupillae - opens pupil under sympathetic stimulation
constrictor pupillae - constricts pupil under parasympathetic stimulation
what produces the aqueous humour?
ciliary body
retina function
convert incoming photons of light to electrical signals
duplexity / duplicity theory of vision
retina contains two kinds of photorecptors
cones and rods
6 million cones - colour vision and fine details
120 million rods - sensation of light and dark
macula / fovea
high conc of cones
fovea = only cones
bipolar cells
highlight gradients beteen adjacent rods or cones
amacrine and hroizonatl cells
rceive input from multiple retinal cells in same area before the info is paassed on to ganglion cells
parallel processing
ability to simultaneously analyze and combine info regarding colour shape motion
shape is detected by what
parvocellular cells - high colour and spatial resolution - low temporal resolution
motion is detected by
magnocellular cells - high temporal resolution - low spatial resolution
three parts of cochlea
calae
oran of corti
tympani
round window
permits perilymph to actually move within cochlea
vestibule contains what
utricle and saccule
sensitive to linear acceleration
semicircular canasl are what
rotational acceleration sensitive
lateral geniculate nucleaus is for what and what about eh medial geniculate nucleus
light
music
place theory
the location of hair cell on basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated
gestalt principles
ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when it is incomplete
gestalt pricniples examples
proximity
similarity
good continuation
subjective contours
closure
law of pragnanz
perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible
olfacotry nerves ocated where
olfactory epithelium in upper part of nasal cavity
five receptors that receive tactile info
pacinian corpuscles - deep pressure and vibration
meissner corpuscles - light touh
merkel cells (discs) - deep pressure and texture
ruffini endings - stretch
free nerve endings - pain and temp
three concepts related to touch preception
two point thresholds
physiological zero
gate theory of pain
two point threshol
minimum distance necessar betn two points of stimation on skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
gate theory of pain
special gating mech that can turn pain signals on or off
proprioception
ability to tell where ones body is in space
bottum up processing
object recognition by parallel processig and feature detection
top down processins
driven by memories and epectations that alow brain to recognize whole object and then recognize components based on epectations
perceptual organization
ability to use two processes (top down down top) in tandemo with other sensory clues about obejct to complete picture
depth perceptors
monocular and bioncocular cues
escape learning
the role of te behaviour is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists
fixed ratio schedules
reinforce behaviour after a specific number of performances of that behaviour
shaping
the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviours
implicit memory
nondeclarative or procedural
our skills and conditioned responses
explicit memroy
those memories that reuiqre conscious recall
divided into semantic and episodic memory
semantic - facts we know
episodie - experiences
korsakoff’s syndrom
caused by hiamine deficiency in the brain
marked by retrograde amnesia - loss of previosuly formed memories
anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories
confabulation - process. of creating vivid but fabricated memroeis
agnosia
loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds - usually one of the three - caused by stroke or neurological disorder such as ms
info processing model has four key components
thinking requires sensation encoding and sorage f stimuli
stimuli must be analyzed by brain - to be useful in decision making
decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new poblems
prblem solving is dependent not only on the person’s cognitive level, but lso on the context and complexity of the problem
piaget’s stages of cognitive dvlpment
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
assimilation
process of classifying new info into existing schemata
acommodation
process by which existing shcemta are modified to encompass new info
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operation stage
2 - 7
7 - 11
11 onwards
deductive vs inductive reasoning
top down - starts from general set of rules and draws conclusions from information given
bottom up - create a theory via generalizations
heuristics
simplified principles used to make decisions - rules of thumb
gardner’s multiple intelligences
linguistic locial mathematical musical visual patial bodily kinesthetic interpesonal and intraperosnal
eeg records what
average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain
beta waves alpha waves
high frequecy and occur when person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration - when neurons are randomly firing
when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed and are somewhat slower than beta waves - also more synchronized
as you doze off, you enter stage 1, which is detected on the eeg by appearance of ____ waves
theta
irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and higher voltages
stage two eeg
theta waves alone with sleep spindles and k complexes
stages 3 and 4 eeg
slow wave sleep - eeg activity grows progressively slower until only a few sleep waves per second are seen - called delta waves
