Biology Flashcards
The 7 classification groups in order
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kevin plays clarinet or flute-grotty sound
Why is binomial classification important
You can :
Clearly identify species
Study and conserve soecies
Target conservation efforts
Animalistic characteristics
Multicellular, no cell wall or cloraphil, heterotrophic feeders
What are the 5 kingdoms
Animalia Plantae Fungi Prokariotae Protoctista
Features of fungi
Multicellular, have cell walls, do not have chlorophyll, saprophytic feeders.
Features of protoctista
Unicellular, with a nucleus
Eg amoeba and paramecium
Features of prokaryotes
Unicellular, with no nucleus
Eg bacteria and blue green algae
Define chordates
Animals with a supporting rod running the length of the body
Define mammal
Animals that are warm blooded, have lungs, body hair, produce milk and give birth to live young
Why are viruses not classified as a living organism
It does not show all seven processes of life
When it enters a cell it changes the way a cell works so it can make copies of itself
Classify vertebrates
Animals with a backbone
Fish characteristics
Have: Gills External fertilisation Oviparous Are a poikilotherm
Amphibian characteristics
Have: Some lungs or gills External fertilisation Are oviparous Poikilotherm
Reptile characteristics
Have: Lungs Internal fertilisation Oviparous Poikilotherm
Birds characteristics
Have: Lungs Internal fertilisation Oviparous Homeotherm
Mammals characteristics
Lungs
Internal fertilisation
Viviparous
Homeotherm
The five groups of vertebrates
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
Give example for assigning vertebrates to the right groups being hard
Sharks:
Are fish
Give birth to live young
Use internal fertilisation
How do scientists separate vertebrates into different groups
How the animal takes in oxygen- lungs gills or through skin
Thermoregulation- maintains own temperature ( Homeotherm ) or temperature changes with surroundings ( poikilotherm )
Reproduction- internal or external fertilisation, lay eggs (oviparous) or give birth to live young ( viviparous)
Animal that lays eggs
Oviparous
Animal that gives birth to live young
Viviparous
Define species
Animals that:
Have more characteristics in common than they do with organisms of a differ ant species.
Can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
In which ways is classification sometimes complicated
Variation within species
Hybridisation (closely related species breed to produce offspring that have characteristics of both- the hybrids are often infertile)
Ring species- neighbouring populations of species that may have slightly different characteristics but can still interbreed as part of a chain but the two ends of the chain can’t breed
Define ring species
Neighbouring populations of species that can still interbreed as part of a chain but the two ends of the chain can’t breed
What is a habitat
A place where pants animals and micro organisms live
Polar bears adaptions to live in the arctic
A white appearance as camouflage from prey
Thick layer of fat and fur as insulation against cold
Small surface area to volume ratio to minimise heat loss (small ears)
A greasy coat which sheds water after swimming
How do Pompeii worms survive deep sea hydrothermal vents
Uses a thick layer of bacteria to protect it from the heat
Hiding inside a papery tube to protect it from predators
What is the name of the deep sea worm that resists heat near hydrothermal vents
Pompeii worm
Continuous variation
Human height as an example: height ranges from that of the shortest person in the world to that of the tallest person in the world any height is possible between these variables so it is continuous
3 examples of continuous variation
Height
Weight
Foot length
Discontinuous variation
Blood group, there are only four types of human blood groupe. There are no other possibilities and there are no values in between
3 examples of discontinuous variation are
Gender
Blood group
Eye colour
Investigating variation experiment
If there is a link between the length of a pea pod and the amount of peas in it
Measure the length of a range of pea pods- count the amount of peas in them
Independent variable- length of pea pod Dependant variable- number of peas Control variables: Variety of pea plant Time of year peas are selected
How to make a test reliable
Repeat multiple times
How is variation inherited
Each egg cell and spermatozoa cell only have half the genetic material to pedicel a human being. When these join a new cell is formed with all the genetic information to form an individual.
4 examples of inherited variations
Eye colour
Hair colour
Skin colour
Lobed or loveless ears
Environmental causes for variation
Language and religion
Flower colour in hydrangeas- these flowers produce blue flowers in acidic soil and pink flowers in alkaline soil
Which type of variation is discontinuous variation usually caused by
Inherited variation
Hair colour eye colour ect
Variation
In any population of animals there will always be som differences
Over production
Many organisms produce more offspring than necessary
Struggle for existence
There is competition for survival and resources between many organisms
Those with helpful characteristics likely to survive and breed
Useful characteristics inherited by offspring
Gradual change of the species over time as useful characteristics are passed to offspring
Cells with organelles
Eukaryotes
Support for Darwin’s theory of evolution
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
DNA: scientist can now examine how closely related to species are. By collecting allot of this data scientists can compare the dates with conventional ideas about how organisms have evolved. It showed that this data supported Darwin’s theory
How do scientists validate evidence
Scientific evidence is assessed by the scientific community through:
Scientific journals
The peer review process
Scientific conferences
What is a gene
A gene is a short section of DNA, each gene codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together
What is DNA
Deoxyribose nucleus acid carries the genetic code for all living beings
What is a chromosome
Long DNA molecules
What is an allele
Different versions of the same gene
Is cystic fibrosis dominant or recessive
Recessive
What are the things one can do to aid someone with cystic fibrosis
Daily physiotherapy helps relieve lung congestion which causes respiratory infections
Antibiotics are used to fight infections
Is sickle cell disease dominant or recessive
Recessive
Sickle cell disease Symptoms
Joint pains
Blood clots
Tiredness and being out of breath
What is homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment in the body
What are the 4 things controlled by homeostasis
Blood auger level
Body temperature
The body’s water content
Ion content of the body (salt)
What is the regulation of water in mammals called
Osmoregulation, water is controlled to stop to much water from entering or leaving cells
Water content is controlled (osmoregulation) by water loss from…
The skin by sweating
The lungs when we exhale
The body, in urine produced by the kidneys
What are the 5 steps the body takes to increase water levels in the body
- Hypothalamus detects too little water in the blood
- the pituitary gland releases ADH
- kidneys maintain blood water level
- so less water is lost through urine ( urine is more concentrated)
- blood water level returns to normal
What are the 5 steps the human body takes if there is too much water in it
- the hypothalamus detects too much water in the blood
- the pituitary gland releases less ADH
- kidneys reduce blood water level
- so more water reaches bladder ( urine is more dilute)
- blood water level returns to normal
What is the name of the part of the brain responsible for detecting the amount of water
Hypothalamus
What is the name of the gland that releases ADH
The pituitary gland
What hormone does the pituitary gland release to increase the concentration of urine
ADH
How does the body control the amount of ions (salt) in the body
Sweating
Releasing it through urine produced by the kidneys
What is the name of homeostasis of the body’s temperature
Thermoregulation
Why do we need thermoregulation
High temperatures can cause dehydration heat stroke and death
Low temperatures can cause hypothermia and death if untreated
How does the body conduct thermoregulation 3 ways
The body’s temperature is monitored by the brain, if it detects a difference it sends impulses to your skin….
Hairs on the skin are either raised or layer flat. Tiny muscles in the skin can do either (raise to warm up, lay down to cool down)
If the body is too hot gland under the skin can secrete sweat which uses the body’s thermal energy to evaporate
Blood vessels supplying blood to the skin can either swell or dilate (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) bringing less blood to the skin reduces heat loss as it increases the body’s insulation. The opposite does the opposite
The body can send signals to muscles when it is cold to start shivering which produces heat through muscle fibres friction
What is insulin a target organ
Liver
What is oestrogens target organ
The uterus and ovaries
What is progesterones target organ
The uterus
How can type 1 diabetes be controlled
Monitoring the diet, injecting insulin
What causes type 2 diabetes
A person becoming resistant to insulin it is linked to obesity
How can one control type 2 diabetes
Diet and exercise
What is someone’s bmi (body mass index)
Their weight in kg divided by their height
What is the bmi at which someone is considered obese
30
What is auxin
Plant growth hormone
What are the uses of plant growth hormone (auxin)
Weed killers rooting powder and to control plant ripening
Where is auxin made
The tips of stems and roots
Why and how do we use auxin as a selective weed killer
Selective weed killer uses auxin to make broad leaved plants grow too quickly and die, it does not have an effect on thin leaved plants as they don’t absorb as much
What is a receptor cell
Receptors are a specialised group of cells which can detect changes in the environment called stimuli and turn them into electrical impulses
What is an effector
An example of any part of the body that produces a response to a stimulus
What is a neurone
A nerve cell
What does a sensory neurone do
Carry signals from receptor cells to the spinal cord and brain
What do relay neurones do
Relay neurones carry signals from one part of the central nervous system to another
What do motor neurones do
Carry signals from the central nervous system to effectors
What is the long fiber that carries nerve signals in a nerve cell called
The axon
What are the tiny branches at each end of a nerve cell called
Dendron/dendrite
What is the fatty layer around an axon called and what does it do
It is called the myelin sheath it helps to protect the neurone an allows impulses to travel faster
What is the gap where two nerves meet called
The synapse (singular) synapses plural.
What is the process of nerve signals crossing the synapse in order? (4steps)
- An electrical signal travels along an axon
- this triggers the nerve ending of the neurone to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
- these chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bond to receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neurone
- the receptor molecules on the second neurone bind only to the specific neurotransmitters released by the first neurone. This stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse
What are the chemical messengers that cross the synapse called
Neurotransmitters
How does the iris change in response to dim light 3 steps
Radial muscles of the iris contract circular muscles of the iris relax
More light enters eye through the dilated pupil
How does the iris change in response to bright light
Radial muscles of the iris relax
Circular muscles of the iris contract
Less light enters the contracted pupil
What are the 4 types of drug
Solvents analgesics depressants stimulants
How do stimulants affect the body
They increase the transmission speeds between the synapse by encores sing the amount of neurotransmitters real eased. This causes a heightened heart rate breathing rate and alertness.
What negative effect do stimulants have on the body
They cause highs and extreme lows even depression
This causes addiction because the body needs a constant top up to maintain the effect
Uses for depressants
Used to help people sleep and reduce stress
How do depressants work on the body
They slow down reaction time
How do analgesics ( pain killers) effect the body
They block nerve impulses leading to the part of the brain responsible for perceiving pain or block impulses coming from the part of the body that is painful
4 examples of an analgesic
Aspirin
Paracetamol
Heroin
Morphine
Why is smoking wile pregnant bad for the foetus
It reduces the amount of oxygen available to the growing foetus
Smoking while pregnant leads to an increased risk of
Miscarriage and premature birth
Low weight of babies at birth
What is nicotine and what does it do
It is the addictive substance in tobacco smoke it reaches the brain in twenty seconds and causes a dependency so smokers become addicted
What is haemoglobin
It is the red protein in red blood cells that transports blood around the body
What does carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke cause
It combined with the haemoglobin in red blood cells so reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen
This puts extra strain on the circulatory system and em creases risk of heart disease and stroke
Why are there legal limits to the amount of alcohol that can be in a pilot and drivers blood
It impairs people’s ability to control their vehicles as it increases reaction time and impaired vision
What is the active ingredient in alcohol
Ethanol
Alcohol short term effects
Impaired judgement balance and muscle control
This leads to blurred vision and slurred speech
Vasodilation occurs so the body loses more heat
Long term effects of alcohol
Damage to the liver and brain
The liver removes alcohol from the blood because it is a toxic chemical
Over time this can cause damage to the liver called cirrhosis
A successful transplant has to have
3 points about donor
Around the same age
Similar types of tissue from donor to patient
Similar locations as organs deteriorate quickly
What is a vector
An organism which carries and passes on disease
What is horizontal transmission
Transmission of pathogens along the same generation
Vertical transmission
From mothers to their offspring
How do bacteria make us feel il
Once they are in the body they release toxins
How do viruses reproduce
Viruses can only reproduce in the host cell and they damage the cell when they do this
A virus will get in a cell then make hundreds of thousands of copies of itself then the cell will burst. The virus’s then passed out of the body through the air ways bloodstream or by other routes
Give 2 diseases passed on through vertical transmission
German measles
HIV
How does horizontal transmission occur
Touching
Kissing
Sexual intercourse
Examples of horizontal transmission
Chickinpox glandular fever cold sores
HIV hepatitis b
Bacterial gastroenteritis
Bacterial meningitis
Gonorrhoea syphilis
What is a vehicle borne transmission
An object carrying the disease causing microorganism
Give an example of a viral infection and bacterial infection caused by droplets in the air
Tuberculosis
Colds and flu
Give an example of water vehicle born transmission
Cholera
Polio
Diseases past on by sharp objects
HIV
Tetanus
Food caused disease transmissions
Salmonella
Hepatitis a
What is cilia
Nasal hairs that stop debri and micro organisms getting into the lungs
What are the body’s natural barriers against pathogens
Skin
Nasal hairs mucus and cilia
Tears
Stomachs acid- destroys protein structure of bacterial enzymes this results in the bacteria being unable to carry out its bodily processes
How does the skin stop parthenogenesis
The skin covers the whole body protecting against physical damage infection and dehydration
It’s dry dead outer cells are difficult fire microbes to ornate ate and the sebaceous glands produce oil which helps kill microbes
Which plants have antibacterial defences
Mint
Whitch hazel
Give an example of an anti fungal
Nyasrin treats the fungus candidab albicans
Give five examples of an antibiotic
Penicillin Erythromycin Neomycin Vancomycin Cyprofloxicin
Why is it difficult to develop antivirals
They can damage the body’s cells
How does penicillin work
Breaks down cell walls
How does erythromycin work
Stops protein synthesis
Who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
What is an antiseptic
A chemical that kills bacteria outside the body
Symptoms of Tb ( tuberculosis)
Shortness of breath coughing fever death
4 steps of the development of resistance
Mutations occur in the genes of individual bacteria
Some mutations protect the bacteria from the effects of antibiotic
Bacteria without the mutation die or cannot reproduce with the antibiotic present
The resistant bacteria are able to reproduce without competition from normal bacterial strains
Why are food chains usualy short
Energy is lost at each level of the food chain this is also why there are not that many animals at the top of food chains
How is energy lost at different stages of the food chain
Energy used by respiration is used for movement and other life processes and is eventually lost to the environment as heat
Energy is lost as waist products like faeces
What percentage of energy is left in the next level of a food chain
10%
What is biomass
Biomass means the mass of living material at a stage in a good chain. The biomass goes down as you go up the food chain like the energy
Give three examples of
Fleas- suck hosts blood
Tapeworm- lives inside the animals gut absorbing its food
Head lice- bite humans in order to feed off their blood
Mistletoe- roots grow into the veins of the host tree to absorb nutrients and minerals
Give the definition of a parasite
Parasites are organisms that live on or in a host organism
The parasite benefits from this arrangement but the host suffers
What are the side effects of having a tape worm
Weight loss diarrhoea and vomiting
Mutualism
When an organism relies on the presence of another animal and they both benefit each other
Give 4 mutualistic organisms
Oxpeckers- eat ticks and larvae infesting the skin of buffalo and other large animals
For this reason they are called a cleaner species
Lichens- are formed by algae and fungi living together algae can photosynthesise and produce food which is shared by the fungus the fungus in tern shelters the algae
Cleaner fish- these feed of the dead skin and parasites of larger fish such as sharks this gives them food and keeps the sharks clean
Chemo synthetic bacteria in deep sea vents- these use chemicals from tube worms in order to get substances to make food in return the tube worms feed off the substances produced by the bacteria
What are leguminous plants
they have colonies of nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules in their roots the blanks gain nitrates from the bacteria and the bacteria gain divers from the plants
What is a cleaner species
They clean other organisms for food this is a mutualistic relationship
What led to the population explosion in humans ten thousand years ago
Agriculture
How are humans putting strain on the global environment
Non renewable energy sources like coal oil and gas are being used up quickly
Raw materials are being used up rapidly
More waste is being produced
More pollution is being caused
Smokes effect on the environment
Deposits soot on buildings and trees causing them damage making it difficult for living creatures to breath
Carbon monoxide a effect on the environment
It is a poisonous gas
Carbon dioxides effect on the environment
It is a green house gas that contributes to global warming
What does soulful dioxide do to the environment
Contributes to acid rain
How do lockers indicate air pollution
Lichens are plants that grow in exposed places like rocks or tree bark
They need to be very good at absorbing nutrients to grow there
Rainwater contains just enough nutrients to keep them alive
Air pollutants especially soulful dioxide dissolved in rain water can damage lichens and prevent them from growing
What sort of air do bushy lichens need to grow
Really clean air
What sort of air do leafy lichens need to survive
Small amounts of pollution
What sort of air do crusty lichens need to grow
More polluted
What is it a sign of if there are no lichens at all
The air is heavily polluted with soulful dioxide
What is it a sign of if there is no black spot fungus on roses
Air pollution with soulful dioxide because it can’t grow in the presence of soulful dioxide
Causes for water pollution
More fossil fuels being burnt for heat and power- sulcus dioxide in the air can dissolve in water to form an acidic solution
More food being grown- nitrate fertilisers are very soluble in water and are easily washed away from fields by rain because nitrates are all soluble they are hates to remove from water
Pesticides used by farmers to kill insects and weed may be washed or blown into water ways
Land being taken over for industry and power
Polluted water indicators
Blood worm
Sludge worm
Clean water indicators
Stonefly larvae
Fresh water shrimp
The five steps of eutrophication
Nutrient load up
Excessive nutrients from phosphates and nitrates are flushed into rivers or lakes by rain water
Plants flourish
These pollutants cause aquatic plant growth of algae duck weed and other plants
Algae blooms oxygen is depleted
Algae blooms preventing sunlight reaching plants the plants die and the oxigen in the water is depleted
Decomposition further depletes oxygen
Dead plants are broken down by decomposes using up even more oxygen in the water
Death of the ecosystem
Oxygen levels reach a point where no life is possible fish and other organisms die
4 recyclable things
Glass
Metal
Paper
Plastic
What helps us achieve sustainable development
Recycling
