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Organic Chemistry II Flashcards

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2
Q

What are the prefixes for the first 12 alkanes?

A

Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec, undec, dodec.

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3
Q

What are the 5 steps used to name alkanes according to IUPAC rules?

A
  1. Find the longest chain. 2. Number the chain so that the lowerst set of numbers is obtained for the substituents. 3. Name and alphabetize the substituents. 4. Assign a number to each substituent. 5. Complete the name.
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4
Q

In case of an “en-ol”, which carbon recieves the lowers number?

A

The carbon attached to the alcohol group is assigned the lowest number.

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5
Q

What is a diol?

A

A diol is a molecule with two hydroxyl (OH) groups.

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6
Q

T/F, an aldehyde has a carbonyl group somehwere in the middle of a carbon chain?

A

False, in an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain.

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7
Q

T/F, a ketone has the carbonyl group at one end of a carbon chain?

A

False, in a ketone, the carbonyl group is somehere in the middle of the carbon chain.

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8
Q

In the case of an “en-one”, which carbon recieves the lowest number?

A

The carbonyl carbon receives the lowers number.

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9
Q

What type of compound does a -COOH group deonote?

A

The COOH group denotes a carboxylic acid.

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10
Q

What is the common name for methonoic acid?

A

Methanoic acid = formic acid.

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11
Q

What is the common name for ethanoic acid?

A

ethanoic acid = acetic acid

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12
Q

What is the common name for propanoic acid?

A

Propanoic acid = propionic acid

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13
Q

Name RC≡N:

A

Nitrile / Cyanide

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14
Q

Name RSH

A

Thiol

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15
Q

Name R₂S

A

Sulfide.

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16
Q

Name RNO₂

A

Nitro.

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17
Q

Name RN₃

A

Azide.

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18
Q

Name RN₂+

A

Diazo.

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19
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Carboxylic Acid?

A

Carboxy- / -oic acid

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20
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Ester.

A

alkoxycarbonyl- / -oate

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21
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Acyl Halide?

A

halocarbonyl- / -oyl halide

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22
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Amide.

A

amido- / -amide

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23
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Nitrile?

A

cyano- / -nitrile

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24
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Aldehyde?

A

oxo- / -al

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25
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Ketone?

A

oxo- / -one

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26
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Alcohol?

A

hydroxy- / -ol

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27
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Thiol?

A

sulfhydryl- / -thiol

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28
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Amine?

A

amino- / -amine

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29
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Ether?

A

alkoxy- / -ether

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30
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Sulfide?

A

alkylthio- / -sulfide

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31
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Nitro?

A

nitro- / ~

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32
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Azide?

A

azido- / -azide

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33
Q

Name the prefix and suffix for Diazo?

A

diazo- / ~

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34
Q

What is a strctural isomer?

A

Structural isomers have the same chemical formulas, but different atomic connectivity.

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35
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Stereoisomers are compounds that differ only in respect to the spatial arrangement of their atoms.

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36
Q

Order the following conformations of n-butane according to energy elvels (low to high): gauche, anti, eclipsed, totally eclipsed.

A

Anti, gauche, eclipsed, totally eclipsed.

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37
Q

What are the three cyclic hexane conformers?

A

Chair, boat, twisted boat.

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38
Q

Order the three cyclo hexane conformers according to energy levels?

A

Low to High: Chair, twisted boat, boat.

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39
Q

T/F, axial hydrogens are parallel to the ring?

A

False, axial hydrogens are perpendicular to the ring.

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40
Q

T/F, bulky groups prefer the equatorial position over the axial position?

A

True.

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41
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

Geometric isomers are molecules that differ with respect to the spatial relationship of substituents around a double bond.

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42
Q

What is a chiral molecule?

A

A chiral molecule is a molecule that is not superimposable upon its mirror image.

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43
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

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44
Q

T/F, achiral moleules are optically active?

A

False, achiral molecules are optically inactive.

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45
Q

What is a dextrorotatory (+) compound?

A

A dextrorotatory compound rotates polarized light to the right (clockwise)

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46
Q

What is a levoratory (–) compound?

A

A levorotatory compound rotates polarized light to the left (counterclockwise).

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47
Q

What is a racemic micture?

A

A racemic mixture contains equal amounts of both enantiomers.

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48
Q

How many stereoisomers are possible for a molecule with four chiral centers?

A

2^n2^4 = 16

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49
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

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50
Q

What types of molecules are optically active?

A

Chiral molecules are optically active.

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51
Q

What is a meso compound?

A

A meso compound is a molecule that possesses stereocenters but has a plane of symmetry. It is achiral and therefore optically inactive.

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52
Q

What type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons?

A

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

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53
Q

What type of chemical bond involves the transfer of electrons?

A

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.

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54
Q

Which orbital has a spherical shape?

A

”s” orbitals are spherically shaped.

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55
Q

Which orbital has a bi-lobed shape?

A

“p” orbitals are bi-lobed.

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56
Q

T/F, all single bonds are sigma bonds?

A

True.

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57
Q

What type of bond results when two p orbitals overlap?

A

Two overlapping p orbitals form a pi bond.

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58
Q

What are the components of a double bond?

A

A double bond is composed of 1 sigma and 1 pi bond.

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59
Q

What are the components of a tripple bond?

A

A tripple bond is composed of 1 sigma and 2 pi bonds.

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60
Q

T/F, a pi bond can exist without a sigma bond?

A

False, a pi bond cannot exist independently of a sigma bond.

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61
Q

Which type of bond (pi or sigma) is stronger?

A

A sigma bond is generally stronger than a pi bond.

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62
Q

What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in CH4? What are the bond angles?

A

sp^3, 109.5º

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63
Q

What is the bond angle between sp hybridized atoms?

A

180º

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64
Q

What is the bond angle between sp^2 hybridized atoms?

A

120º

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65
Q

What is the general formula of a noncyclic alkane?

A

The general formula of an alkane is (Cn)(H2n)+2

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66
Q

How many other carbons are 1º, 2º, 3º and 4º carbons bonded to?

A

1, 2, 3, and 4 other carbons respectively.

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67
Q

How does increasing molecular weight affect the boiling point and melting point of an alkane?

A

Increased molecular weight results in increased boiling and melting points.

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68
Q

How does increased branching affect the boiling point of an alkane?

A

Increased branching lowers the boiling point.

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69
Q

What are the three steps of a halgenation reaction?

A

The three steps of halogenation are: initiation, propagation, and termination.

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70
Q

Which step of halogenation does the following reaction represent? X₂ ––hv or ∆––➜ 2X●

A

Initiation

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71
Q

Which step of halogenation does the following reaction represent? 2X● ––––➜ X₂

A

Termination.

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72
Q

Which step of halogenation does the following reaction represent? R● + X₂ ––––➜ RX + X●

A

Propagation.

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73
Q

Which step of halogenation does the following reaction represent? X● + R● ––––➜ XR

A

Termination.

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74
Q

Which step of halogenation does the following reaction represent? X● + RH ––––➜ HX + R●

A

Propagation.

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75
Q

Which step of halogenation does the following reaction represent? 2R● ––––➜ R₂

A

Termination.

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76
Q

What is the order of free radical stability?

A

3º > 2º > 1º> methyl.

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77
Q

What type of reaction involves breaking down large alkanes into smaller ones?

A

Pyrolysis or “cracking” uses heat to break down large alkanes into smaller ones.

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78
Q

What are the products of the complete combustion of an alkane?

A

The complete combustion of an alkane produces: CO2, H2O, and heat.

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79
Q

Is a nucleophile electron rich or elctron poor?

A

A nucleophile is electron rich.

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80
Q

All else being equal, how does basicity affect the strength of a nucleophile?

A

The stronger the base, the stronger the nucleophile.

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81
Q

How many steps are involved in an SN1 reaction? What are they?

A

There are two steps in an SN1 reaction:1st, the molecule dissociates into a carbocation and a leaving group.2nd, the nucleophile combines with the carbocation.

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82
Q

What is the order of carbocation stability?

A

3º > 2º > 1º > methyl.

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83
Q

Which step in an SN1 reaction is the rate determining step?

A

The first step, the formation of the carbocation, is the rate determining step.

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84
Q

T/F, the rate of an SN1 reaction is dependent on the concentration of the nucleophile?

A

False, the rate is only dependent on the concentration of the original molecule.

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85
Q

How can SN1 reaction rate be increased?

A

1, stabilize the carbocation by increasing substitution and using a highly polar solvent. 2, use a better leaving group (weak base).

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86
Q

How does basicity affect the nature of a leaving group?

A

The weaker the base, the better the leaving group.

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87
Q

How many steps are invovled in an SN2 reaction?

A

SN2 reactions have one step.

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88
Q

Is the rate of an SN2 reaction dependent on the concentration of the substrate, of the nucleophile, or both?

A

The SN2 reaction rate is dependent on the concentration of both the substrate and the nucleophile.

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89
Q

T/F, SN1 reactions involving a chiral substrate produce an optically active mixture.

A

False, a racemic mixture results during SN1 reactions with an optically active reactant.

90
Q

T/F, SN2 reactions involving a chiral substrate result in an inverted, optically active product.

A

True.

91
Q

Which type of reaction is favored (SN1 or SN2) given the following condition: Polar protic solvent?

A

Polar protic solvents favor SN1.

92
Q

Which type of reaction is favored (SN1 or SN2) given the following condition: Polar aprotic solvent?

A

Polar aprotic solvents favor SN2.

93
Q

Which type of reaction is favored (SN1 or SN2) given the following condition: Methyl or 1º alkyl halide?

A

Methyl or 1º alkyl halides favor SN2.

94
Q

Which type of reaction is favored (SN1 or SN2) given the following condition: 3º alkyl halide?

A

3º alkyl halides favor SN1.

95
Q

T/F, E1 and SN1 reactions are driven by the same factors: Polar solvent, good leaving groups, highly branched chains, etc…?

A

True.

96
Q

Which form of an alkene has a higher melting point (cis or trans)?

A

The trans form of an alkene has a higher melting point due to its symmetry.

97
Q

Which form of an alkene has a higher boiling point (cis or trans)?

A

The cis form of an alkene has a higher boiling point due to its polarity.

98
Q

2, 3- dibromobutane ––base, ∆–––> ???

A

but-2-yne

99
Q

T/F, the reduction of an alkyne on a metal surface (Pd) results in a cis alkene?

A

False. It results in an alkane.

100
Q

T/F, the reduction of an alkyne in Na and NH3 produces a trans alkene?

A

True.

101
Q

Does the electrophilic additionof HBr to an alkyne follow Markovnikov’s rule?

A

Yes, electrophilic addition of Hbr to an alkyne or an alkene follows Markovnikov’s rule.

102
Q

Does the free radical addition of HBr to an alkyne follow Markovnikov’s rule?

A

No, free radical addition of HBr to an alkyne or an alkene does not follow Markovnikov’s rule.

103
Q

Cyclobutene ––––mcpba–––> ???

A

epoxide –(four membered ring still conserved with both 1,2 substituents sharing, or connected by, an oxygen).

104
Q

What is an aromatic compound?

A

An aromatic compound is defined as any unusually stable ring system. Aromatic compounds are:1. Cyclic2. Conjugated polyenes3. Follows Huckel’s rule (4n + 2) pi electrons

105
Q

What is an aliphatic compound?

A

An aliphatic compound is any non-aromatic compound.

106
Q

What is Huckel’s rule?

A

Huckel’s rule states that an aromatic compound has (4n + 2) pi electrons, where n is any non-negative integer.

107
Q

What is an antiaromatic compound?

A

An anti-aromatic compound is a cyclic conjugated polyene with 4n electrons.

108
Q

What is the difference between a phenyl and a benzyl group?

A

A benzene ring acting as a substituent is called a phenyl group(–C6H5). A toluene molecule substituted at the methyl position is called a benzyl group (–CH2C6H5).

109
Q

What is the name of a methyl substituent on a benzene ring?

A

Toluene.

110
Q

What is the common name for a NH2 substituent on a benzene ring?

A

Aniline.

111
Q

What is the common name an OH substituent on a benzene ring?

A

Phenol.

112
Q

Do electron donating groups activate or deactivate an aromatic ring?

A

Electron donating groups activate a ring.

113
Q

How do electron withdrawing groups affect the reactivity of an aromatic ring?

A

Electron withdrawing groups deactivate a ring.

114
Q

Is COOH activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Deactivating / meta

115
Q

Is NR2 activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Activating / o-p

116
Q

Is NH2 activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Activating / o-p

117
Q

Is NO2 activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Deactivating / meta

118
Q

Is F, CL, Br and I, activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Deactivating / o-p

119
Q

Is COOR activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Deactivating / meta

120
Q

Is OR activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Activating / o-p

121
Q

Is SO3H activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Deactivating / meta

122
Q

Is OCOR activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Activating / o-p

123
Q

Is CH3 activating/deactivating and ortho/para directing or meta directing?

A

Activating / o-p

124
Q

T/F, activating compounds are always o-p directors?

A

True.

125
Q

T/F, deactivating compounds are always meta directors.

A

False, halogens are deactivating and are o-p directing.

126
Q

Why do alcohols have a significantly higher boiling point than analogous alkanes?

A

Alcohols can hydrogen bond.

127
Q

T/F, phenols are less acidic than aliphatic alcohols?

A

False, phenols are much more acidic than aliphatic alcohols.

128
Q

What are the three types of reactions used to sythesize alcohols?

A

The three general types of reactions used to prepare alcohols are: addition, substitution, and reduction.

129
Q

Can a teriary alchohol be easily oxidized?

A

No, tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized without cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond.

130
Q

Can ethers hydrogen bond?

A

No, ethers do not hydrogen bond.

131
Q

How does the boiling point of an aldehyde (or ketone) compare with its analgous alkane? alcohol?

A

The boiling point of an aldehyde is higher than that of the corresponding alkane but lower than that of the corresponding alcohol.

132
Q

How is a ketone or an aldeyhde produced from an alcohol?

A

Oxidizing an alcohol will produce the corresponding ketone or aldehyde (i.e., by using PCC, or Na2Cr2O7).

133
Q

How do you produce a ketone or aldehyde from an alkene?

A

Ozonolysis of an alkene will produce corresponding ketones or aldehydes as cleavage products.

134
Q

Which protons relative to a carbonyl group are acidic?

A

Alpha protons relative to a carbonyl group are slightly acidic.

135
Q

What happens when aldehydes or ketones react with water?

A

Aldehydes and ketones react with water to form gem-diols.

136
Q

T/F, a reacttion in which two moleles combine with the the loss of a water molecule is a condensation reaction?

A

True.

137
Q

What would be the product when an acetaldehyde is reacted with dilute NaOH?

A

Aldol.

138
Q

What is the reaction called when an acetaldehyde is reacted with dilute NaOH?

A

Aldol condensation to produce an aldol.

139
Q

How do electron withdrawing groups (–Cl, –NO2) attached to the alpha carbon affect the acidity of a carboxylic acid?

A

Electron withdrawing groups increase acidity.

140
Q

How do electron donating groups (–NH2, –OCH3) attached to the alpha carbon affect the acidity of a carboxylic acid?

A

Electron donating groups decrease acidity.

141
Q

Would you have to oxidize or reduce an aldehyde to create a carboxylic acid?

A

Oxidation of an aldehyde creates a carboxylic acid.

142
Q

What are the common names for the first three strait chain carboxylic acids?

A

The first three carboxylic acids are: Formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid.

143
Q

T/F, alcohols have higher boiling points than carboxylic acids?

A

False, carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than corresponding alcohols.

144
Q

T/F, vacuum distillation can be used to separate liquids with very high boiling points?

A

True.

145
Q

Which separation technique separates compounds based upon their different affinities for a medium?

A

Chromatography separates compounds based on their different affinities for a medium.

146
Q

What is the Rf value in thin layer chromatography (TLC)?

A

The Rf value is the distance a compound travels divided by the distance the solvent travels.

147
Q

Would a compound with a high Rf value be near the top or near the bottom of a TLC plate?

A

A compound with a high Rf value would be near the top of a TLC plate.

148
Q

Which separation technique uses an electric field?

A

Electrophoresis uses an electric field.

149
Q

T/F, isoelectric focusing uses a gel with a pH gradient to separate proteins based on thier isoelectric points?

A

True.

150
Q

SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separates proteins based on what factor?

A

SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separates proteins based on their masses.

151
Q

T/F, agarose gel electrophoresis is used to separate fragments of nucleic acid?

A

True.

152
Q

What type of spectroscopy is useful for identifying functional groups?

A

IR spectroscopy is useful for identifying functional groups. NMR has limited utility in this area.

153
Q

Do symmetrical stretches exhibit an IR abosrption signal?

A

No, symmetrical stretches do no exhibit an IR absorption signal.

154
Q

T/F NMR spectroscopy can be used to identify distinct ^1H protons in a molecule?

A

True.

155
Q

Which purification technique involves a solid turning directly into a gas?

A

Sublimation occurs when a solid turns directly into a gas.

156
Q

Which separation technique takes advantage of a solution containing two or more compounds with different boiling points?

A

Distillation separates based on different boiling points.

157
Q

Which separation technique can be used to separate a mixture of particles with different densities and masses?

A

Centrifugation separates based on mass and density.

158
Q

What separation technique makes use of two immiscible solvents?

A

Extraction makes use of two immiscible solvents.

159
Q

What separation technique can be used to isolate a solid from a liquid?

A

Filtration can be used to isolate a solid from a liquid.

160
Q

T/F, recrystallization is a process in which impure crystals are dissolved in hot solvent and then recrystallize as pure crystals as the solvent cools?

A

True.

161
Q

How many different NMR peaks (doublets, triplets, etc.) would appear if the molecule being analyzed was Ethane?

A

1 singlet.

162
Q

How many different NMR peaks (doublets, triplets, etc.) would appear if the molecule being analyzed was Propane?

A

1 septet (7) and 1 triplet.

163
Q

How many different NMR peaks (doublets, triplets, etc.) would appear if the molecule being analyzed was 1,3-dichloropropane?

A

1 quintet (5) and 1 triplet.

164
Q

How many different types of equivalent protons are there in 1-bromo-2-chloropropane?

A

There are 3 different types of equivalent protons in 1-bromo-2-chloropropane.

165
Q

T/F, NMR can make use of both ^12C and ^13C?

A

False, ^12C has no magnetic moment and, therefore, cannot be used in NMR spectroscopy.

166
Q

What type of spectroscopy is ideal for the study of conjugated olefins?

A

UV-vis spectroscopy is ideal for the study of conjugated olefins.

167
Q

What type of spectroscopy can determine the molecular weight of a compound?

A

Mass spectroscopy determines the molecular weight of a compound?

168
Q

What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?

A

Cn(H2O)m

169
Q

T/F, monosaccharides undergo many of the same reactions as alcohols.

A

True.

170
Q

What is the general formula for calculating the maximum number of possible stereoisomers of a molecule?

A

The general formula is 2^n where n=number of chiral centers.

171
Q

A pyranose has how many members in its ring?

A

A pyranose has a six-member ring.

172
Q

A furanose has how many memebers in its ring?

A

A furanose has a five-member ring.

173
Q

T/F, when converting a Fischer Projection to a Haworth (ring) projection, groups on the right side of a Fischer Projection will be pointing upward?

A

False, groups on the right side of a Fischer Projection end up pointing downward in a Haworth Projection.

174
Q

What monosaccharides make up a molecule of maltose?

A

Maltose is composed of two molecules of glucose.

175
Q

Does cellulose contain β-1,4 glycosidic bonds or α-1,4 glycosidic bonds?

A

Cellulose contains β-1,4 glycosidic bonds.

176
Q

Do starch and glycogen contain β-1,4 glycosidic bonds or α-1,4 glycosidic bonds?

A

Starch and glycogen contain α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.

177
Q

What is mutarotation?

A

Mutarotation is the spontaneous change of configuration about C1 that occurs when monosaccharides are exposed to water.

178
Q

T/F, glucose is an aldohexose?

A

True.

179
Q

T/F, fructose is an aldopentose?

A

False, fructose is a ketohexose.

180
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A reducing sugar is any monosaccharide with a hemi-acetal ring.

181
Q

T/F, the alpha carbon in chiral in all amino acids?

A

False, glycine’s alpha carbon has 2 hydrogens and is therefore not chiral.

182
Q

What is a zwitterion?

A

A zwitterion is a species with both a positive and a negative charge.

183
Q

Define amphorteric.

A

An amphoteric species can act as either a base or an acid.

184
Q

In what direction will an amino acid with a neutral side chain move during electrophoresis at pH 4, if the pI of the amino acid is 7?

A

The amino acid will have a net positive charge and, therefore, move towards the cathode.

185
Q

In what direction will an amino acid with a neutral side chain move during electrophoresis at pH 4, if the pI of the amino acid is 3?

A

The amino acid will have a net negative charge and, therefore, move towards the anode.

186
Q

In what direction will an amino acid with a neutral side chain move during electrophoresis at pH 4, if the pI of the amino acid is 4?

A

The amino acid is at its isoelectric point and will not move.

187
Q

T/F, the buffering capacity of an amino acid is greatest at its isoelectric point?

A

False, the buffering capacity of an amino acid is least at its isoelectric point. It is greatest at its two or more pKa’s.

188
Q

Where are non-polar amino acids usually found in a protein and why?

A

Non-polar amino acids are usually found in the interior of a protein because they are hydrophobic.

189
Q

Where are polar amino acids usually found in a protein?

A

Polar amino acids are usually found on the exterior of a protein.

190
Q

What is the net charge of an acidic amino acid at physiological pH?

A

The net charge of an acidic amino acid at physiological pH is negative.

191
Q

What is the net charge of a basic amino acid at physiological pH?

A

The net charge of a basic amino acid at physiological pH is positive.

192
Q

What type of bond joins amino acids?

A

A peptide bond joins amino acids together.

193
Q

Define the primary strucdture of a protein?

A

Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids.

194
Q

Define secondary structure of a protein?

A

Secondary structure refers to hydrogen bond interactions within the protein.

195
Q

What are the two most common types of secondary structure?

A

The two most common types of secondary structure are alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet.

196
Q

Define tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional folding of a protein.

197
Q

What are the two pimary classifications (regarding tertiary stucture) of proteins?

A

Fibrous and globular proteins.

198
Q

Define quarternary structure?

A

Quaternary structure only exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide subunit. It refers to the way the subunits arrange themselves.

199
Q

What is a conjugated protein?

A

A conjugated protein is a protein that derives part of its function from a prosthetic group.

200
Q

What happens when a protein denatures? What can cause a protein to denature?

A

A protein loses its three-dimensional shape with it denatures. Changes in temperature, pH, and solute concentration can cause denaturation.

201
Q

Which type of alcohol (1º, 2º, 3º) can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid?

A

1º alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids; however, 2º and 3º alcohols cannot.

202
Q

What is a micelle? Is the interior hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

When placed in an aqueous solution, soap molecules arrange themselves into spherical structures called micelles. The soap molecules arrange themselves such that their polar heads face outward and their non-polar chains face inward.

203
Q

Would you have to oxidize or reduce a carboxylic acid to prepare an alcholol?

A

Reduction of a carboxylic acid forms an alcohol.

204
Q

T/F, acid chlorides are very reactive?

A

True.

205
Q

How do electron donating groups affect the acidity of benzoic acid?

A

Electron donating groups reduces the acidity of benzoic acid.

206
Q

How do electron withdrawing groups affect the acidity of benzoic acid?

A

Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of benzoic acid.

207
Q

T/F, anhydrides react under the same conditions as acid chlorides?

A

True.

208
Q

What is the product of the hydrolysis of an amide under acidic conditions?

A

The hydrolysis of an amide under acidic conditions will produce a carboxylic acid.

209
Q

What are the products for the hydrolysis of an ester?

A

The products are a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

210
Q

What is the structure of a triacylglycerol?

A

3(OCOR)

211
Q

What is saponification?

A

Saponification is the process whereby fats are hydrolyzed under basic conditions, to produce soaps.

212
Q

T/F, a glycerol molecule attached to two carboxylic acids and one phosphoric acid is a phospholipid?

A

True.

213
Q

Name CH₃CH₂NH₂

A

Ethylamine (common) or ethanamine (IUPAC).

214
Q

Name CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂

A

N,N-dimethylbutylamine (common) or N,N-dimethylbutanamine (IUPAC).

215
Q

How may alkyl groups are in a teriary (3º) amine?

A

A 3º amine has 3 alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen.

216
Q

What is a quaternary ammonium compound?

A

A quaternary ammonium compound is a nitrogen atom attached to 4 alkyl groups. The nitrogen is positively-charged and, therefore, the compound exists as a salt.

217
Q

T/F, an imine is a compound with a carbon-nitrogen double bond.

A

True.

218
Q

Categorize R–(N-)–(N+)≡N

A

Azide.

219
Q

Categorize RC≡N

A

Nitrile, cyanide.

220
Q

Which types of amines can form hydrogen bonds (1º, 2º, 3º)?

A

1º and 2º amines can form hydrogen bonds.

MCAT Kaplan Flashcards (5 decks)

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