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Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Find average acceleration, a =

A

a = Δv / Δt

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2
Q

For a body under constant acceleration, what is velocity: V =

A

V = Vo + at

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3
Q

For a body under constant acceleration, what is change in distance: ΔX =

A

Δx = V₀t + ½at²

Δx = Vavg • time

Δx = (½V₀+V)t
*for this one you can draw a line of initial and final velocity and find the middle value then multiply it by the time to find the distance

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4
Q

For a body under constant acceleration, find V without knowing time:

A

V² = V₀² + 2a (x-x₀)

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5
Q

For a body under constant acceleration, find average velocity;
→
V =

A

→

V = (½V₀+V)

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6
Q

Is weight a vector or scalar quantity? What is the formula for calculating weight?

A

Weight is a vector quantity
Weight = (mass) (gravity)
units: Kg·m/s² = newton

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7
Q

What are the Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?

A

1: A body in motion w/ constant velocity in a straight line path or at rest will remain that way unless a net for acts upon it.
2: Force = Mass x Acceleration = ma
3: To every force there is always an equal and opposite force

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8
Q

What are the formulas for the initial horizontal and vertical velocities of a projectile launched with speed v at an angle of theta to the horizontal?

A

Horizontal velocity = Vcosθ

Vertical velocity = Vsinθ

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9
Q

What does the total horizontal distance, x, traveled by a projectile equal?

A

X = V₀horizontal · time in air

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10
Q

What is the formula for gravitational force?

A

F = Gm₁m₂ / r²

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11
Q

If the distance between two objects doubled, by how much is the force of gravity increased or decreased?

A

The force would decrease by a factor of 4 (2^2)

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12
Q

T/F, A body in translational equalibrium has a net force moving it at a constant velocity?

A

False, a body in translational equilibrium has no net force acting on it.

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13
Q

If a lever arm is halved, by how much does the torque increase or decrease?

A

The torque would decrease by half

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14
Q

What is the formula for calculating torque?

A

τ = rFsinθ (r = the distance between force and axis of rotation)

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15
Q

When calculating torque, which rotation direction is considered positive and which negative?

A

-Counter Clockwise (to the left) is positive and Clockwise (to the right) is negative.

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16
Q

T/F For rotational equilibrium to occur, the sum of all torques acting on a body must be zero?

A
  • True
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17
Q

What is translational motion?

A

-Translational motion is defined as motion in which the position of the object’s center of mass changes as a function of time

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18
Q

A block on an inclined plane, the gravitaional for point in which direction? What about the component of the force which contributes to the blocks motion down a 30° ramp?

A

1) Straight Down to the center of the earth

2) mg Sinθ from which you will be able to calculate acceleration down the incline.
*if there is friction it would be
(mg•Sinθ) - (Ff)
or
(mg•Sinθ) - (μk•Fn)
or
(mgSinθ) - (μk•mgCosθ)

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19
Q

A block on an inclined plane with angle of 30 to the horizontal, what is the normal force of the block?

A

mg Cosθ
*it points strait up with respect to the blocks horizontal plain which is slanted compared to the earths horizontal plane.

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20
Q

What is the formula for the force of static friction?

A

1) fk ≤ μsN

(μs = coefficient of static friction)

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21
Q

What is the formula for the force of kinetic friction?

A

1) fk = μkN

(μk = coefficient of kinetic friction)

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22
Q

What is the formula for centripetal acceleration (for a body in uniform circular motion)? a=

A

☛ a = ν²/r
(acceleration = velocity squared devided by radius)
(m²/s²)/(m) = m²/s²m = m/s²

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23
Q

What is the formula for centripetal force (for a body in uniform circular motion)? F=

A

☛ F = Kg · ac
(mass · centripetal acceleration)
(Kg · mv²/r) = the newton (Kg·m/s²)

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24
Q

T/F For a planet orbiting a star, the centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force?

A

☛ True

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25
Q

What is the formula for work? W =

A

◈ W=(Force · Distance) cosθ = Fdcosθ

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26
Q

What is the unit of work?

A

◈ The unit of work is the Joule (N · m)

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27
Q

What is the formula for power? P =

A

◈ P= W/t
(work / time)
(J/s) = (Kg·m²/s³)

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28
Q

What is the unit of power?

A 
◈ The Watt
		(J/s)
		(N·m / s)
		(Ma · m / s)
		(Kg·m/s²·m/s) = (Kg·m²/s³)
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29
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy? KE =

A

◈ KE = ½mass·velocity²
(½mv²) = (½)(Kg·m²/s²)
*remember that ½ is analogous to dividing by two (Kg·m²/s²)/2

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30
Q

What are the units of kinetic energy? KE =

A

◈ The units of KE are joules

(force · distance)

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31
Q

What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?

A

◈ U = (mass)(gravity)(hieght) = mgh
(Kg·m/s²·m) = Kg·m²/s²
also known as a Joule

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32
Q

What are the units of gravitational potential energy?

A

◈ The units of GPE are Joules : Kg·m²/s²

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33
Q

T/F, The total mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies?

A

◈ True

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34
Q

Is total mechanical energy a constant if the only forces that act on a body are conservative ( E = K + U = constant)

A

◈Yes, E = K + U = constant

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35
Q

What is the change in energy of a system if only conservative forces act upon it?

A

◈If only conservative forces act on a body, then ΔE=0

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36
Q

What is the formula for momentum? p=

A

◈ p = (mass)(velocity) = mv

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37
Q

What is the formula for impulse j? j=

A

◈ j = (force)(time)
j = Ft
j = mv - mv₀ or change in momentum (Δp)

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38
Q

Is Kinetic energy conserved in a completely elastic collision?

A

◈Yes, kinetic energy is conserved in a completely elastic collision

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39
Q

T/F, Net external force must equal zero for conservation of momentum to occur?

A

◈True

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40
Q

What is the formula for the center of mass for two masses, m₁ and m₂, lying along the x-axis at points x₁ and x₂? X=

A

◈ X = (m₁x₁ + m₂x₂) / m₁+m₂

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41
Q

T/F, Momentum is not conserved in an inelastic collision?

A

◈False, momentum is conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions.

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42
Q

What are the temperatures in Kelvin and Celsius for the following?

1. Absolute Zero
2. Freezing point of water
3. Boiling point of water
A

◈1. Absolute zero is 0°K and -273℃
◈2. Freezing (H₂O) is 273°K and O℃
◈3. Boiling (H₂O) is 373°K and 100℃

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43
Q

What is the formula for converting Kelvin to Celsius? Tc =

A

◈ subtract 273

Tc = Tk - 273

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44
Q

What is the formula for thermal expansion of a solid? ΔL =

A

◈ ΔL = αL·ΔT

alpha is the coefficient of linear expansion

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45
Q

What is the formula for volume thermal expansion of a liquid or a solid? ΔV =

A

◈ ΔV = βV·ΔT

beta is the coefficient of volume expansion

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46
Q

What type of heat transfer involves the direct transfer of energy from molecule through molecular collisions?

A

Conduction

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47
Q

What type of heat transfer involves the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves?

A

Radiation

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48
Q

What type of heat transfer involves the physical motion of heated material?

A

Convection

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49
Q

What are the units of heat?

A

◈ The units of heat are the calorie, Btu, or Joule

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50
Q

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?

A

◈ A Calorie is a nutritional term and is equal to 1000 calories.

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51
Q

What is the formula relating heat gained and temperature change? Q=

A

◈ Q = (mass)(specific heat)(ΔT) or mcΔT

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52
Q

What is heat of fusion?

A

◈ Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required for a phase change from solid to liquid

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53
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

◈ Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for a phase change from a liquid to gas.

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54
Q

What is the formula for heat gained or lost during a phase change? Q=

A

◈ Q=(mass)(heat of transformation) = mL

mL?

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55
Q

What is the SI unit of pressure?

A

◈ The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal

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56
Q

What is an isobaric process?

A

◈ An isobaric process is a process done at constant pressure

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57
Q

What is the formula for work (given an isobaric process)? W=

A

◈ P·ΔV

or (pressure)(Δvolume)

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58
Q

What is the formula for the First Law of Thermodynamics? ΔU=

A

◈ ΔU = (heat energy gained) - (work done by a system)

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59
Q

T/F, Heat flow out of a system is (+) and heat flow into a system is (-)

A

◈ False, heat flow out of a system is (-) and heat flow into a system is (+)

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60
Q

What is an adiabatic process?

A

◈ An adiabatic process is one in which no heat flows from the system to its surroundings (or vice versa)

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61
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

◈ The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system will either increase or remain unchanged.

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62
Q

Does a totally reversible process increase the entropy of the universe? What about an irreversible process?

A

◈ A totally reversible process does not increase the entropy of the universe, but an irreversible process does.

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63
Q

What is the equation of density?

A

◈ ρ = (mass)/(volume)

Kg/m³ or g/cm³

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64
Q

What is the density of H20?

A

◈ ρwater = 1000 Kg/m³ or 1g/cm³

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65
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

◈ Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance’s density to the density of water.

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66
Q

What is the formula for calculating pressure?

A

◈ P = Force / Area = F / A

N/m² = (Kg·m/s²) / m² = Kg/s²m

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67
Q

What is the formula for absolute pressure in a liquid?

A

◈ P = (surface pressure) + (ρ)(gravity)(depth)

P= P₀ + ρgh

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68
Q

What is gauge pressure?

A

◈ Gauge pressure is the pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure

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69
Q

T/F, Pascal’s principle states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container

A

◈ True

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70
Q

What is the relationship between the areas and forces when a system is in equilibrium?

A

◈ F₁/A₁ = F₂/A₂

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71
Q

T/F, Both pistons move the same distance when a force is applied to one of them (refer to a picture with two pistons acting parallel to each other with one larger than another)

A

◈ False, the larger piston will move by a smaller distance

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72
Q

What is the formula for buoyant force? Fb =

A

◈ Fb = (density of the fluid)·(gravity)·(volume of the object immersed in the fluid)
Fb = ρgV

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73
Q

Given a pipe of varying cross sections, how do fluid velocity and cross-sectional area relate throughout the pipe?

A

◈ The smaller the cross sectional area, the greater the velocity.

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74
Q

T/F, According to Bernoulli’s Equation, as fluid velocity increases, absolute pressure decreases?

A

◈ True

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75
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Viscosity is the measure of the internal friction of a fluid.

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76
Q

Does the viscosity of a liquid generally increase or decrease as temperature rises?

A

An increase in temperature generally causes the viscosity of a liquid to decrease.

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77
Q

What is the formula for Young’s Modulus? Y=

A

Y = (F/A) / (ΔL/L) = Stress Force / Strain

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78
Q

T/F, Unlike charges attract and like charges repel?

A

True

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79
Q

What is the formula for Coulumb’s Law? F=

A 
F = Kq₁q₂ / r² 
F = (constant)(charge₁)(charge₂) / (distance)²
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80
Q

If the distance between two charged objects is tripled, by how much does the elctrostatic force change?

A

The electric force would decrease by a factor of 9

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81
Q

If the distance between two charged objects is halved, by how much does the electrostatic force change?

A

The electrostatic force would increase by a factor of 4

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82
Q

What is the formula for an electric field at a distance (r) from a charge (q)? E=

A

E = k q/r²

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83
Q

In which direction will an electric field vector point around a positive charge?

A

The field vectors point away from a positive charge

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84
Q

In which direction will an electric field vector point around a negative charge?

A

The field vectors point toward a negative charge.

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85
Q

What is the formula for the force that a charge (q) experiences in an electric field (E)? F =

A

F = qE

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86
Q

What are the units of an electric field?

A

The units of an electric field are: Newtons/Coulomb or Volts/meter

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87
Q

What are the units of voltage?

A

The units of voltage are Volts or Joules/Coulomb

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88
Q

What is the formula for electric potential given a charge (q) at a distance of (r)? V =

A

V = K q/r

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89
Q

What is the potetial difference between two points on an equipotential line?

A

The potential difference is zero.

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90
Q

What is the formula for electrical potential energy? U =

A

U = qV

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91
Q

What happens to a dipole if it is placed in a uniform electric field?

A

The dipole will align with the electric field lines.

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92
Q

How much work is done on a charge if it is moved in a strait path between two equipotential points?

A

No net work is done.

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93
Q

What are the units of a magnetic field?

A

The units of a magnetic field are the Tesla. Sometimes the units given in Gauss: 1 Tesla = 10⁴ Gauss

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94
Q

What is the formula for the force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field? F =

A

F = (charge)(velocity)(magnetic field)(sinθ) = qvBsinθ

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95
Q

What force will a stationary charged particle in a magnetic field experience?

A

A stationary particle will experience no force in a magnetic field

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96
Q

What force will a moving charge experience if it travels parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field?

A

No force will be experienced if the charge moves parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field.

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97
Q

What are the units of current?

A

The units of current are Amperes. 1A = 1 Coulomb / second

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98
Q

What is the formula for current? i =

A

i = Δq/Δt

99
Q

What is the formula for the force on a current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field? F =

A

F = (current)(length)(magnetic field)(sinθ) = iLBsinθ

100
Q

A proton moving in a magnetic field experiences a force towards the top of the page. An electron moving in the same direction as the proton experiences a force in which direction?

A

Towards the bottom of the page.

101
Q

A proton moves towards the top of the page in a region where a magnetic field is directed into the page. What is the direction of the magnetic force?

A

Towards the left

102
Q

A long strait wire carries a current directed towards the top of the page. What is the direction of the magnetic field on the left side of the wire?

A

The field points out of the page

103
Q

What is the formula for the magnetic field created by a long strait wire? B =

A 
B = (permeability of free space)(current) / (2π)(distance from wire)
B = μ₀i / 2π•r
104
Q

A magnetic field is created by a loop of wire. What is the formula for the magnetic field at the center of the loop? B =

A

B = μ₀i / 2r

r is radius

105
Q

T/F, In DC current, the charge flows in one direction only

A

True

106
Q

T/F, In AC current, the charge flows in one direction only.

A

False, in AC current, the flow of charge changes direction periodically.

107
Q

T/F, By convention, the direction of current is the direction in which a negative charge would flow.

A

False, the direction of current is the direction in which a positive charge would flow

108
Q

What is the formula for Ohm’s Law? V =

A

Volts = (current)(resistance) = iR

109
Q

How do the following affect the resistance of a conductor?

  1. Increased length.
  2. Increased cross-sectional area
  3. Increased temperature
  4. Increased resistivity (ρ).
A
  1. As length increases, so does resistance.
  2. As cross-sectional area increases, resistance decreases.
  3. As temperature increases, resistance typically increases.
  4. As resistivity increases so does resistance
110
Q

What is the formula for electrical power? P =

A

P = (current)(voltage) = iV = i²R = V²/R

111
Q

What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in series? Rs =

A

Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + … + Rn

112
Q

What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in parallel? Rp

A

1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + … + 1/Rn

113
Q

What is Kirchoff’s 2nd law?

A

Kirchoff’s 2nd law states that the sum of the voltage drops around a circuit loop equals the sum of the voltage rises around the loop.

114
Q

If 7A of current flow into a three way junction and 3A leave via one of the routes, how much current leaves via the other?

A

7A - 3A = 4A

115
Q

What is the formula for capacitance? C =

A

C = (charge stored on plate) / (potential difference between plates) = Q/V

116
Q

What are the units of capacitance?

A

The units of capacitance are Farads

1 Farad = 1 Coulomb / Volt

117
Q

What is the formula for the electric field between the plates of a capacitor? E =

A

E = (potential difference between plates) / (distance between plates) = V/d

118
Q

T/F, as plate area increases, capacitance increases proportionally

A

True

119
Q

Does the introduction of dielectric material between the plates of a capcitor increase or decrease the capacitance?

A

A dielectric material increases the capacitance. The new capacitance (C’) = CK, where K = dielectric constant.

120
Q

What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitors in series? Cs =

A

1/Cs = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃ + … + 1/Cn

121
Q

What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitor in parallel? Cp =

A

Cp = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ + … + Cn

122
Q

For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Irms?

A

Irms = (Imax) / (√2)

123
Q

For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Vrms?

A

V rms = Vmax / √2

124
Q

What is the formula for Hooke’s Law? F=

A 
F = -(spring constant)(displacement from equilibruim)
F = -kx
125
Q

What are the formulas for angular frequencies of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum (SHM)? ω =

A

ω = √(k/m) for a spring, and ω = √(g/L) for a pendulum

“ωkm ωgl”

126
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy (SHM)? K =

A

K = ½(mass)(velocity)² = ½mv²

127
Q

What is the formula for potential energy (SHM)? U =

A

U = ½ (spring constant)(displacement)² = ½kx²

U = (mass)(gravity)(height) = mgh (pendulum)

128
Q

T/F, For an object in SHM, E = K + U = constant

A

True

129
Q

When is an object’s kinetic energy greatest (SHM) ?

A

Kinetic energy is greatest at the equilibrium point.

130
Q

When is an object’s potential energy greatest (SHM) ?

A

Potential energy is greatest at maximum displacement from equilibrium

131
Q

T/F, for an object in SHM, frequency = 1/period

A

True

132
Q

What are the formulas for the period of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum in SHM? T =

A 
T = 2π √(m/k) 		spring
T = 2π √(L/g)		pendulum
133
Q

Describe particle oscillation in a transverse wave

A

Particles oscillate perpendicular to wave motion in a transverse wave.

134
Q

Describe particle oscillation in a longitudinal wave.

A

Particles oscillate along the direction of wave motion in a longitudinal wave.

135
Q

What is the formula relating the speed of a wave to it frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)? v =

A

v = fλ

136
Q

T/F, a sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 90°

A

False, a sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 180°

137
Q

T/F, the fundamental harmonic has the longest wavelength and thus the smallest frequency of all the harmonics?

A

True

138
Q

T/F, the higher the harmonic, the greater the wavelength?

A

False, the higher the harmonic, the shorter the wavelength.

139
Q

What is a node?

A

A node is a point in a standing wave that remains at rest.

140
Q

What is an anti-node?

A

An anti-node is a point in a standing wave that fluctuates at maximum amplitude.

141
Q

Two waves that are 180° out of phase exhibit which type of interference?

A

Destructive interference

142
Q

Two waves that are 720° out of phase exhibit which type of interference?

A

Constructive interference

143
Q

(T/F) When two waves are out of phase by 180° and interfere with each other, the resulting displacement is always zero?

A

False, the resultant displacement is only zero when the two waves have equal amplitudes

144
Q

What is the formula for sound intensity? I =

A 
I = Power / Area 
I = P/A
145
Q

What is the beat frequency for two frequencies which differ by 4 Hz?

A

4 Hz. This is a trick question - the beat frequency is equal to the difference of the two frequencies.

146
Q

T/F, the observed frequency from a source emitting a sound is higher if the source is moving toward a stationary observer?

A

True

147
Q

T/F, Standing waves in pipes open at both ends have nodes at the ends of the pipes?

A

False, standing waves in pipes open at both ends have antinodes at the ends of the pipe.

148
Q

T/F, Standing waves in strings fixed at both ends have nodes at the ends of the strings?

A

True

149
Q

T/F, higher harmonics of standing waves in open pipes have higher wave speed than lower harmonics?

A

False, the wave speed of all harmonics is the same

150
Q

Which harmonic does each of the following represent?

  1. one end open with one node
  2. both ends open with three noedes
  3. both ends open with one node
  4. both ends open with two nodes
A
  1. 1st harmonic
  2. 3rd harmonic
  3. 1st harmonic
  4. 2nd harmonic
151
Q

What is the speed of an electromagnetic wave (light) in a vacum?

A

The speed of light in a vacuum is 3x10⁸ m/s

152
Q

What type of image do plane mirrors create (real or virtual)?

A

Plane mirrors always create virtual images

153
Q

How are the focal length and radius of curvature related?

A

Focal length = radius of curvature / 2

Focal length = r/2

154
Q

What is the formula relating object distance (o), image distance (i), and focal length (f)?

A

1/o + 1/i = 1/f = 2/r

155
Q

Does a virtual image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance?

A

A virtual image has a negative image distance

156
Q

If an image is in front of a mirror, is it real or virtual?

A

An image that is in front of a mirror is real

157
Q

Does a real image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance?

A

A real image has a positive image distance

158
Q

What is the formula for magnification? m=

A 
m = - (image distance)/(object distance)
m = - i/o
159
Q

T/F, a nagative (-) magnification signifies an upright image?

A

False, a (-) magnification signifies an inverted image and a (+) magnification signifies an upright image.

160
Q

What type of image does a diverging (convex) mirror create?

A

A diverging mirror always creates a virtual upright image.

161
Q

What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?

A

An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging mirror.

162
Q

What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed inside the focal point?

A

An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging mirror

163
Q

Does a convex mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)?

A

A convex mirror has a negative (-) focal length and radius of curvature.

164
Q

Does a concave mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)?

A

A concave mirror has a positive (+) focal length and radius of curvature

165
Q

What is the formula for index of refraction? n =

A

n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium = c/v

166
Q

What is the formula for Snell’s Law?

A

n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂

167
Q

Under what conditions will light undergo total internal reflection?

A

Total internal reflection will occur when light travels from a medium with a higher index of refraction to a medium with a lower index of refraction and with an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.

168
Q

is a perfect oval shaped lense converging or diverging?

A

Converging lens

169
Q

is a lense bowed in on both sides converging or diverging?

A

Diverging lens

170
Q

Does a converging lens have a positive (+) or negative (-) focal length?

A

A converging lens has a positive (+) focal length

171
Q

Does a diverging lens have a postive (+) or negative (-) focal length?

A

A diverging lens has a negative (-) focal length

172
Q

T/F, the “real” side of a lens is the side opposite from which light originates?

A

True

173
Q

What type of image does a diverging lens produce?

A

A diverging lens produces a virtual upright image.

174
Q

What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?

A

An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging lens.

175
Q

What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed inside the focal point

A

An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging lens.
is it magnified?

176
Q

What are the units of power for a lens?

A

Diopters are the units of lens power (when f is measured in meters)

177
Q

What is the formula for calculating lens power? P =

A

P = 1 / f

178
Q

T/F, the splitting of white light in a prism is an example of dispersion?

A

True

179
Q

What is diffraction?

A

Diffraction is the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening

180
Q

T/F, light waves can constructively and/or destructively interfere with each other?

A

True

181
Q

What is polarized light?

A

Polarized light is light in which the electric fields of all the waves are oriented in the same direction

182
Q

Is the energy of a photon dependent on frequency or on amplitude?

A

The energy of a photon is dependent on frequency

183
Q

What is the formula for calculating the energy of a photon? E =

A 
E = (plank's constant)(frequency)
E = hf
184
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted by a metal that is exposed to light of a sufficiently high frequency

185
Q

T/F, photon energy increases when wavelength increases?

A

False. Photon energy decreases as wavelength increases, as seen from the formula E = hc/λ

186
Q

What is the threshold frequency (photoelectric effect)?

A

The threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of light that will cause the emission of an electron

187
Q

T/F, the excess energy of a photon is converted to extra kinetic energy of the emitted electron?

A

True

188
Q

What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy of an emitted electron? K =

A

K = hf - W; (W=hft) where ft is threshold frequency

189
Q

How many electrons will be emitted when using light with a frequency below the threshold frequency?

A

None

190
Q

T/F, the electron volt (eV) is a unit of energy?

A

True

191
Q

What happens to an electron that absorbs a photon?

A

An electron that absorbs a photon will jump to a higher energy level.

192
Q

What happens when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level (orbit)?

A

An electron that jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level will emit a photon whose energy equals the difference in energy between two levels.

193
Q

What is the minium energy level needed to ionize an electron in a state with energy -10 eV

A

10eV, (ionization means producing a free electron and free electrons have energy greater than or equal to zero.)

194
Q

What is a nucleon?

A

A nucleon is a proton or a neutron.

195
Q

What does an atom’s atomic number represent?

A

Atomic number represents the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus.

196
Q

What does an atom’s mass number represent?

A

Mass number represents the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the atoms nucleus.

197
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope is a variant of an atom with the same number or protons but with a different number of neutrons

198
Q

What does an atom’s atomic weight represent?

A

Atomic weight represents the weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element

199
Q

What do “Z” and “A” represent in the folloing isotopic notation: ^A∨Z (X)

A 
Z = atomic number (protons)
A = mass number (protons and neutrons)
200
Q

What is mass defect?

A

Mass defect is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum total of its constituents (nucleons)

201
Q

What formula is used for calculating binding energy?

A 
Energy = (mass defect)(speed of light)²
Energy = Δmc²
202
Q

what is the name of the process for combining smaller nuclei into larger nuclei?

A

Fusion is the combining of smaller nuclei to create larger nuclei

203
Q

What is nuclear fission?

A

Fission is the splitting of atomic nuclei

204
Q

Whayt happens to an atom’s mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when an alpha (α) particle is emitted?

A

A daughter = A parent - 4
Z daughter = Z parent - 2
(α decay reaction) (^A ∨Z) (X) -> ^(A-4) ∨(Z-2) (Y) + α

205
Q

What happens to an atom’s mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes β- decay?

A

A daughter = A parent

Z daughter = Z parent + 1 ^A∨Z X -> ^A∨Z+1 Y + B-

206
Q

What happens to an atom’s mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes B+ (positron) decay?

A

A daughter = A parent

Z daughter = Z parent - 1 ^A∨Z X -> ^A∨Z-1 Y + B+

207
Q

What happens to an atom’s mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes gamma (λ) decay?

A

A daughter = A parent

Z daughter = Z parent ^A∨Z X* -> ^A∨Z X + γ

208
Q

If the half life of an isotope is 2 years, how much of the original isotope will be left after 4 years?

A

25% will be left after two half-lives

209
Q

What is the formula for exponential decay?

A

The formula for exponential decay is n = n₀eˆ(-λt)

210
Q

What are the units (MKS) of each of the following?

  1. Length
  2. Mass
  3. Force
  4. Time
  5. Work & Energy
  6. Power
A
  1. m, meters
  2. Kg, kilograms
  3. N, newton
  4. s, seconds
  5. J, joules
  6. W, watt
211
Q

Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following:

  1. 10^9
  2. 10^6
  3. 10^3
  4. 10^-2
  5. 10^-3
  6. 10^-6
  7. 10^-9
  8. 10^-12
A
  1. G or B, Giga
  2. M, mega
  3. k, kilo
  4. c, centi
  5. m, mili
  6. μ, micro
  7. n, nano
  8. p, pico
212
Q

103 in scientific notation

A

1.03·10²

213
Q

123456 in scientific notation

A

1.23456·10⁵

214
Q

103·10² in scientific notation?

A

1.03·10⁴

215
Q

0.103 · 10ˆ-⁴ in scientific notation?

A

1.03 · 10ˆ-⁵

216
Q

(2 · 10⁶)(9 · 10²) = in scientific notation?

A

1.8 · 10¹¹

217
Q

1 · 10⁴ / 2 · 10⁷ = in scientific notation?

A

5 · 10ˆ-⁴

218
Q

(6x10^3)^2

A

3.6x10^7

219
Q

(3x10^2) + (3x10^3) =

A

3.3x10^3

220
Q

Sinθ =

A

Sinθ = Opposite / Hypotenuse

221
Q

Cosθ =

A

Cos θ = Adjacent / Hypotenuse

222
Q

Tan θ =

A

Tan θ = Opposite / Adjacent

223
Q

Sin 0°

A

Sin 0° = 0

224
Q

Cos 0° =

A

Cos 0° = 1

225
Q

Sin 90° =

A

Sin 90 ° = 1

226
Q

Cos 90° =

A

Cos 90° = 0

227
Q

Sin 30° =

A

Sin 30° = 1/2

Sin 30° = 0.5

228
Q

Cos 30° =

A

Cos 30° = √3/2

Cos 30° = 0.87

229
Q

Sin 60° =

A

Sin 60° = √3/2

Sin 60° = 0.87

230
Q

Cos 60° =

A

Cos 60° = 1/2

Cos 60° = 0.5

231
Q

Sin 45° =

A

Sin 45° = √2/2

Sin 45° = 0.71

232
Q

Cos 45° =

A

Cos 45° = √2/2

Cos 45° = 0.71

233
Q

Sin 180° =

A

Sin 180° = 0

234
Q

Cos 180° =

A

Cos 180° = -1

235
Q

What is the difference between a scalar quantity and vector quantity?

A

A scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction. A vector quantity has magnitude and direction.

236
Q

What are the following, scalar or vector quantities?

  1. Distance, speed and mass
  2. Displacement, velocity, and force
A
  1. Scalar; distance, speed and mass

2. Vector; displacement, velocity and force

237
Q

If a vector A goes east
if a vector B goes north east
if a vector C goes south
What direction would A + B + C vector point?

A

East SouthEast

238
Q

If a vector A goes east
if a vector B goes north east
if a vector C goes south
What direction would A - B + C vector point?

A

South SouthEast

239
Q

If a vector A goes east
if a vector B goes north east
if a vector C goes south
What direction would A - B - C vector point?

A

northeast

240
Q

T/F, the sum of two vectors is the resultant of the vectors?

A

True

241
Q

A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the distance? d =

A

d = 2 + 3 = 5 miles

242
Q

A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the Displacement? Δx =

A

Δx = 2 miles (N) - 3 miles (S) = 1 mile (S)

243
Q

A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the Average Velocity? v =

A

Vavg = Δx / Δt = 1 miles / 1 hour = 1 mile/hour (S)

244
Q

A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour.
What is the Average Speed? Savg =

A

Savg = d / Δt = 5 miles / 1 hour = 5 miles/hour

MCAT Kaplan Flashcards (5 decks)

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