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1
Q

What is a whip like tail called on a bacteria

A

A flagellum

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2
Q

How does a flagellum help bacteria

A

It helps them move

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3
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material controlled the activities of the cell

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4
Q

Function of the cytoplasm

A

Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes

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5
Q

Function I the cell membrane

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

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6
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

Most energy is released through respiration here

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7
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis happens here

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8
Q

What part of cells produce protein

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the function of cell walls

A

Strengthens plant cells

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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12
Q

What does turgid mean in a biology context

A

Enlarged and awoken with water

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13
Q

Which two inventors are credited for creating the first microscope

A

Hand and saccharides Janssen

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14
Q

What was the problem with early microscopes

A

They did not magnify to a great extent

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15
Q

How many times can modern light microscopes magnify

A

1500 times

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16
Q

How many times can an electron microscope magnify

A

Two million times

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17
Q

How has the improvement of microscopes led to scientific discoveries

A

Has allowed scientists to see small things such as cells in much greater detail
As a result our understanding of their function has improved

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18
Q

How can we calculate the length of a magnified object

A

Length of object=length of magnified object/magnification

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19
Q

What are enzymes

A

Large molecules that speed up the chemical reactions inside cells, each type of enzyme does one specific job

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20
Q

What are enzymes

A

Long chains of protein

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21
Q

What are proteins made of

A

Long chains of amino acids

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22
Q

What is aerobic respiration

Where does it take place.

A

Aerobic desperation is our main source of energy

It takes place in the mitochondria

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23
Q

What are mitochondria

What’s in them

Where are they in the body

A

Oval structures with a folded inner membrane

They have a large number of different enzymes inside them. Responsible for different stages of respiration

They are found in large numbers in places like the liver and muscles-places that need a lot of energy

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24
Q

What are enzymes

A

Soluble protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions

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25
Q

What are the compact structures which contain DNA

A

Chromosomes

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26
Q

What is the shape of DNA

A

The double helix

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27
Q

How are the two strands of a DNA double helix held together

A

Hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases

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28
Q

How does a cell make a duplicate copy of each DNA molecule

A

The bonds between the two strands of DNA break. The strands unwind new bases then join each old strand to make two new double helix eps

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29
Q

What are the three steps of the duplication of the old DNA helix

A

DNA spiral unzips

Free nucleotides lock onto bases

Two copies of the original spiral are formed

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30
Q

How do the order of the bases in DNA control protein

A

Each amino acid has its own code of three bases, each time the same three bases are in the genetic code the same amino acid is added to the chain to make a protein

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31
Q

What is the experiment for extracting DNA from cells

A

Peas

Salt water and detergent are added to mashed up peas

This mixture is left at sixty degrees for fifteen minutes

Then filter the mixture

Pour iced ethanol on the filtrate, the DNA will float to the surface

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32
Q

What are the steps in order to the discovery of the DNA molecule

A

Rosalind franklin and Maurice Wilkins studied and photod X-rays of DNA

James Watson and Francis crick worked out the three d structure of the molecule

Everyone except for franklin won Nobel prizes because she died

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33
Q

What was the human genome project

A

A project to find the order of all the three billion base pairs in humans

To develop faster methods for sequencing DNA

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34
Q

When was the human genome sequencing finished

A

Two thousand and one

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35
Q

Why did the human genome project use several people

A

To get an average sequence

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36
Q

Scientists from how many countries collaborated to work on the Hgp

A

18

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37
Q

How is the human genome project useful

A

Improved genetic testing

Location of genes which are linked to encreased chance of inheriting a disease

New gene therapy treatments

New knowledge of how humans have evolved

Personalised medicines

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38
Q

Who invented genetic fingerprinting

A

Sir alleviated Jeffrey’s

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39
Q

How does genetic fingerprinting work

A

It uses small genetic differences to make a picture like a bar code

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40
Q

What are the two differences between cloning and genetic engineering

A

Cloning

Produces exact copy’s

Genes are copied within the same species

Genetic engineering

Ptoduces a unique set of genes

Genes can be swapped across species

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41
Q

How gm works

A

Enzymes cut DNA containing a certain gene from one organism

And join them into a gap in the DNA of another organism

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42
Q

What is an example of genetic modification

A

Bacteria modified to produce insulin

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43
Q

How are bacteria modified to produce insulin

Steps.

A

Restriction enzyme cuts out the gene that produces insulin

Enzyme cuts bacteria plasmid an inserts human insulin gene into the gap

Bacteria produces insulin

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44
Q

Three examples of genetically modified plants and animals to vena fit humans

A

Gm insulin

Golden rice produces extra beta carotene used to make vitamin a

Herbicide resistant crops

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45
Q

Positives of gm insulin

A

Is easier to create high quantities

Less likely to cause an adverse reaction

Overcomes ethical concerns from vegetarians

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46
Q

Negatives of golden rice

A

Fears it will cross breed with wild rice

Worries that gm organisms might harm people

Beta carotene levels aren’t high enough to make a difference

Are expensive

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47
Q

Possible disadvantages to herbicide resistant crops

A

Potential development of herbicide resistant weeds

Loss of biodiversity as fever weeds survive to provide shelter for animals

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48
Q

Who invented the periodic table

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

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49
Q

What are the two types of DNA in bacteria called

A

Plasmid and chromosomal

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50
Q

What’s the benefit of humans being multi cellular

Three

A

Cells can be specialised to do certain things

Groups of cells can function as organs making a more efficient but complex organism

The organism can grow very large

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51
Q

What does it mean if a cell is diploid

A

It has two of each chromosome

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52
Q

What is mitosis

A

The type of cell division used for growth repair and asexual reproduction

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53
Q

What does mitosis produce

A

Two cells that are identical to each other and it’s parent cell

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54
Q

What are the four steps of mitosis

A

Chromosomes in nucleus are copied.

Chromatids pulled apart and moved towards poles

Chromosomes separate

Cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

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55
Q

Why is cell division in multi cellular organisms necessary

A

The larger the cell becomes the smaller it’s surface area to volume ratio becomes. Objects with a small range find it difficult to maintain exchange of materials with their environment. Large cells could run out of oxygen and accumulate too much waste like co2

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56
Q

What is all reproduction in humans

A

Sexual

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57
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

When a cell has half the usual amount of genetic material

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58
Q

What are the cells that combine to form the zygote called

A

Gametes

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59
Q

How many chromosomes do human zygotes contain

A

46

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60
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain

A

23

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61
Q

What is the type of cell division that produces gametes called

A

Meiosis

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62
Q

What is responsible for causing genetic variation

A

Meiosis

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63
Q

What is a gamete

A

A cell with half the normal amount of chromosomes only used for reproduction

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64
Q

What is a zygote

A

Cell formed when two gametes combine

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65
Q

What is fertilisation in reproduction

A

Term to describe the joining of two gametes

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66
Q

What is a haploid

A

Having half the normal amount of chromosomes

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67
Q

Diploid

A

Having the normal amount of chromosomes

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68
Q

What are adaptions to the sperm gamete to help it perform it’s job

A

They have a tail to propel them

Many mitochondria for energy

The front of the sperm contains enzymes to digest the egg membrane

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69
Q

What are adaptions to the egg gamete to help it perform it’s job

A

Has a large food store to support the developing zygote until it can feed from the placenta

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70
Q

7 steps of meiosis

A

Parent cell

Chromosomes make identical copy’s of themselves

Similar chromosomes pair up

Sections of DNA get swapped

Pairs of chromosomes divide

Chromosomes divide

Four genetically different haploid daughter cells produced

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71
Q

Which process of cell division is used in asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

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72
Q

Which plants can do asexual reproduction

A

A potato plant can many tubers which each of which can grow into a new plant

Strawberry and spider plants produce long stems with tiny plants on the end these runners can produce several new plants from one parent

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73
Q

What are the steps of cloning

A

Removal of a diploid nucleus from a body cell

Emu elation of an egg cell (take out the nucleus)

Insertion of diploid nucleus into the emu cleated egg cell

Electrical stimulation of the diploid nucleus to divide by meiosis

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74
Q

What is an example of cloning

A

Dolly the sheep

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75
Q

Ethical issues surrounding cloning

Two

A

Restriction of cloning humans also restricts scientific research

Cloning plants is done all the time and causes the public less ethical and moral concerns

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76
Q

How are cows cloned using embryo transplants

5 steps

A

Sperm is taken from a bull in a high yield dairy herd

Cow is artificially inseminated with sperm

Zygotes develop into embryos in cow and then removed from uterus

Embryos are split into several smaller embryos each of which can grow into a new calf

Embryos are placed into the uteruses of foster mums

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77
Q

How would we go about genetically modifying pigs to grow human organs

A

The pigs would have human genes inserted into their cells so the organs would not be rejected when transplanted into human bodies

Once the insertion of human genes had been done we would clone the pig as this is less hard than inserting human genes

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78
Q

Two disadvantages to cloning

A

If a clone is susceptible to disease or changes in environment then all the clones will be susceptible

It will lead to less variation and less opportunity to create new varieties in the future

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79
Q

Two advantages to cloning

A

All the new organisms are identical- they will all have the desired characteristics

Organisms that are difficult or slow to breed can be reproduced very quickly. Some plants do not produce seeds others lie dormer for a long time

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80
Q

4 things stem cells can be used for

A

Making new brain cells to treat people with Parkinson’s

Rebuilding bones and cartilage

Repairing damaged immune systems

Making replacement heart valves

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81
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

Cloning one of your cells to produce an embryo then taking stem cells from this for your use

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82
Q

What are the six steps to therapeutic cloning

A

Nucleus taken out of human egg cell

Nucleus from patients cell put into the egg cell

Egg cell stimulated to develope into an embryo

Stem cells taken from the embryo

Stem cells grown in a container of warm nutrients

Stem cells treated to grow into required cell types

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83
Q

To enable genes to code for proteins the bases Atgc get to get her in triplets

A

Each protein is made up of large numbers of amino acid molecules

Each triplet of bases codes for an amino acid

Amino acids are made in the order and number dictated by the base triplets

Amino acids join together a long chain to make a protein molecule the number and sequence of amino acids determines which protein results

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84
Q

What is transcription

A

The first part of the process of making protein
It takes place inside the cell nucleus
Transcription involves copying the DNA

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85
Q

What are the steps of transcription

A

The DNA unzips so that both genes are separate one strand is used as a template

Complimentary bases attach to the strand being coded

Thymine base t is not present and a different bace u joins with a in the way that t would have done

This forms a strand of messenger RNA

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86
Q

What replaces t in transcription

A

U

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87
Q

What do ribosome’s do

A

Make protein to be used inside the cell

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88
Q

What takes place in translation

A

This is when the messenger RNA is ‘interpreted’

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89
Q

What are the stages of translation

6

A

The mRNA attaches to a ribosome
The ribosome reads the mRNA

The ribosome decodes the mRNA in groups of three
Base triplets or codons which are complimentary to bases in transfer RNA

The tRNA is specific to an amino acid that collects and returns to the mRNA

Bonds form between the amino acids and polypeptide Is formed

The polypeptide chain folds up and becomes a specific shape forming a protein

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90
Q

What is the part of the enzyme molecule that matches the substrate called

A

The active site

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91
Q

What is the chemical that an enzyme reacts with called

A

The substrate

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92
Q

How fast are enzymes reactions at cold temperatures

A

Slow

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93
Q

Do enzymes reactions speed up as they heat up

A

Up to a point

After the optimum temp has been passed it slows down the reaction speed

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94
Q

What ph do most enzymes work best at

A

Neutral conditions

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95
Q

What is the relationship between substrate concentration and enzyme reaction speed

A

The higher the concentration of substrate the faster the reaction-up to a point

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96
Q

What is it called when enzymes break down due to heat

A

Denaturing

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97
Q

What is the name for the fact enzymes can only do one job due to their shape

A

The lock and key mechanism

98
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur

A

Mitochondria

99
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Gucose+oxygen=>carbon dioxide+water

100
Q

What is the energy made in respiration used for

A

Used to make large molecules from small ones

To allow muscles to contract

To maintain a constant body temp

101
Q

Which way do arteries carrie blood

A

Away from the heart

102
Q

Which way do veins carry blood

A

To the heart

103
Q

What are the tiny blood vessels that are close to the body’s cells called

A

Capillaries

104
Q

In what blood vessel does diffusion occur

A

Capillaries

105
Q

How does the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion have to change during exercise

A

Oxygen and glucose must be delivered to cells more quickly

Waste co2 must be removed more quickly

106
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur

A

When the body can’t get oxygen to the blood quickly enough

107
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose=>lactic acid

108
Q

What are the negatives of anaerobic respiration

A

Energy output is much lower

Lactic acid that forms in muscles cause pain

109
Q

What is the oxygen dept built up after exercise called

A

Excess post exercise oxygen dept

EPOC

110
Q

Why is an oxygen dept built up after exercise

A

It is because glucose is not broken down properly to form carbon dioxide and water some of it is broken down as lactic acid

Panting after exercise provides oxygen to break down the lactic acid

111
Q

Why does an increased heart rate help break down lactic acid

A

It allows lactic acid to be carried away from the blood to the liver where it is broken down

112
Q

Why is blood being carried away from the heart in arteries under pressure

A

Because of the heart contracting

113
Q

What is the name for the high pressure measurement when the heart contracts

A

Systolic pressure

114
Q

What is the name for the lower measurement of pressure between heart beats

A

Diastolic pressure

115
Q

What is plops pressure measured in

A

Millimetres of mercury

mmHg

116
Q

A young healthy person may have a blood pressure of 120 over 70 what does this say about their two types of blood pressure

A

Their diastolic pressure is 70 mmHg

Their systolic pressure is 120mmHg

117
Q

What are the lifestyle factors blood pressure varies by

Five

A 
Diet 
Stress 
Exercise 
Body mass
Alcohol consumption
118
Q

What is the process in which water evaporates in the leaves resulting in more water being drawn up from the roots

A

Transpiration

119
Q

What is the function of leaves

A

Photosynthesis

120
Q

What is the stem like tissue that runs through the centre of leaves called

A

The midrib mid…..rib

Remember that

121
Q

What is the thin green tissue on leaves called

A

The blade

122
Q

What are the small stems that come out of the midrib on leaves called

A

The veins

123
Q

What is an adaption to help leaves absorb more light

A

Large surface area

124
Q

What is an adaption to make the distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into cells short

A

Leaves are thin

125
Q

What is an adaption that makes leaves able to absorb sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals

A

Chlorophyll

126
Q

What is the adaption of leaves to be able to transport water and carbohydrates and to add support

A

Network of veins

127
Q

What is the part that allows leaves to diffuse carbon dioxide into it

A

The stomata

128
Q

What is another name for stomata

A

Epidermis

129
Q

Where are the stomata on leaves

A

Underneath

No waxy layer to block gas flow

130
Q

What are the two cells that surround the stomata called

A

The guard cells

131
Q

What is the palisade layer of cells used for

A

Photosynthesis

132
Q

What is the adaption to help more light to reach the palisade cells

A

The epidermis is thin and transparent

133
Q

What is the adaption to protect the leaves but not block out light

A

Thin cuticle made of wax

134
Q

Leggy is the palisade layer near the surface

A

To absorb more light

135
Q

What is the reason for the sponges layer in leaves

A

It spaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf through the stomata and to encores aw surface area

136
Q

Why do palisade cells contain many chloroplast

A

To absorb all the available light

137
Q

What are the three things that can limit the speed of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity

Carbon dioxide concentration

Temperature

138
Q

How do farmers increase the rate of photosynthesis

A

Burn paraffin lamps to increase co2 levels

Use artificial light so crops can grow beyond daylight

139
Q

How does water get taken out of leaves in transpiration

A

Diffusion

140
Q

Which type of tube is used in transpiration

A

Xylem

141
Q

What makes a constant flow of minerals from roots to leaves

A

Xylem cells make a continuous tube

142
Q

How is transpiration naturally slowed down in plants when they are low on water

A

Wilting

143
Q

How are plants transpiration rates slowed unnaturally

A

Removing leaves through cuttings before they have a chance to grow new roots

144
Q

How does light affect transpiration

A

Increases with light as the stomata open wider to increase carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

145
Q

How does temp affect transpiration

A

It increases the rate as evaporation and diffusion are faster in warm conditions

146
Q

How does wind affect transpiration rate

A

Faster in wind, water vapour is removed more quickly by wind speeding up diffusion

147
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration

A

Slower when humid

The leaf is already surrounded by moist air, diffusion is the movement of a high concentration to a low concentration

148
Q

What does the xylem do

A

Moves water and solutes

149
Q

What does the phloem do

A

Moves good substances from leaves to the rest of the plant

150
Q

Why are the phloem and xylem near the edge of the stem

A

To resist compression and bending forces

151
Q

Why are the phloem and xylem in the centre of the root

A

To resist bending and stretching forces

152
Q

What is the difference in the movement of food or water from flown to xylem

A

Phloem uses translocation xylem uses transpiration

153
Q

What is the difference between the phloem and xylems tubes

A

Xylem columns of dead hollow reinforced cells

Phloem columns of living cells

154
Q

In what process do plants absorb water from the soil

Part of transpiration

A

Osmosis

155
Q

What part of the plant does osmosis

A

Root hair cells

156
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to osmosis

A

They have a large surface area to speed up osmosis

157
Q

What is the word for the movement of the water through the roots to the rest of the plant after osmosis

A

Transportation

158
Q

Why is water used for in plants

Four points

A

Reactant in photo synthesis

Supports leaves and shoots by keeping cells rigid

It cools the leaves by evaporation

Transports dissolved minerals around the plant

159
Q

How are leaves adapted to photosynthesis

Two

A

Large surface area

Have stomata holes for carbon dioxide

160
Q

How do leaves prevent too much water loss

Two

A

A wax cuticle to stop water escaping through the epidermis

Less stomata on their top surface to reduce water loss

161
Q

How are plants in dry conditions stomata adapted

A

They are very small and only at the bottom of the leaf to reduce water loss

162
Q

What happens to guard cells in low light

A

They loss their water to become flaccid causing the stomata to close

Preserves water

163
Q

Why do plants wilt when in contact with sea water

A

Osmosis causes loss of water due to the high solution

164
Q

What is the fact plant cells are hard called

A

Turgid

165
Q

What does turgidity of plants do

A

Supports their weight

166
Q

Why do plants wilt

A

If the plant loses water faster than it can be absorbed it loses turgid pressure and becomes flaccid

167
Q

Define osmosis

A

A movement of a substance from a high concentration area to a low concentration area through a partially permissible membrane

168
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The variety in different species living in an area

169
Q

What are the first two thing a scientist will want to know about a species present

A

Where it is found
Distribution

The number of that organism present
Population

170
Q

How do scientists overcome the fact they can not sample an entire environment in detail

A

They sample a small section or portion

Sampling several small sectors is representative to the whole area

171
Q

What is a pooter

A

A small insect catcher. The breather sucks on the end of a tube and it sucks the insect up

172
Q

What is a sweep net

A

A net used in areas of long grass to catch organisms

Can also be used in ponds

173
Q

What is a pitfall trap

A

Used to catch small crawling insects

Pretty much a cup in a hole with some wood over it

174
Q

What is a quadrate

A

Square frames of a known size use to sample all the plant species in one area

175
Q

What is a light intensity meter

A

A device that measures light intensity

176
Q

What is a ph probe

A

A ph measurer

Sometimes also tests temp

177
Q

What is the order of development from the beginning of life to now

A

Animals now are more developed because we have had more time for evolution

Proven by fossils old to new

178
Q

What are the three things that slow the decaying process helping to preserve tissues

A

Insufficient oxygen eg organism trapped in Amber

Low temp eg organism frozen in a glacier

High soil acidity eg when an animal falls into a peat bog

179
Q

What are some difficulties in tracing the story of evolution

Three

A

Big gaps in fossil records

Soft tissues decay scientists have to guess what animals looked like

Lots of fossils not yet found

180
Q

What is the pentadactyl limb

A

Five fingered

181
Q

Most vertebrates have pentadactyl limbs what does this suggest

A

We all descended from a common ancestor

182
Q

What is a case study for an animal that has lost its pentadactyl limbs

A

A horse

183
Q

What are the three vena fits of being multicellular

A

Cells can be specialised to do specific tasks

Groups of cells can function as organs making a more efficient but complex organism

The organism can grow very large

184
Q

Where does growth mainly occur in plants

A

Shoots

Specialised growth zones like buds

Root tips

185
Q

Where does growth occur in animals

A

New cells can be made by most tissues

186
Q

How does growth occur in plants

A

Size increase often caused by absorbing water into the vacuole

187
Q

How does growth occur in animals

A

Increase in the number of cells

188
Q

Can plant cells differentiate into any cell

A

Yes most can

189
Q

Can animal cells differentiate into any cell

A

No only stem cells can do this

190
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can turn into different tissues

191
Q

How is human growth measured

A

Using percentile graphs

192
Q

What does blood consist of

A

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

193
Q

What does blood plasma do

A

Transports dissolved substances around the body

194
Q

What sort of substances does blood plasma carry around the body

A

Hormones

Nutrients-water. Glucose. Amino acids.
Minerals and vitamins.

Waste substances such as carbon dioxide and urea.

195
Q

What do red blood cells contain to help them carry oxygen

A

Haemoglobin

196
Q

What do platelets do

A

Cause clotting to stop bleeding when blood vessels are cut

197
Q

What is the definition of tissues

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function which work together to perform a particular job

198
Q

Five examples of tissues

A 
Muscle
Lining of the intestine 
Lining of the lungs 
Phloem 
Root hair tissue
199
Q

Give def of an organ

A

A group of different tissues which work together to perform a particular job

200
Q

Give six examples of organs

A 
Heart 
Lung 
Stomach
Brain 
Leaf 
Root
201
Q

HIV def of an organ system

A

A group of fife rant organs which all work together to do a particular job

202
Q

Give six examples of organ systems

A 
Circulatory system
Respiratory system 
Digestive system 
Nervous system 
Reproductive system 
Leaf canopy
203
Q

What is the name for the fact that the blood on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart is kept separate

A

Double circulation

204
Q

What is the aorta

A

The body’s largest artery

Takes oxigen aged blood from the left ventricle to the body

205
Q

What is the pulmonary artery

A

Carries blood from the right vent rival to the lungs

206
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives detoxing instead blood from the body

207
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

208
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps oxigen acted blood into the aorta

209
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery

210
Q

Coronary vessels

A

Supply the heart muscle with its blood supply

211
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

212
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

213
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Valve between left atrium and lady ventricle

214
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

215
Q

Vena cava

A

The largest vein in the body

It carries blood from body back to heart

216
Q

Which seven blood vessels and tubes etc etc does deoxygenated blood flow through

A 
Vena cava 
Right atrium 
Tricuspid 
Right ventricle 
Semilunar 
Pulmonary artery 
Lungs
217
Q

Which seven parts of the body does oxygenated blood flow through

A 
Pulmonary vein 
Left atrium 
Bicuspid
Left vent rival
Semilunar
Aorta
Body
218
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right

A

It has a higher pressure because it pumps

219
Q

What is the problem with narrow rigid arteries

A

Need more pressure to pump blood through them

Increased blood pressure leads to heart problems over time

Cholesterol leads to this a change in diet can solve the problem

220
Q

What are the problems with leaking heart valves

A

Make blood circulation inefficient

Can be replaced in open heart surgery with donor valves or mechanical valves

221
Q

What problems occur due to a faulty pacemaker

A

Irregular beating of the heart causes inefficiency

222
Q

What are the problems associated with mechanical or electrical heart components

A

Rejection by the immune system

Finding a way to reduce the size of the components to fit

Providing a power supply

223
Q

What are the problems with transplants

A

Difficult to find suitable donors with healthy hearts that match the tissue types of patients

People need to take drugs to prevent their immune system rejecting
Encreas end chance of rejection

224
Q

What are the circulatory systems parts and their use

A

The heart is the pump that keeps blood flow going

Arteries carrie blood away from the heart

Veins carry blood to the heart

Capillaries are close to cells they exchange materials with them

225
Q

How is food moved through the digestive system

A

Peristalsis squeezing of longitudinal muscles to move food

226
Q

Which enzyme catalyses starch to augers

A

Amylase

227
Q

Which enzyme catalyses proteins to amino acids

A

Protease

228
Q

Which enzyme catalyses lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

A

Lipase

229
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

The salivary glands

230
Q

Where is protease produced

A

Stomach pan crease and small intestine

231
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

Pancreas and small intestine

232
Q

What are lipids broken into by lipase

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

233
Q

What does bile do

A

Neutralises the food after it has been in the stomach as this helps enzymes work
It also emulsified fats to provide a larger surface area for the lipase to work

234
Q

Where is bile produced

Where is bile stored

A

Produced in liver

Stored by gall bladder

235
Q

Where are digested food molecules absorbed

A

The small intestine

236
Q

How is the small intestine adapted to help absorb food

A

Has a large surface area due to hair like vili

The wall of the small intestine is thin

The wall also contains many capillaries to transport food

237
Q

What do villi do

A

encrease the small intestines surface area and absorb food

238
Q

What is the process in which food goes into the blood stream through villi called

A

Diffusion

239
Q

What do manufacturers claim probiotics do

A

Improve the digestive system

Help defend disease

Reducing allergies

240
Q

What are prebiotics

A

Food for probiotic bacteria

241
Q

In what conditions do the enzymes in the small intestine work best

A

Alkaline

Chem (9 decks)

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