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MCAT > behavioural sciences > Flashcards

behavioural sciences Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

transduction

A

conversion of physical, electromanetic, auditory, and other info from our internal and external enviornment to perihperal nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

processing of this info to make sense of significance

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3
Q

ganglia

A

collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the cns

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4
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum

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5
Q

hair cells

A

respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures

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6
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to painful or noxious stimuli

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7
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temp

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8
Q

osmoreceptors

A

respond to osmolarity of bloodolf

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9
Q

actory receptors

A

respond to volatile compounds

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10
Q

taste receptors

A

RESPOND TO DISSOLVED COMPOUNDS

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11
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum intensity at which a stimulus will be transduced (converted into action potentials)

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12
Q

thresholds can also be called what

A

limina

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13
Q

subliminal perception

A

perception of stimulus below given threshold

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14
Q

discrimination testing

A

presented with stimulus that is varied slightly and then is asked to identify whether there is a difference in second stimulus - difference between current stimulus and og is increased until participant reports noticing a change

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15
Q

webers law

A

there is a constant ratio between the change in stimiulus magnitide needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the og stimulus

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16
Q

jnd

A

just noticeable difference

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17
Q

jnd for sound frequency

A

0.68 percent

3Hz/440Hz

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18
Q

sclera

A

white part of the eye

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19
Q

choroidal vessels

A

complex intermingling of blood vessels between sclera and retina

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20
Q

anterior chamber is between what and posterior chamber is between what

A

lies in fron tof iris

between iris and lens

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21
Q

two muscles of iris

A

dilator pupillae - opens pupil under sympathetic stimulation

constrictor pupillae - constricts pupil under parasympathetic stimulation

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22
Q

what produces the aqueous humour?

A

ciliary body

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23
Q

retina function

A

convert incoming photons of light to electrical signals

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24
Q

duplexity / duplicity theory of vision

A

retina contains two kinds of photorecptors

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25
Q

cones and rods

A

6 million cones - colour vision and fine details

120 million rods - sensation of light and dark

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26
Q

macula / fovea

A

high conc of cones

fovea = only cones

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27
Q

bipolar cells

A

highlight gradients beteen adjacent rods or cones

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28
Q

amacrine and hroizonatl cells

A

rceive input from multiple retinal cells in same area before the info is paassed on to ganglion cells

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29
Q

parallel processing

A

ability to simultaneously analyze and combine info regarding colour shape motion

30
Q

shape is detected by what

A

parvocellular cells - high colour and spatial resolution - low temporal resolution

31
Q

motion is detected by

A

magnocellular cells - high temporal resolution - low spatial resolution

32
Q

three parts of cochlea

A

calae

oran of corti

tympani

33
Q

round window

A

permits perilymph to actually move within cochlea

34
Q

vestibule contains what

A

utricle and saccule

sensitive to linear acceleration

35
Q

semicircular canasl are what

A

rotational acceleration sensitive

36
Q

lateral geniculate nucleaus is for what and what about eh medial geniculate nucleus

A

light
music

37
Q

place theory

A

the location of hair cell on basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated

38
Q

gestalt principles

A

ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when it is incomplete

39
Q

gestalt pricniples examples

A

proximity
similarity
good continuation
subjective contours
closure

40
Q

law of pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

41
Q

olfacotry nerves ocated where

A

olfactory epithelium in upper part of nasal cavity

42
Q

five receptors that receive tactile info

A

pacinian corpuscles - deep pressure and vibration
meissner corpuscles - light touh
merkel cells (discs) - deep pressure and texture
ruffini endings - stretch
free nerve endings - pain and temp

43
Q

three concepts related to touch preception

A

two point thresholds
physiological zero
gate theory of pain

44
Q

two point threshol

A

minimum distance necessar betn two points of stimation on skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

45
Q

gate theory of pain

A

special gating mech that can turn pain signals on or off

46
Q

proprioception

A

ability to tell where ones body is in space

47
Q

bottum up processing

A

object recognition by parallel processig and feature detection

48
Q

top down processins

A

driven by memories and epectations that alow brain to recognize whole object and then recognize components based on epectations

49
Q

perceptual organization

A

ability to use two processes (top down down top) in tandemo with other sensory clues about obejct to complete picture

50
Q

depth perceptors

A

monocular and bioncocular cues

51
Q

escape learning

A

the role of te behaviour is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists

52
Q

fixed ratio schedules

A

reinforce behaviour after a specific number of performances of that behaviour

53
Q

shaping

A

the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviours

54
Q

implicit memory

A

nondeclarative or procedural

our skills and conditioned responses

55
Q

explicit memroy

A

those memories that reuiqre conscious recall

divided into semantic and episodic memory
semantic - facts we know
episodie - experiences

56
Q

korsakoff’s syndrom

A

caused by hiamine deficiency in the brain

marked by retrograde amnesia - loss of previosuly formed memories

anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories

confabulation - process. of creating vivid but fabricated memroeis

57
Q

agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds - usually one of the three - caused by stroke or neurological disorder such as ms

58
Q

info processing model has four key components

A

thinking requires sensation encoding and sorage f stimuli

stimuli must be analyzed by brain - to be useful in decision making

decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new poblems

prblem solving is dependent not only on the person’s cognitive level, but lso on the context and complexity of the problem

59
Q

piaget’s stages of cognitive dvlpment

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

60
Q

assimilation

A

process of classifying new info into existing schemata

61
Q

acommodation

A

process by which existing shcemta are modified to encompass new info

62
Q

preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operation stage

A

2 - 7
7 - 11
11 onwards

63
Q

deductive vs inductive reasoning

A

top down - starts from general set of rules and draws conclusions from information given
bottom up - create a theory via generalizations

64
Q

heuristics

A

simplified principles used to make decisions - rules of thumb

65
Q

gardner’s multiple intelligences

A

linguistic locial mathematical musical visual patial bodily kinesthetic interpesonal and intraperosnal

66
Q

eeg records what

A

average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain

67
Q

beta waves alpha waves

A

high frequecy and occur when person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration - when neurons are randomly firing

when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed and are somewhat slower than beta waves - also more synchronized

68
Q

as you doze off, you enter stage 1, which is detected on the eeg by appearance of ____ waves

A

theta

irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and higher voltages

69
Q

stage two eeg

A

theta waves alone with sleep spindles and k complexes

70
Q

stages 3 and 4 eeg

A

slow wave sleep - eeg activity grows progressively slower until only a few sleep waves per second are seen - called delta waves

71
Q
A

MCAT (6 decks)

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