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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

The 7 classification groups in order

A 
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species 
Kevin plays clarinet or flute-grotty sound
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2
Q

Why is binomial classification important

A

You can :
Clearly identify species
Study and conserve soecies
Target conservation efforts

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3
Q

Animalistic characteristics

A

Multicellular, no cell wall or cloraphil, heterotrophic feeders

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4
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A 
Animalia
Plantae 
Fungi
Prokariotae 
Protoctista
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5
Q

Features of fungi

A

Multicellular, have cell walls, do not have chlorophyll, saprophytic feeders.

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6
Q

Features of protoctista

A

Unicellular, with a nucleus

Eg amoeba and paramecium

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7
Q

Features of prokaryotes

A

Unicellular, with no nucleus

Eg bacteria and blue green algae

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8
Q

Define chordates

A

Animals with a supporting rod running the length of the body

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9
Q

Define mammal

A

Animals that are warm blooded, have lungs, body hair, produce milk and give birth to live young

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10
Q

Why are viruses not classified as a living organism

A

It does not show all seven processes of life

When it enters a cell it changes the way a cell works so it can make copies of itself

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11
Q

Classify vertebrates

A

Animals with a backbone

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12
Q

Fish characteristics

A 
Have:
Gills
External fertilisation 
Oviparous 
Are a poikilotherm
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13
Q

Amphibian characteristics

A 
Have:
Some lungs or gills 
External fertilisation 
Are oviparous 
Poikilotherm
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14
Q

Reptile characteristics

A 
Have: 
Lungs
Internal fertilisation 
Oviparous
Poikilotherm
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15
Q

Birds characteristics

A 
Have: 
Lungs 
Internal fertilisation 
Oviparous 
Homeotherm
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16
Q

Mammals characteristics

A

Lungs
Internal fertilisation
Viviparous
Homeotherm

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17
Q

The five groups of vertebrates

A 
Fish
Amphibians 
Reptiles 
Birds 
Mammals
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18
Q

Give example for assigning vertebrates to the right groups being hard

A

Sharks:
Are fish
Give birth to live young
Use internal fertilisation

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19
Q

How do scientists separate vertebrates into different groups

A

How the animal takes in oxygen- lungs gills or through skin

Thermoregulation- maintains own temperature ( Homeotherm ) or temperature changes with surroundings ( poikilotherm )

Reproduction- internal or external fertilisation, lay eggs (oviparous) or give birth to live young ( viviparous)

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20
Q

Animal that lays eggs

A

Oviparous

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21
Q

Animal that gives birth to live young

A

Viviparous

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22
Q

Define species

A

Animals that:
Have more characteristics in common than they do with organisms of a differ ant species.

Can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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23
Q

In which ways is classification sometimes complicated

A

Variation within species

Hybridisation (closely related species breed to produce offspring that have characteristics of both- the hybrids are often infertile)

Ring species- neighbouring populations of species that may have slightly different characteristics but can still interbreed as part of a chain but the two ends of the chain can’t breed

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24
Q

Define ring species

A

Neighbouring populations of species that can still interbreed as part of a chain but the two ends of the chain can’t breed

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25
Q

What is a habitat

A

A place where pants animals and micro organisms live

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26
Q

Polar bears adaptions to live in the arctic

A

A white appearance as camouflage from prey

Thick layer of fat and fur as insulation against cold

Small surface area to volume ratio to minimise heat loss (small ears)

A greasy coat which sheds water after swimming

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27
Q

How do Pompeii worms survive deep sea hydrothermal vents

A

Uses a thick layer of bacteria to protect it from the heat

Hiding inside a papery tube to protect it from predators

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28
Q

What is the name of the deep sea worm that resists heat near hydrothermal vents

A

Pompeii worm

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29
Q

Continuous variation

A

Human height as an example: height ranges from that of the shortest person in the world to that of the tallest person in the world any height is possible between these variables so it is continuous

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30
Q

3 examples of continuous variation

A

Height
Weight
Foot length

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31
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

Blood group, there are only four types of human blood groupe. There are no other possibilities and there are no values in between

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32
Q

3 examples of discontinuous variation are

A

Gender
Blood group
Eye colour

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33
Q

Investigating variation experiment

A

If there is a link between the length of a pea pod and the amount of peas in it

Measure the length of a range of pea pods- count the amount of peas in them

Independent variable- length of pea pod 
Dependant variable- number of peas 
Control variables: 
Variety of pea plant 
Time of year peas are selected
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34
Q

How to make a test reliable

A

Repeat multiple times

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35
Q

How is variation inherited

A

Each egg cell and spermatozoa cell only have half the genetic material to pedicel a human being. When these join a new cell is formed with all the genetic information to form an individual.

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36
Q

4 examples of inherited variations

A

Eye colour
Hair colour
Skin colour
Lobed or loveless ears

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37
Q

Environmental causes for variation

A

Language and religion

Flower colour in hydrangeas- these flowers produce blue flowers in acidic soil and pink flowers in alkaline soil

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38
Q

Which type of variation is discontinuous variation usually caused by

A

Inherited variation

Hair colour eye colour ect

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39
Q

Variation

A

In any population of animals there will always be som differences

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40
Q

Over production

A

Many organisms produce more offspring than necessary

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41
Q

Struggle for existence

A

There is competition for survival and resources between many organisms

Those with helpful characteristics likely to survive and breed

Useful characteristics inherited by offspring

Gradual change of the species over time as useful characteristics are passed to offspring

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42
Q

Cells with organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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43
Q

Support for Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

DNA: scientist can now examine how closely related to species are. By collecting allot of this data scientists can compare the dates with conventional ideas about how organisms have evolved. It showed that this data supported Darwin’s theory

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44
Q

How do scientists validate evidence

A

Scientific evidence is assessed by the scientific community through:
Scientific journals
The peer review process
Scientific conferences

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45
Q

What is a gene

A

A gene is a short section of DNA, each gene codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together

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46
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribose nucleus acid carries the genetic code for all living beings

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47
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Long DNA molecules

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48
Q

What is an allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

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49
Q

Is cystic fibrosis dominant or recessive

A

Recessive

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50
Q

What are the things one can do to aid someone with cystic fibrosis

A

Daily physiotherapy helps relieve lung congestion which causes respiratory infections

Antibiotics are used to fight infections

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51
Q

Is sickle cell disease dominant or recessive

A

Recessive

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52
Q

Sickle cell disease Symptoms

A

Joint pains
Blood clots
Tiredness and being out of breath

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53
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment in the body

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54
Q

What are the 4 things controlled by homeostasis

A

Blood auger level
Body temperature
The body’s water content
Ion content of the body (salt)

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55
Q

What is the regulation of water in mammals called

A

Osmoregulation, water is controlled to stop to much water from entering or leaving cells

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56
Q

Water content is controlled (osmoregulation) by water loss from…

A

The skin by sweating
The lungs when we exhale
The body, in urine produced by the kidneys

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57
Q

What are the 5 steps the body takes to increase water levels in the body

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects too little water in the blood
  2. the pituitary gland releases ADH
  3. kidneys maintain blood water level
  4. so less water is lost through urine ( urine is more concentrated)
  5. blood water level returns to normal
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58
Q

What are the 5 steps the human body takes if there is too much water in it

A
  1. the hypothalamus detects too much water in the blood
  2. the pituitary gland releases less ADH
  3. kidneys reduce blood water level
  4. so more water reaches bladder ( urine is more dilute)
  5. blood water level returns to normal
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59
Q

What is the name of the part of the brain responsible for detecting the amount of water

A

Hypothalamus

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60
Q

What is the name of the gland that releases ADH

A

The pituitary gland

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61
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland release to increase the concentration of urine

A

ADH

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62
Q

How does the body control the amount of ions (salt) in the body

A

Sweating

Releasing it through urine produced by the kidneys

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63
Q

What is the name of homeostasis of the body’s temperature

A

Thermoregulation

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64
Q

Why do we need thermoregulation

A

High temperatures can cause dehydration heat stroke and death

Low temperatures can cause hypothermia and death if untreated

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65
Q

How does the body conduct thermoregulation 3 ways

A

The body’s temperature is monitored by the brain, if it detects a difference it sends impulses to your skin….

Hairs on the skin are either raised or layer flat. Tiny muscles in the skin can do either (raise to warm up, lay down to cool down)

If the body is too hot gland under the skin can secrete sweat which uses the body’s thermal energy to evaporate

Blood vessels supplying blood to the skin can either swell or dilate (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) bringing less blood to the skin reduces heat loss as it increases the body’s insulation. The opposite does the opposite

The body can send signals to muscles when it is cold to start shivering which produces heat through muscle fibres friction

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66
Q

What is insulin a target organ

A

Liver

67
Q

What is oestrogens target organ

A

The uterus and ovaries

68
Q

What is progesterones target organ

A

The uterus

69
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled

A

Monitoring the diet, injecting insulin

70
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes

A

A person becoming resistant to insulin it is linked to obesity

71
Q

How can one control type 2 diabetes

A

Diet and exercise

72
Q

What is someone’s bmi (body mass index)

A

Their weight in kg divided by their height

73
Q

What is the bmi at which someone is considered obese

A

30

74
Q

What is auxin

A

Plant growth hormone

75
Q

What are the uses of plant growth hormone (auxin)

A

Weed killers rooting powder and to control plant ripening

76
Q

Where is auxin made

A

The tips of stems and roots

77
Q

Why and how do we use auxin as a selective weed killer

A

Selective weed killer uses auxin to make broad leaved plants grow too quickly and die, it does not have an effect on thin leaved plants as they don’t absorb as much

78
Q

What is a receptor cell

A

Receptors are a specialised group of cells which can detect changes in the environment called stimuli and turn them into electrical impulses

79
Q

What is an effector

A

An example of any part of the body that produces a response to a stimulus

80
Q

What is a neurone

A

A nerve cell

81
Q

What does a sensory neurone do

A

Carry signals from receptor cells to the spinal cord and brain

82
Q

What do relay neurones do

A

Relay neurones carry signals from one part of the central nervous system to another

83
Q

What do motor neurones do

A

Carry signals from the central nervous system to effectors

84
Q

What is the long fiber that carries nerve signals in a nerve cell called

A

The axon

85
Q

What are the tiny branches at each end of a nerve cell called

A

Dendron/dendrite

86
Q

What is the fatty layer around an axon called and what does it do

A

It is called the myelin sheath it helps to protect the neurone an allows impulses to travel faster

87
Q

What is the gap where two nerves meet called

A

The synapse (singular) synapses plural.

88
Q

What is the process of nerve signals crossing the synapse in order? (4steps)

A
  1. An electrical signal travels along an axon
  2. this triggers the nerve ending of the neurone to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
  3. these chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bond to receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neurone
  4. the receptor molecules on the second neurone bind only to the specific neurotransmitters released by the first neurone. This stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse
89
Q

What are the chemical messengers that cross the synapse called

A

Neurotransmitters

90
Q

How does the iris change in response to dim light 3 steps

A

Radial muscles of the iris contract circular muscles of the iris relax
More light enters eye through the dilated pupil

91
Q

How does the iris change in response to bright light

A

Radial muscles of the iris relax
Circular muscles of the iris contract
Less light enters the contracted pupil

92
Q

What are the 4 types of drug

A

Solvents analgesics depressants stimulants

93
Q

How do stimulants affect the body

A

They increase the transmission speeds between the synapse by encores sing the amount of neurotransmitters real eased. This causes a heightened heart rate breathing rate and alertness.

94
Q

What negative effect do stimulants have on the body

A

They cause highs and extreme lows even depression

This causes addiction because the body needs a constant top up to maintain the effect

95
Q

Uses for depressants

A

Used to help people sleep and reduce stress

96
Q

How do depressants work on the body

A

They slow down reaction time

97
Q

How do analgesics ( pain killers) effect the body

A

They block nerve impulses leading to the part of the brain responsible for perceiving pain or block impulses coming from the part of the body that is painful

98
Q

4 examples of an analgesic

A

Aspirin
Paracetamol
Heroin
Morphine

99
Q

Why is smoking wile pregnant bad for the foetus

A

It reduces the amount of oxygen available to the growing foetus

100
Q

Smoking while pregnant leads to an increased risk of

A

Miscarriage and premature birth

Low weight of babies at birth

101
Q

What is nicotine and what does it do

A

It is the addictive substance in tobacco smoke it reaches the brain in twenty seconds and causes a dependency so smokers become addicted

102
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

It is the red protein in red blood cells that transports blood around the body

103
Q

What does carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke cause

A

It combined with the haemoglobin in red blood cells so reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen
This puts extra strain on the circulatory system and em creases risk of heart disease and stroke

104
Q

Why are there legal limits to the amount of alcohol that can be in a pilot and drivers blood

A

It impairs people’s ability to control their vehicles as it increases reaction time and impaired vision

105
Q

What is the active ingredient in alcohol

A

Ethanol

106
Q

Alcohol short term effects

A

Impaired judgement balance and muscle control
This leads to blurred vision and slurred speech
Vasodilation occurs so the body loses more heat

107
Q

Long term effects of alcohol

A

Damage to the liver and brain

The liver removes alcohol from the blood because it is a toxic chemical
Over time this can cause damage to the liver called cirrhosis

108
Q

A successful transplant has to have

3 points about donor

A

Around the same age
Similar types of tissue from donor to patient
Similar locations as organs deteriorate quickly

109
Q

What is a vector

A

An organism which carries and passes on disease

110
Q

What is horizontal transmission

A

Transmission of pathogens along the same generation

111
Q

Vertical transmission

A

From mothers to their offspring

112
Q

How do bacteria make us feel il

A

Once they are in the body they release toxins

113
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

Viruses can only reproduce in the host cell and they damage the cell when they do this
A virus will get in a cell then make hundreds of thousands of copies of itself then the cell will burst. The virus’s then passed out of the body through the air ways bloodstream or by other routes

114
Q

Give 2 diseases passed on through vertical transmission

A

German measles

HIV

115
Q

How does horizontal transmission occur

A

Touching
Kissing
Sexual intercourse

116
Q

Examples of horizontal transmission

A

Chickinpox glandular fever cold sores
HIV hepatitis b

Bacterial gastroenteritis
Bacterial meningitis
Gonorrhoea syphilis

117
Q

What is a vehicle borne transmission

A

An object carrying the disease causing microorganism

118
Q

Give an example of a viral infection and bacterial infection caused by droplets in the air

A

Tuberculosis

Colds and flu

119
Q

Give an example of water vehicle born transmission

A

Cholera

Polio

120
Q

Diseases past on by sharp objects

A

HIV

Tetanus

121
Q

Food caused disease transmissions

A

Salmonella

Hepatitis a

122
Q

What is cilia

A

Nasal hairs that stop debri and micro organisms getting into the lungs

123
Q

What are the body’s natural barriers against pathogens

A

Skin
Nasal hairs mucus and cilia
Tears
Stomachs acid- destroys protein structure of bacterial enzymes this results in the bacteria being unable to carry out its bodily processes

124
Q

How does the skin stop parthenogenesis

A

The skin covers the whole body protecting against physical damage infection and dehydration

It’s dry dead outer cells are difficult fire microbes to ornate ate and the sebaceous glands produce oil which helps kill microbes

125
Q

Which plants have antibacterial defences

A

Mint

Whitch hazel

126
Q

Give an example of an anti fungal

A

Nyasrin treats the fungus candidab albicans

127
Q

Give five examples of an antibiotic

A 
Penicillin 
Erythromycin 
Neomycin
Vancomycin 
Cyprofloxicin
128
Q

Why is it difficult to develop antivirals

A

They can damage the body’s cells

129
Q

How does penicillin work

A

Breaks down cell walls

130
Q

How does erythromycin work

A

Stops protein synthesis

131
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

132
Q

What is an antiseptic

A

A chemical that kills bacteria outside the body

133
Q

Symptoms of Tb ( tuberculosis)

A

Shortness of breath coughing fever death

134
Q

4 steps of the development of resistance

A

Mutations occur in the genes of individual bacteria
Some mutations protect the bacteria from the effects of antibiotic
Bacteria without the mutation die or cannot reproduce with the antibiotic present
The resistant bacteria are able to reproduce without competition from normal bacterial strains

135
Q

Why are food chains usualy short

A

Energy is lost at each level of the food chain this is also why there are not that many animals at the top of food chains

136
Q

How is energy lost at different stages of the food chain

A

Energy used by respiration is used for movement and other life processes and is eventually lost to the environment as heat

Energy is lost as waist products like faeces

137
Q

What percentage of energy is left in the next level of a food chain

A

10%

138
Q

What is biomass

A

Biomass means the mass of living material at a stage in a good chain. The biomass goes down as you go up the food chain like the energy

139
Q

Give three examples of

A

Fleas- suck hosts blood
Tapeworm- lives inside the animals gut absorbing its food
Head lice- bite humans in order to feed off their blood
Mistletoe- roots grow into the veins of the host tree to absorb nutrients and minerals

140
Q

Give the definition of a parasite

A

Parasites are organisms that live on or in a host organism

The parasite benefits from this arrangement but the host suffers

141
Q

What are the side effects of having a tape worm

A

Weight loss diarrhoea and vomiting

142
Q

Mutualism

A

When an organism relies on the presence of another animal and they both benefit each other

143
Q

Give 4 mutualistic organisms

A

Oxpeckers- eat ticks and larvae infesting the skin of buffalo and other large animals
For this reason they are called a cleaner species
Lichens- are formed by algae and fungi living together algae can photosynthesise and produce food which is shared by the fungus the fungus in tern shelters the algae
Cleaner fish- these feed of the dead skin and parasites of larger fish such as sharks this gives them food and keeps the sharks clean
Chemo synthetic bacteria in deep sea vents- these use chemicals from tube worms in order to get substances to make food in return the tube worms feed off the substances produced by the bacteria

144
Q

What are leguminous plants

A

they have colonies of nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules in their roots the blanks gain nitrates from the bacteria and the bacteria gain divers from the plants

145
Q

What is a cleaner species

A

They clean other organisms for food this is a mutualistic relationship

146
Q

What led to the population explosion in humans ten thousand years ago

A

Agriculture

147
Q

How are humans putting strain on the global environment

A

Non renewable energy sources like coal oil and gas are being used up quickly

Raw materials are being used up rapidly

More waste is being produced

More pollution is being caused

148
Q

Smokes effect on the environment

A

Deposits soot on buildings and trees causing them damage making it difficult for living creatures to breath

149
Q

Carbon monoxide a effect on the environment

A

It is a poisonous gas

150
Q

Carbon dioxides effect on the environment

A

It is a green house gas that contributes to global warming

151
Q

What does soulful dioxide do to the environment

A

Contributes to acid rain

152
Q

How do lockers indicate air pollution

A

Lichens are plants that grow in exposed places like rocks or tree bark
They need to be very good at absorbing nutrients to grow there
Rainwater contains just enough nutrients to keep them alive
Air pollutants especially soulful dioxide dissolved in rain water can damage lichens and prevent them from growing

153
Q

What sort of air do bushy lichens need to grow

A

Really clean air

154
Q

What sort of air do leafy lichens need to survive

A

Small amounts of pollution

155
Q

What sort of air do crusty lichens need to grow

A

More polluted

156
Q

What is it a sign of if there are no lichens at all

A

The air is heavily polluted with soulful dioxide

157
Q

What is it a sign of if there is no black spot fungus on roses

A

Air pollution with soulful dioxide because it can’t grow in the presence of soulful dioxide

158
Q

Causes for water pollution

A

More fossil fuels being burnt for heat and power- sulcus dioxide in the air can dissolve in water to form an acidic solution

More food being grown- nitrate fertilisers are very soluble in water and are easily washed away from fields by rain because nitrates are all soluble they are hates to remove from water

Pesticides used by farmers to kill insects and weed may be washed or blown into water ways

Land being taken over for industry and power

159
Q

Polluted water indicators

A

Blood worm

Sludge worm

160
Q

Clean water indicators

A

Stonefly larvae

Fresh water shrimp

161
Q

The five steps of eutrophication

A

Nutrient load up
Excessive nutrients from phosphates and nitrates are flushed into rivers or lakes by rain water

Plants flourish
These pollutants cause aquatic plant growth of algae duck weed and other plants

Algae blooms oxygen is depleted
Algae blooms preventing sunlight reaching plants the plants die and the oxigen in the water is depleted

Decomposition further depletes oxygen
Dead plants are broken down by decomposes using up even more oxygen in the water

Death of the ecosystem
Oxygen levels reach a point where no life is possible fish and other organisms die

162
Q

4 recyclable things

A

Glass
Metal
Paper
Plastic

163
Q

What helps us achieve sustainable development

A

Recycling

Chem (9 decks)

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