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Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Who came up with the heliocentric model

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

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2
Q

Who proved the heliocentric model and pioneered observations with telescopes

A

Galileo Galilei

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3
Q

How have we started discovering new planets

A

As telescopes improve scientists have discovered new planets

Copernicus’s model of the universe didn’t include Uranus Neptune or the dwarf planet Pluto because telescopes at the time weren’t good enough to see them

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4
Q

Who was Galileo and what did he do

A

Was an Italian astronomer who worked at a time when all scientists believed the earth was the centre of the universe, using the telescope he discovered Jupiter had four moons
This showed that not everything orbited the earth proving Copernicuss theory correct

This put him into conflict with the church as they believed the geocentric model
He spent a large amount of his life in house arrest as a result

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5
Q

How do we know stuff about stars

A

Analysing the radiation they produce

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6
Q

Ground operated optical telescopes disadvantages

A

They can only be used at night

They cannot be used if the weather is poor or cloudy

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7
Q

telescopes used on earth

A

Optical telescopes
They can only be used at night
They can not be used if the weather is poor or cloudy

Radio telescopes 
Detect radio waves from space 
Very large and expensive 
Can be used in bad weather because radio waves are not blocked by clouds 
Can be used at day and night

X-ray telescopes
Partially blocked by our atmosphere so have to be at high altitudes or flown in balloons

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8
Q

Space telescopes (3)

A

Infrared, X-rays, gamma rays

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9
Q

Positives and negatives about space telescopes

A

Negatives:
They are difficult and expensive to launch and maintain
If anything goes wrong only astronauts can fix them

Positives:
Can operate at both night and day
Can observe the whole night sky
Can monitor other types of radiation like infrared x/rays and gamma rays which are blocked by the earths atmosphere

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10
Q

What is a converging/convex lens

A

A lens which is curved outwards on both sides

This makes light rays come to a point- they converge

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11
Q

What is the focal point

A

The point at which the light rays meet

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12
Q

How do you find the focal length and what is it

A

The focal length is the distance between the centre of the lens and the image

You find the focal length by focusing a distant object on a piece of paper through a lens, keeping the distance of the piece of paper and the lens the same one measures the distance between the two, this is the focal length

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13
Q

What would one use a converging lens for

A

A refracting telescope like galileos

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14
Q

The amount of magnification a refracting telescope using converging lenses has depends on:

A

How curved the surface of the lens is

How close the lenses are placed

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15
Q

What is a real image

A

A real image is the image produced where the light rays are focused

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16
Q

What is a virtual image

A

A virtual image is the image from which the light rays appear to come from but don’t actually come from that image, like a mirror

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17
Q

How can converging images be investigated

A

Converging lenses can be investigated by measuring the distance from the lens to the object in focal lengths

The image can also be measured in focal lengths

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18
Q

Problems with refracting telescopes

A

Some of the light reflects reflects off the lens so the image is very faint

Large lenses are required to improve the magnification this can be difficult to do perfectly

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19
Q

How does a reflecting telescope produce a magnified image

A

The image is formed by reflecting off a curved mirror

It is then magnified by a second mirror

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20
Q

What are waves

A

Waves are vibrations that transfer energy without matter being transferred

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21
Q

What is the substance waves move through known as

A

The medium

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22
Q

What are longitudinal waves

A

The vibrations are along the same direction as the direction of travel

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23
Q

What sort of wave is a p wave and what is it

A

Longitudinal waves produced by earth quakes

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24
Q

What are transverse waves

A

The vibrations of the wave are at right angles to the direction of travel

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25
Q

Give 3 examples of a transverse wave

A 
Light (includes other types of radiation) 
Water waves 
S waves ( a type of seismic wave)
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26
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave

A

The amplitude of a wave is its maximum disturbance from an undisturbed position

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27
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave

A

The wavelength is the measurement between one point on the wave and the same point on the next wave this is usually the crest

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28
Q

What is wave frequency

A

The number of waves going past a point or produced at the source every second

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29
Q

What is the unit of frequency

A

Hertz (hz)

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30
Q

What is the relationship between the angle of incident and the angle of reflection

A

The angle of incident and the angle of reflection are the same

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31
Q

What is the wave that is not reflected called

A

The incident ray

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32
Q

What is the ray that bounces off the surface called

A

The reflective ray

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33
Q

How do rough surfaces react when light hits them

A

They scatter the light but they still follow the rule that the angle of incident is equal to the angle of
reflection on each tiny bit

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34
Q

What is refraction

A

Sound and light waves change speed when they enter a material with a differ ant density this causes a change in direction called refraction

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35
Q

What happens if an incident ray went into a material of different density at 90 degrees

A

The wave slows and it’s wavelength decreases as it enters the material
As the wave exits the change in density the wave speed and wavelength return to normal

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36
Q

Who created the geo centric model

A

Ptolemy

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37
Q

How do you form a light spectrum

A

Using a prism
The light waves are refracted as they enter and leave the prism
The shorter the wavelength of the light the more it is refracted
As a result red light is refracted the least and violet light is refracted the most causing the couler ex light to spread out

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38
Q

Do all the electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through space

A

Yes

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39
Q

Who discovered infrared

A

William Herschel

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40
Q

How did William Herschel discover infrared light

A

He put differsnr coloured filters over his telescope in order to make his observations safer

He noticed differsnr coloured filters produced differsnr amounts of heat

He used a prism do break up the light spectrum and put a thermometer on each colour

He found that the temperature rose as he moved from violet to red

He then measured the temperature of the spectrum where there was no visible light on the red side
The temperature was the highest

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41
Q

Who discovered ultraviolet light

A

Johann Ritter

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42
Q

How did johann Ritter discover ultraviolet

A

Following hershals work Ritter tried to find invisible rays on the violet end of the spectrum

He used silver chloride which turns black when exposed to light
This happened he fastest when exposed to the invisible rays on the violet end of the spectrum

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43
Q

All types of electromagnetic radiation:

A

Are transverse waves

Travel at the same speed in a vacuum

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44
Q

What are the main types of electromagnetic rays in order of frequency and wavelength

A 
Highest at the top: 
Gamma radiation 
X-rays 
Ultraviolet 
Visible light 
Infrared 
Microwaves 
Radio waves
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45
Q

What is the speed of light in a vacuum

A

Approx three hundred million metres per second

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46
Q

What is the danger of microwaves

A

Internal heating to the body

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47
Q

What is the danger of infrared

A

External heat

Causes skin burns

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48
Q

What is the danger of X-rays

A

Is ionising so causes DNA mutations so sometimes cancer
Cell death
Cell damage

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49
Q

Dangers of gamma rays

A

Damage cells
Cause mutations because they are ionising
Cell death

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50
Q

Uses of microwaves

A

Transmit signals like for mobile phones
Transmitters and rescue vets communicate with phones within their range

There is concern that microwaves from phones and masts may damage our health

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51
Q

How do our skins respond to uv light

A

We can not see or feel it but our skin responds to it by turning darker

Darker skin absorbs more ultraviolet light so less of it penetrates our skin to reach deeper tissues

This is good because iv has been shown to cause cancer

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52
Q

What are the three types of uv

A

Uv : c b and a

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53
Q

What are the frequencies of the different types of uv and what are the side effects

A

Uv c: has a high frequency
Causes severe damage to cells

Uv b: causes severe sunburn and cell damage

Uv a: causes weaker effects to uv b

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54
Q

Two uses of radio waves

A

Broadcasting information

Satellite transmissions

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55
Q

Three uses of microwaves

A

Cooking

Communications

Satellite transmissions

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56
Q

Six uses of infrared

A 
Cooking 
Security systems 
TV remote controls 
Optical fibres 
Short range communications 
Thermal imaging
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57
Q

Three uses of visible light

A

Vision
Photography
Illumination

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58
Q

4 uses of uv

A

Security marking
Disinfecting water
Fluorescent lamps
Detecting forged bank notes

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59
Q

Two uses of gamma rays

A

Sterilising food and medical equipment

Detecting of cancer and the treatment of it

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60
Q

In an exam question asking about uses of electromagnetic radiation you should

A

Advantages and disadvantages of each type of electromagnetic radiation

Indicate the precise use and why

Include information about frequency and wavelength

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61
Q

What are the three types of ionising nuclear radiation

A

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

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62
Q

What does ionising radiation do

A

It knocks electrons out of atoms to form charged particles

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63
Q

4 uses of the three types of radiation

A

Detect smoke
Gauge the thickness of paper
Treat cancer
Sterilise medical equipment

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64
Q

What are substances that give out radiation said to be

A

Radioactive

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65
Q

Where does nuclear radiation come from

A

The nucleus of an atom

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66
Q

Which type of radiation is the most penetrating

A

Gamma
It can travel long distances low levels can penetrate paper thin metal and air

High levels can only be stopped by many centimetres of lead or many metres of concrete

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67
Q

Which type of radiation is the least penetrating

A

Alpha

It can be stopped by a piece of paper

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68
Q

How penetrative is beta radiation

A

Can penetrate air and paper

It can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminium

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69
Q

How many galaxies is the universe thought to have

A

Over 1 billion

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70
Q

What does a solar system consist of

A

A star
Planets and dwarf planets in orbit around the star
Satellites (moons) in orbit around the planets
Comets and asteroids in orbit around the sun

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71
Q

How many planets and dwarf planets are thee around the solar system

A

8

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72
Q

What is a single orbit around the sun called for a planet

A

A year

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73
Q

What is the shape of an orbit of a comet

A

An ellipses

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74
Q

What is the shape of an orbit of a planet

A

Very circular

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75
Q

How do astronomers help work out the sizes of planets

A

They use telescopes

Through this they can also work out the distances between them

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76
Q

How many times larger is the distance between one star to another in the galaxy compared to one planet to another

A

Millions of times more

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77
Q

Distance from earth to the sun

A

150,000,000 km

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78
Q

Three examples of space probes and what they did

A

Viking 1 and Viking 2
Landed on Mars in the 70s took photographs and analysed soil samples

Mars global surveyor
Went into orbit around mars in 1997 and mapped the surface in 3d

Spirit and oportunity:
Two robot vehicles that landed on Mars in 2004

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79
Q

Give an example of a space telescope

A

The Hubble space telescope

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80
Q

What is SETI

A

The search for extra terrestrial intelligence programme

It uses radio telescopes for un natural signals coming from space

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81
Q

What do space probes do

A

Space probes photograph planets in search of life

We have photos of channels on mars that May have been crated by flowing water

Landers touch down on planets and take a soil sample which is used to analyse for evidence of life

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82
Q

What is a spectrometer

A

Light can be split into its spectrum of colours using a spectrometer

Different light sources will give Different
Colours through the spectrometer different versions of the colours are called different spectra

For example sunlight will have black lines in the spectra as the atmosphere absorbs some of the suns light

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83
Q

What are the planets in order

A 
Mercury
Venus
Earth 
Mars 
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus 
Neptune 
Pluto
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84
Q

How long ago do scientists think the Big Bang happened

A

13,700 million years ago

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85
Q

What is it called if the universe was to contract

A

The Big Crunch

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86
Q

What does the oscillating theory suggest

A

That this universe is one of many
Some that have existed in the past some that will exist in the future
When the universe contracts in the Big Crunch the theory states that a new universe is created in a new Big Bang

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87
Q

What does the steady state theory state

A

The theory suggests that as the universe expand new matter is created so that the overall appearance of the universe never changes

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88
Q

The birth of a star three steps

A

Stars form from massive clouds of dust and gas in space

Gravity pulls the dust and gas together

As the gas pulls together it gets hot a star forms when it gets hot enough for nuclear reactions to start.

The outward pressure from the expanding hot gases is balanced with the gravity of the star out sun is at this stable phase of life

Gravity pulls smaller clouds of gas and dust together which forms planets in orbit around the star

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89
Q

What type of star is the sun

A

Yellow dwarf

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90
Q

What happens to stars once they start running out of hydrogen as fuel

A

Gravity makes the core of the star smaller and hotter which results in the outer layers expanding they eventually expand so much that the star turns into a red giant

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91
Q

What happens after the red giant star phase if it’s mass is relatively small

A

If it’s mass is relatively small gravity eventually leads to the star contracting to form a red dwarf it fades and changes colour as it cools the matter of a white dwarf is a million times denser than the matter on earth

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92
Q

The two pieces of evidence for the Big Bang theory

A

Red shift

Cosmic microwave background (Cmb) radiation

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93
Q

What is the change in wave frequency relative to an observer due to a moving source called

A

The Doppler effect

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94
Q

How can we know that the sun contains helium

A

There are black lines in the spectrum of light where helium has absorbed light

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95
Q

How do we know red shift is happening

A

The black lines where helium has absorbed light exist on different parts of the light spectrum in other stars compared to the suns ( specifically towards the red end) this shift is a form of the Doppler effect and it’s called red shift

The change in frequency shows us that distant galaxies are moving away from us the further away the galaxy the faster it is moving

This is evidence suggests that matter is moving away from itself which is evidence for an expanding universe

The Big Bang theory states that this started billions of years agog with an explosion

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96
Q

What is cosmic background radiation

A

Microwaves coming from every direction from space

Big Bang theory states that this is energy produced in the beginning of the universe just after the Big Bang and that has been travelling through space ever since

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97
Q

What caused the Big Bang theory to be the accepted theory

A

Red shift is used to explain both steady state and the Big Bang theory but cosmic microwave background radiation only is evidence for the Big Bang theory

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98
Q

What happens to a heavy weight star after the red giant phase

A

It blows apart in a massive explosion called a supernova

Then there is only the central part left behind which forms a neutron star or a black hole if it is heavy enough

Black holes have a large mass and a large gravity even light can’t escape them

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99
Q

What is a nebula

A

A cloud of dust and gas from which a star forms

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100
Q

What does a massive star form when it has used its hydrogen and helium

A

A red super giant

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101
Q

What is the reaction in stars

A

Nuclear fusion between hydrogen to form helium

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102
Q

What happens to a small red giant

A

It contracts to form a white dwarf

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103
Q

What happens to a large medium or super red giant

A

It goes on making nuclear reactions until a large explosion called a supernova happens leaving a neutron star

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104
Q

What happens to a really dense neutron star

A

Collapses to form a black hole

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105
Q

How old is the sun

A

5 billion years

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5
Perfectly
106
Q

Why does the sun seem bigger than other stars

A

Because it’s closer to earth

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107
Q

How far away from centre of the galaxy is the sun

A

Half way

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108
Q

How far away are we from the next galaxy

A

2.5 million light years

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109
Q

How many other galaxies are there

A

One hundred thousand million

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110
Q

Most asteroids are found between which planets

A

Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt

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111
Q

What is the definition of ultrasound

A

Sounds with frequencies above 20,000hz

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112
Q

What is the normal range of human hearing

A

20hz-20khz

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113
Q

How is ultrasound used for imaging

A

Computers are able to produce images by combining many ultrasound reflection readings. This is used in medicine for pre-natal scanning (checking unborn babies)

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114
Q

How is ultrasound used

Three ways

A

Ultrasound for pre natal scanning
Computers are able to produce detailed images by combining many reflection readings

Quality control procedures to check manufactured objects such as railway tracks and oil pipelines for damage of defects. This works by sending ultrasound into the object and if there are any cracks the ultrasound will bounce off and be caught by a detector

Sonar
An ultrasound signal is sent off it bounces off the seabed or a shoal of fish and the echo is detected
The time the wave takes to travel indicates the depth of the sea bed or shoal of fish

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115
Q

What is infra sound

A

Sound below 20hz

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116
Q

How is infra sound detected

A

Using a microphone

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117
Q

Four uses of infrasound

A

Elephants and giraffes use infrasound to communicate
Scientists can track the herds using microphones even if they are hidden in dense forests this helps the conservation and protection of these animals

It can be used to detect volcanic eruptions
As a volcanoes erupts it produces infra sound which can be detected even if the volcanoes is in a remote location a long way away

Scientists can also use infrasound to track the passage of meteors through the atmosphere if a meteor did not burn up and hit a populated area it could cause considerable damage

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118
Q

What are the layers of the earth from the outside in and their properties

A

Crust. relatively thin and rocky

Mantle. Has the properties of a solid but can flow very slowly

Outer core. Made from liquid nickel and iron

Inner cor. Made from solid nickel and iron

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119
Q

Why do plates move on the earth

A

Convection currents in the mantle driven by radioactive decay of elements and heat left from the earths formation

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120
Q

What are seismic waves

A

Shock waves produced by earthquakes

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121
Q

How do we detect seismic waves

A

Seismographs

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122
Q

P waves

Type of wave.
Relative speed compared to s waves.
Can travel through.

A

Longitudinal
Faster
Solids and liquids

123
Q

S waves

Type of wave.

Relative speed.
Can travel through.

A

Transverse

Slower

Solids only

124
Q

Why do seismic waves change direction

A

They can be reflected and refracted at boundaries between the crust mantle and core

125
Q

What is the piece of equipment used to detect seismic waves

A

Seismometer

126
Q

How do scientists work out the epicentre of an earth quake

A

By using three seismometers. They do this by working out where all three distances meet. This whole process is called triangulation

127
Q

How do S waves travel through the earth

A

They move slowly and travel through solids only so they are blocked by the liquid core of the earth

128
Q

How do p waves travel through the earth

A

Longitudinal fast moving. Travel through solids and liquids only

P waves travel through the different states at differ ant speeds so they are refracted at the core when they make a change from solid to liquid

129
Q

Which two things produce doc electricity

A

Batteries

Solar cells

130
Q

What is the image one should see on an oscilloscope for dc current

A

A straight line above 0

131
Q

What is the uk mains supply’s voltage and frequency

A

230 volts
And 50hz

It has a frequency because it is ac so the current changes direction
The frequency shows how many times
A second the current changes direction

132
Q

What does the oscilloscope reading show for an ac current

A

Wavy lines like in a wave diagram

133
Q

What is the process of making an electrical current

A

Induction

We say the current has been induced

134
Q

How to increase and induced current

A

Move the magnet faster
Use a stronger magnet
Increase the number of turns on the coil
Increase the area of the coil

135
Q

How do large generators produce electricity instead of moving a magnet in and out of wire and why

A

They spin a coil in a magnetic field or spin the magnet because it is more efficient

136
Q

Give an example of a small electrical generator

A

A bicycle dynamo

137
Q

What is a generator

A

A device that turns kinetic energy into electrical energy

138
Q

Generators that are turned directly

Three

A

Wind turbines

Hydroelectric turbines

Wave and tidal turbines

139
Q

Steps from which electricity is generated by fossil fuels

Four

A

1 heat is released from the fuel and boils water to make steam

2the steam turns the turbine

3the turbine turns a generator and electricity is produced

4the electricity goes through transformers to produce the correct voltage

140
Q

2 steps in which directly turning generators produce electricity

A

The turbine is turned a generator

Electricity is produced

141
Q

The movement of energy energy through a fossil fuel burning or nuclear power station

A

The energy produced by burning fossil fuels is stored in water as steam

The energy in steam is transferred to movement in a turbine

The movement in the turbine is then transferred to electrical energy

142
Q

Where is useful energy lost in a power station

Three

A

Heat losses to environment largest portion

Used in the power station

Lost in transmission

143
Q

Benefits of renewable energy

Three

A

Their supply is not limited

No fuel costs

They generate far less pollution than fossil fuels

144
Q

Give five renewable energy resources

A

Biomass energy. The energy released from wood for example

Solar energy

Water energy. For example wave machines tidal barrages and hydroelectric power

Geothermal

Wind energy

145
Q

Negatives of wind energy

A

Noisy

Spoil view for people

Electricity generated depends on the strength of wind

No wind no electricity

146
Q

Give 4 non renewable energy sources

A

Fossil fuels. Coal oil natural gas

Nuclear fuels. Uranium

147
Q

Which fossil fuel produces the most carbon dioxide

A

Coal

148
Q

Define the greenhouse effect

A

The absorption of heat by gases in the atmosphere especially carbon dioxide and methane

149
Q

Which fossil fuel generates the least carbon dioxide

A

Natural gas

150
Q

What are three negatives to nuclear power

A

Power stations are expensive to build

Expensive to dismantle old power stations or store radioactive waste

Nuclear waste is a health hazard

151
Q

What is a disadvantage of using a dynamo on a bike

A

When the bike stops the light goes out

152
Q

How much energy is transferred as useful energy to the customer by fossil fuel power stations

A

About a third

153
Q

What does a transformer do

A

Changes the voltage of an ac current

154
Q

What is a transformer that increases the current called

A

A step uv transformer

155
Q

What is a transformer that decreases the power called

A

A step down transformer

156
Q

Where are step down transformers used

A

Mains adapters and rechargers for phones and iPods

157
Q

How does the national grid reduce its energy loss as heat through wires

A

They increase the voltage which reduces the rate of flow ( current) this works because the higher the current the more energy is lost as heat

158
Q

What is the 25,000 volts produced at power stations transformed to

Three

A

400,000v 275,000v 132,000v

159
Q

Why are voltages reduced at towns and villages.

A

Step down transformers are used to reduce voltages because high voltages are dangerous for people living in settlements

160
Q

Why are power lines and sub stations dangerous

A

An electric shock could potentially kill someone who gets too close to the line

161
Q

What is the relationship between the turns on the coils and the voltage

A

Primary voltage/secondary voltage = turns on primary coil/ turns on secondary coil

So

Vp/vs=np/ns

162
Q

How many turns do step up transformers have on their primary coil compared to their secondary coil

A

Have more turns on their secondary coil than on their primary coil

163
Q

How many turns do step down transformers have on their primary coil compared to their secondary coil

A

Have fewer turns on their secondary coil than on their primary

164
Q

At which voltage is energy supplied to to the home

A

230 v

165
Q

What is current measured in

A

Amperes
Amps
A

166
Q

How does one measure amps

A

An ammeter

167
Q

How must an ammeter be connected in a circuit

A

In series with components

168
Q

What is the unit for potential difference

A

Volts

V

169
Q

How do you use a voltmeter in a circuit

How to place it

A

In parallel with the component

170
Q

With which equation can you work out electrical power

A

Power (watt,w)= voltage (volts,v)Xcurrent(ampere,a)

171
Q

What is power

A

A measure of how quickly energy is transferred

172
Q

What is the unit of power

A

The watt

173
Q

What is the equation for power ( not electrical)

A

Power equals energy divided by time

174
Q

What’s the equation for the cost of electricity

A

Cost=power x time x cost of 1 kWh

175
Q

How do you work out pay back time

A

Payback time= cost of energy saving measure/money saved each year

176
Q

Disadvantages to buying an energy saving device

Three

A

Initial cost

Use of extra resources to manufacture the new device

Cost of des postal of old device

177
Q

Two advantages of buying an energy saving device

A

Cost efficiency

Saving energy and resources

178
Q

To remember all the types of energy remember this synonym

A 
Most magnetic
Kids kinetic
Hate heat or thermal 
Learning light 
Gcse gravitational potential. Chemical.     Sound. Electrical.
Energyelastic potential 
Names nuclear
179
Q

What is efficiency

A

The fraction of energy supplied to a device that is transferred to a useful form

180
Q

What is the equation for efficiency

A

(Useful energy transferred/energy supplied) x 100

181
Q

How many forms of energy are there

A

9

182
Q

Which two things produce doc electricity

A

Batteries

Solar cells

183
Q

What is the image one should see on an oscilloscope for dc current

A

A straight line above 0

184
Q

What is the uk mains supply’s voltage and frequency

A

230 volts
And 50hz

It has a frequency because it is ac so the current changes direction
The frequency shows how many times
A second the current changes direction

185
Q

What does the oscilloscope reading show for an ac current

A

Wavy lines like in a wave diagram

186
Q

What is the process of making an electrical current

A

Induction

We say the current has been induced

187
Q

How to increase and induced current

A

Move the magnet faster
Use a stronger magnet
Increase the number of turns on the coil
Increase the area of the coil

188
Q

How do large generators produce electricity instead of moving a magnet in and out of wire and why

A

They spin a coil in a magnetic field or spin the magnet because it is more efficient

189
Q

Give an example of a small electrical generator

A

A bicycle dynamo

190
Q

What is a generator

A

A device that turns kinetic energy into electrical energy

191
Q

Generators that are turned directly

Three

A

Wind turbines

Hydroelectric turbines

Wave and tidal turbines

192
Q

Steps from which electricity is generated by fossil fuels

Four

A

1 heat is released from the fuel and boils water to make steam

2the steam turns the turbine

3the turbine turns a generator and electricity is produced

4the electricity goes through transformers to produce the correct voltage

193
Q

2 steps in which directly turning generators produce electricity

A

The turbine is turned a generator

Electricity is produced

194
Q

The movement of energy energy through a fossil fuel burning or nuclear power station

A

The energy produced by burning fossil fuels is stored in water as steam

The energy in steam is transferred to movement in a turbine

The movement in the turbine is then transferred to electrical energy

195
Q

Where is useful energy lost in a power station

Three

A

Heat losses to environment largest portion

Used in the power station

Lost in transmission

196
Q

Benefits of renewable energy

Three

A

Their supply is not limited

No fuel costs

They generate far less pollution than fossil fuels

197
Q

Give five renewable energy resources

A

Biomass energy. The energy released from wood for example

Solar energy

Water energy. For example wave machines tidal barrages and hydroelectric power

Geothermal

Wind energy

198
Q

Negatives of wind energy

A

Noisy

Spoil view for people

Electricity generated depends on the strength of wind

No wind no electricity

199
Q

Give 4 non renewable energy sources

A

Fossil fuels. Coal oil natural gas

Nuclear fuels. Uranium

200
Q

Which fossil fuel produces the most carbon dioxide

A

Coal

201
Q

Define the greenhouse effect

A

The absorption of heat by gases in the atmosphere especially carbon dioxide and methane

202
Q

Which fossil fuel generates the least carbon dioxide

A

Natural gas

203
Q

What are three negatives to nuclear power

A

Power stations are expensive to build

Expensive to dismantle old power stations or store radioactive waste

Nuclear waste is a health hazard

204
Q

What is a disadvantage of using a dynamo on a bike

A

When the bike stops the light goes out

205
Q

How much energy is transferred as useful energy to the customer by fossil fuel power stations

A

About a third

206
Q

What does a transformer do

A

Changes the voltage of an ac current

207
Q

What is a transformer that increases the current called

A

A step uv transformer

208
Q

What is a transformer that decreases the power called

A

A step down transformer

209
Q

Where are step down transformers used

A

Mains adapters and rechargers for phones and iPods

210
Q

How does the national grid reduce its energy loss as heat through wires

A

They increase the voltage which reduces the rate of flow ( current) this works because the higher the current the more energy is lost as heat

211
Q

What is the 25,000 volts produced at power stations transformed to

Three

A

400,000v 275,000v 132,000v

212
Q

Why are voltages reduced at towns and villages.

A

Step down transformers are used to reduce voltages because high voltages are dangerous for people living in settlements

213
Q

Why are power lines and sub stations dangerous

A

An electric shock could potentially kill someone who gets too close to the line

214
Q

What is the relationship between the turns on the coils and the voltage

A

Primary voltage/secondary voltage = turns on primary coil/ turns on secondary coil

So

Vp/vs=np/ns

215
Q

How many turns do step up transformers have on their primary coil compared to their secondary coil

A

Have more turns on their secondary coil than on their primary coil

216
Q

How many turns do step down transformers have on their primary coil compared to their secondary coil

A

Have fewer turns on their secondary coil than on their primary

217
Q

At which voltage is energy supplied to to the home

A

230 v

218
Q

What is current measured in

A

Amperes
Amps
A

219
Q

How does one measure amps

A

An ammeter

220
Q

How must an ammeter be connected in a circuit

A

In series with components

221
Q

What is the unit for potential difference

A

Volts

V

222
Q

How do you use a voltmeter in a circuit

How to place it

A

In parallel with the component

223
Q

With which equation can you work out electrical power

A

Power (watt,w)= voltage (volts,v)Xcurrent(ampere,a)

224
Q

What is power

A

A measure of how quickly energy is transferred

225
Q

What is the unit of power

A

The watt

226
Q

What is the equation for power ( not electrical)

A

Power equals energy divided by time

227
Q

What’s the equation for the cost of electricity

A

Cost=power x time x cost of 1 kWh

228
Q

How do you work out pay back time

A

Payback time= cost of energy saving measure/money saved each year

229
Q

Disadvantages to buying an energy saving device

Three

A

Initial cost

Use of extra resources to manufacture the new device

Cost of des postal of old device

230
Q

Two advantages of buying an energy saving device

A

Cost efficiency

Saving energy and resources

231
Q

To remember all the types of energy remember this synonym

A 
Most magnetic
Kids kinetic
Hate heat or thermal 
Learning light 
Gcse gravitational potential. Chemical.     Sound. Electrical.
Energyelastic potential 
Names nuclear
232
Q

What is efficiency

A

The fraction of energy supplied to a device that is transferred to a useful form

233
Q

What is the equation for efficiency

A

(Useful energy transferred/energy supplied) x 100

234
Q

How many forms of energy are there

A

9

235
Q

Which two things produce doc electricity

A

Batteries

Solar cells

236
Q

What is the image one should see on an oscilloscope for dc current

A

A straight line above 0

237
Q

What is the uk mains supply’s voltage and frequency

A

230 volts
And 50hz

It has a frequency because it is ac so the current changes direction
The frequency shows how many times
A second the current changes direction

238
Q

What does the oscilloscope reading show for an ac current

A

Wavy lines like in a wave diagram

239
Q

What is the process of making an electrical current

A

Induction

We say the current has been induced

240
Q

How to increase and induced current

A

Move the magnet faster
Use a stronger magnet
Increase the number of turns on the coil
Increase the area of the coil

241
Q

How do large generators produce electricity instead of moving a magnet in and out of wire and why

A

They spin a coil in a magnetic field or spin the magnet because it is more efficient

242
Q

Give an example of a small electrical generator

A

A bicycle dynamo

243
Q

What is a generator

A

A device that turns kinetic energy into electrical energy

244
Q

Generators that are turned directly

Three

A

Wind turbines

Hydroelectric turbines

Wave and tidal turbines

245
Q

Steps from which electricity is generated by fossil fuels

Four

A

1 heat is released from the fuel and boils water to make steam

2the steam turns the turbine

3the turbine turns a generator and electricity is produced

4the electricity goes through transformers to produce the correct voltage

246
Q

2 steps in which directly turning generators produce electricity

A

The turbine is turned a generator

Electricity is produced

247
Q

The movement of energy energy through a fossil fuel burning or nuclear power station

A

The energy produced by burning fossil fuels is stored in water as steam

The energy in steam is transferred to movement in a turbine

The movement in the turbine is then transferred to electrical energy

248
Q

Where is useful energy lost in a power station

Three

A

Heat losses to environment largest portion

Used in the power station

Lost in transmission

249
Q

Benefits of renewable energy

Three

A

Their supply is not limited

No fuel costs

They generate far less pollution than fossil fuels

250
Q

Give five renewable energy resources

A

Biomass energy. The energy released from wood for example

Solar energy

Water energy. For example wave machines tidal barrages and hydroelectric power

Geothermal

Wind energy

251
Q

Negatives of wind energy

A

Noisy

Spoil view for people

Electricity generated depends on the strength of wind

No wind no electricity

252
Q

Give 4 non renewable energy sources

A

Fossil fuels. Coal oil natural gas

Nuclear fuels. Uranium

253
Q

Which fossil fuel produces the most carbon dioxide

A

Coal

254
Q

Define the greenhouse effect

A

The absorption of heat by gases in the atmosphere especially carbon dioxide and methane

255
Q

Which fossil fuel generates the least carbon dioxide

A

Natural gas

256
Q

What are three negatives to nuclear power

A

Power stations are expensive to build

Expensive to dismantle old power stations or store radioactive waste

Nuclear waste is a health hazard

257
Q

What is a disadvantage of using a dynamo on a bike

A

When the bike stops the light goes out

258
Q

How much energy is transferred as useful energy to the customer by fossil fuel power stations

A

About a third

259
Q

What does a transformer do

A

Changes the voltage of an ac current

260
Q

What is a transformer that increases the current called

A

A step uv transformer

261
Q

What is a transformer that decreases the power called

A

A step down transformer

262
Q

Where are step down transformers used

A

Mains adapters and rechargers for phones and iPods

263
Q

How does the national grid reduce its energy loss as heat through wires

A

They increase the voltage which reduces the rate of flow ( current) this works because the higher the current the more energy is lost as heat

264
Q

What is the 25,000 volts produced at power stations transformed to

Three

A

400,000v 275,000v 132,000v

265
Q

Why are voltages reduced at towns and villages.

A

Step down transformers are used to reduce voltages because high voltages are dangerous for people living in settlements

266
Q

Why are power lines and sub stations dangerous

A

An electric shock could potentially kill someone who gets too close to the line

267
Q

What is the relationship between the turns on the coils and the voltage

A

Primary voltage/secondary voltage = turns on primary coil/ turns on secondary coil

So

Vp/vs=np/ns

268
Q

How many turns do step up transformers have on their primary coil compared to their secondary coil

A

Have more turns on their secondary coil than on their primary coil

269
Q

How many turns do step down transformers have on their primary coil compared to their secondary coil

A

Have fewer turns on their secondary coil than on their primary

270
Q

At which voltage is energy supplied to to the home

A

230 v

271
Q

What is current measured in

A

Amperes
Amps
A

272
Q

How does one measure amps

A

An ammeter

273
Q

How must an ammeter be connected in a circuit

A

In series with components

274
Q

What is the unit for potential difference

A

Volts

V

275
Q

How do you use a voltmeter in a circuit

How to place it

A

In parallel with the component

276
Q

With which equation can you work out electrical power

A

Power (watt,w)= voltage (volts,v)Xcurrent(ampere,a)

277
Q

What is power

A

A measure of how quickly energy is transferred

278
Q

What is the unit of power

A

The watt

279
Q

What is the equation for power ( not electrical)

A

Power equals energy divided by time

280
Q

What’s the equation for the cost of electricity

A

Cost=power x time x cost of 1 kWh

281
Q

How do you work out pay back time

A

Payback time= cost of energy saving measure/money saved each year

282
Q

Disadvantages to buying an energy saving device

Three

A

Initial cost

Use of extra resources to manufacture the new device

Cost of des postal of old device

283
Q

Two advantages of buying an energy saving device

A

Cost efficiency

Saving energy and resources

284
Q

To remember all the types of energy remember this synonym

A 
Most magnetic
Kids kinetic
Hate heat or thermal 
Learning light 
Gcse gravitational potential. Chemical.     Sound. Electrical.
Energyelastic potential 
Names nuclear
285
Q

What is efficiency

A

The fraction of energy supplied to a device that is transferred to a useful form

286
Q

What is the equation for efficiency

A

(Useful energy transferred/energy supplied) x 100

287
Q

How many forms of energy are there

A

9

288
Q

Life cycle of a massive star

Five

A

Nebula

Massive star

Red super giant

Supernova

Either neutron star or black hole

289
Q

Life cycle of a normal star

Five

A

Stable stage

Dying star
Red giant

Planetary nebula

White dwarf

Black dwarf

290
Q

What are the two lenses on a refractive telescope called

A

Objective lens
Focus’ the light

Eyepiece lens
Magnifies the light

291
Q

Parts of a reflective lens

A

2 mirrors

1 lens

292
Q

What are the uses of gamma rays

A

To sterilise food and medical equipment

In scanners to detect cancer

To treat cancer

293
Q

Uses of X-rays

Three

A

To look inside objects

In airport security scanners

294
Q

Uses of uv

A

To detect security marks

Inside fluorescent lamps

To detect forged bank notes ( real bank notes have markings which can glow in uv

295
Q

Uses of visible light

A

Allows us to see

Photography

296
Q

Life cycle of a massive star

Five

A

Nebula

Massive star

Red super giant

Supernova

Either neutron star or black hole

297
Q

Life cycle of a normal star

Five

A

Stable stage

Dying star
Red giant

Planetary nebula

White dwarf

Black dwarf

298
Q

What are the two lenses on a refractive telescope called

A

Objective lens
Focus’ the light

Eyepiece lens
Magnifies the light

299
Q

Parts of a reflective lens

A

2 mirrors

1 lens

300
Q

What are the uses of gamma rays

A

To sterilise food and medical equipment

In scanners to detect cancer

To treat cancer

301
Q

Uses of X-rays

Three

A

To look inside objects

In airport security scanners

302
Q

Uses of uv

A

To detect security marks

Inside fluorescent lamps

To detect forged bank notes ( real bank notes have markings which can glow in uv

303
Q

Uses of visible light

A

Allows us to see

Photography

Chem (9 decks)

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