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Basic > Physics and Gases > Flashcards

Physics and Gases Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of pressure regularators

A

tightly wound spring attached to diaphragam which is connected to a valve controlling high pressure gas input.

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2
Q

PSI of central oxygen tank

A

55 psi, primary source for anesthesia machine

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3
Q

Pipeline pressure

A
  1. psi. Pipeline gauge located on pipeline side of check valve to avoid checking pressure within machine. Has both pressure regulators for pipeline and cylinder
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4
Q

secondary gas source for anesthesia maachine

A

e-cylinders. Pressurized to 2200 psi and have a regulator bc they need lower pressures. Separate regulators for each cyclinder

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5
Q

Regulator in O2 reserve cylinder reduces pressure from ___ to ___

A

2200 to 45 psi, second stage will reduce to 14

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6
Q

Regulator in nitrous reserve cylinder reduces pressure from ___ to ___

A

745 to 45 psi, second stage will reduce to 26

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7
Q

what happens if 2 cylinders are open at same time what will gauge read

A

cylinder w higher pressure

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8
Q

Oxygen e-cylinder (color, pressure at room temp, physical state)

A

green, 2000, gasN

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9
Q

Nitrous oxide (color, pressure at room temp, physical state)

A

blue, 745, liquid/vapor

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10
Q

Carbon dioxide (color, pressure at room temp, physical state)

A

Grey, 840, liquid/vapor

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11
Q

Air (color, pressure at room temp, physical state)

A

yellow, 1800, gas

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12
Q

Entonox (color, pressure at room temp, physical state)

A

blue, 2000, gas

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13
Q

heliox (color, pressure at room temp, physical state)

A

Brown, 2000, gas

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14
Q

Full e-cylinder of O2

A

660 L

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15
Q

Full e-cylinder nitrous

A

1600L at 750 psi. Volume cannot be determined by pressure guage. Pressure will remain at 750 until it has all been vaporized which means 20% of intial volume remains when there’s a drop in pressure

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16
Q

laminar flow, relationship to pressure gradient

A

directly proportional to pressure gradient (flow related to pressure), R is a constant, F=deltaP/R

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17
Q

turbulent flow, relation to pressure

A

nonlinear relationship between flow and pressure. flow rate is proportional to square root of pressure gradient

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18
Q

reynolds number

A

Re = densityvelocitydiameter/viscosity, point at which a fluid transitions from laminar to tubrelnt

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19
Q

Poueuille equation

A

Q = delta Ppir^4/ 8viscosity*length
describes relationship between variables that affect flow rate and laminar fluids

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20
Q

Bernoulli’s equation

A

sum of all energies per unit volume remains constant at all points along line of fluid when laminar
P1 + 1/2(densityvelocity^2) = P2 + 1/2(densityvelocity^2)

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21
Q

Venturi effect

A

when a fluid passes through a tube with varying diameters, lateral pressure exerted by fluid drops because of increase in velocity when there’s constriction

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22
Q

hyperechoic

A

strong reflection, white dot
bones, tendons, ligaments, diaphragm, nerves, liver angiomas, tumor, blood vessels, fibrosis, liver steatosis
weaker - solid organs, thick fluid, gray

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23
Q

anechoic (no reflection)

A

cysts, ascites, fluid

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24
Q

ultrasound transducer frequency and wavelength

A

increase frequency, increases image resolution, decreases ability of waves to penetrate
12Mhz waves - good resolution, not deep
3Mhz goes deep, but bad resolution

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25
Q

doppler effect

A

change in frequency of a wave due to relative motion between wave source and receiver

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26
Q

desflurane boiling point

A

22.8C

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27
Q

desflurane vapor pressure

A

700

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28
Q

Nitrous boiling pt

A

-88C

29
Q

nitrous vapor pressure

A

38770

30
Q

sevo boiling point

A

58.5C

31
Q

sevo vapor pressure

A

157

32
Q

iso boiling point

A

48.5C

33
Q

iso vapor pressure

A

240

34
Q

halothane boiling point

A

50.2C

35
Q

halothane vapor pressure

A

244

36
Q

Highest boiling pt to lowest boiling point gases

A

Sevo > Halothane > Iso > Des&raquo_space; Nitrous

37
Q

Highest vapor pressure to lowest vases

A

Nitrous&raquo_space; des > halothane > iso > sevo

38
Q

Daltons law of partial pressures

A

partial pressure of a gas in a mixure of gases is the pressure that gas would exert if it occupied the total volume
P = (barometric pressure - water vapor pressure)*F (F is fractional concentration of gas)

39
Q

alveolar gas equation

A

used to predict alveolar PO2 based on the alveolar PCO2
PaO2 = PIO2 - (PaCO2/R) + correction

40
Q

Henry’s law

A

used to determine concentration of a gas that has been dissolved in solution. at equilibrium, partial pressure of a gas in liquid phase equals partial pressure in gas phase. Henry’s law is used to convert the partial pressure of gas in liquid phase to conc of gas in liquid phase. solubility used to describe tendence of a gas to equilibrate with a solution
Cx = Px * solubility

41
Q

variable bypass vaporizers

A

consist of the conc control dial, bypass chamber, vaporizing chamber, filler port, filler cap
splits fresh gas flow into two portions - first (20%) going into vaporizing chamber where it is saturated with the anesthetic vapor and the second portion going to bypass chamber.
gases mix at patient outlet side of vaporizer

42
Q

amount of liquid anesthesitc equations

A

3 * FGF (L/min) * volume % = liquid of volatile anesthetic/hr

43
Q

desflurane vaporizer

A

vapor pressure is 3-4x that of other gases
Tec 6, two independent gas circuits arranged in parallel. fresh gas enters at inlet, passing through a fixed restrictor R1 and exits the vaporizer gas outlet. Vapor circuit arises at desflurane sump which is electrolly heated to 39C above boiling point. Sump is a reservoir for desflurane vapor. Downstream is shutoff valve. Output controlled by adjusting concentration control valve R2 which is variable restrictor. Pressure supplying R1 and R2 are equal and is called working pressure.

44
Q

pharmacologic effect of inhalation agent determined by

A

determined by partial pressure of anesthetic in the brain, at equilibriu,, brain partial pressure = anesthestic pp in arterial blood

45
Q

two variables of alveolar concentration (FA)

A
  1. delivery of agent to lungs
  2. uptake of agent by blood
46
Q

rate of rise of FA increases with ____ rate of anesthestic delivery

A

higher rate

47
Q

rate of rise of FA decreases with ____ degree of anesthetic blood uptake from lungs

A

greater

48
Q

if volatile is not as blood soluble, does increased ventilation help rate of rise

A

No because of minimal blood uptake. FA will rise rapidly irresepective of ventilation

49
Q

Low blood solubility = _____ rate of rise FA

A

faster

50
Q

High blood solubility = _____ rate of rise FA

A

slower, can be helped with increased ventilation

51
Q

higher solubility = _____ rate of blood uptake from lungs

A

higher

52
Q

lower solubility = ____ rate of blood uptake from lungs

A

lower

53
Q

higher cardiac output = ____ induction

A

slower induction. greater volume of blood, perfuses lungs and removes inhaled anesthetic more, increased uptake decreases concentration of anesthetic in lungs, lowers alveolar arterial and prain partial pressure

54
Q

changes in CO affect FA of _____ soluble agents more

A

highly. any significant reduction in CO decreases blood uptake

55
Q

vessel rich group

A

brain, heart, splachnic, liver - less than 10% of body weight, receives 75% of CO. complete equilibrium within 4-8 min

56
Q

muscle group

A

muscle and skin - 50% body weight, 20% CO, responsible for most of uptake beyond 8 min and requires 2-4hr for equilibrium

57
Q

fat group

A

poorly perfused, great affinity for anesthetic

58
Q

factors that enhance FA

A

increased ventilation, decreased CO, low blood solubility

59
Q

blood solubity affect on FA

A

low blood solubility –> increased FA

60
Q

ventilation affect on FA

A

increased ventilation –> increased FA

61
Q

CO affect on FA

A

decreased CO –> increased FA

62
Q

increasing FI _____ rate at which FA approaches FI

A

increases

63
Q

factors that enhance FA increase or decrease rate of rise in FA/FI

A

increase

64
Q

Nitrous oxide affect on CO and SVR

A

crease
also does not inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

65
Q

Nitrous affect on uterine tone and skeletal muscle relaxation

A

no affect

66
Q

nitrous oxide can cause a ___ in volume

A

increase. volume depends on 2 variables - time and inspired concentration

67
Q

Contraindications for nitrous

A

intenstinal obstruction, pneumo, vascular air embolus, COPD, laparoscopy, introcular air, tympanoplasty, pneumocephalus, enotraceal tube cuffs

68
Q

FA/FI ratio rises ____ when CO is doubled

A

rises slower, more so for soluble agents than insoluble agents

69
Q

acoustic impedence is product of what and what

A

density and propagation speed

Basic (8 decks)

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