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Summer:Final Exam Questions > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

propagation

A

movement of the soundwave

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2
Q

bioeffects

A

Any damage to the human tissue or cell

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3
Q

digital scan converter

A

a device that stores computer data and convert it to an image on the ultrasound monitor

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4
Q

transducer

A

an instrument that converts one form of energy into another

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5
Q

unit of frequency

A

Hertz (Hz)

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6
Q

unit of pressure

A

Mm/mg, pascals

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7
Q

unit of temperature

A

Celcius, Kelvin, Farenheit

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8
Q

longitudinal wave

A

particles of the medium move in the same direction. An example is sound.

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9
Q

amplitude mode

A

displayed the amplitude of the sound wave, no longer used

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10
Q

motion (M) mode

A

used to measure fetal heart rates

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11
Q

medium

A

what sound waves must have to travel

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12
Q

ALARA

A

The method of scanning used that includes shortened exam times, low power settings on the ultrasound machine, and limited use of color Doppler and spectral Doppler. Reduces bioeffects for our patients.

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13
Q

HIFU

A

a type of ultrasound used for destruction of cancerous tumors within certain organs

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14
Q

PZT

A

a man made substance that is used for the crystals in the transducer.

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15
Q

attenuation

A

a weakening of the sound wave as it passes through the body, usually in the form of heat.

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16
Q

Dual image refers to

A

allows the display screen to be split in two for easy comparison of the image

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17
Q

output power:

A

can be changed by the sonographer

determined by the Pulser voltage

as the output power increases, the noise decreases, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio

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18
Q

temporal resolution is most important in what clinical setting?

A

fetal echo (heart) - moving structures

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19
Q

annotation refers to:

A

labeling of the image as to organ, probe orientation, patient position

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20
Q

List 5 components of a transducer and their function:

A

1) matching layer-increases the efficiency of sound energy between the body and the PZT
2) PZT-crystals that produce the soundwaves
3) case-holds all components, protects the components
4) wire-provides power to the crystals, one wire for each crystal
5) damping layer-stops the vibrations, decreases noise for a better picture

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21
Q

Order of the functions of the receiver

A

Amplification

Compensation

Compression

Demodulation

Reject

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22
Q

What is Hertz (Hz)?

A

the standard unit of frequency

equal to one cycle per second

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23
Q

Diagnostic ultrasound uses frequencies:

A

between 2MHz and 12MHz

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24
Q

Ultrasound travels best through what medium?

A

Solids

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25
Q

A transducer that is contained within a sheath and attached to the end of a catheter is an example of:

A

Intravascular ultrasound

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26
Q

Used for selective destruction of tissue masses is an example of:

A

HIFU

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27
Q

Therapeutic ultrasound uses frequencies

A

between .5 and 3MHz

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28
Q

Sound wave propagation is

A

change in location of energy concentration per time

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29
Q

Waves can be classified as

A

mechanical and electromagnetic

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30
Q

Examples of electromagnetic waves are:

A

Light

X-rays

Gamma rays

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31
Q

Bioeffects refers to:

A

damage to a cell or tissue

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32
Q

Examples of acoustic variables are

A

particle motion

temperature

pressure

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33
Q

Electromagnetic waves need a medium to travel

A

False

34
Q

Mechanical waves include sound waves

A

True

35
Q

Mechanical waves can be further classified into transverse and longitudinal waves

A

True

36
Q

In a longitudinal wave, the particles move parallel to the wave

A

True

37
Q

Ultrasound waves can travel through space

A

False

38
Q

Ultrasound waves are audible by the human ear

A

False

39
Q

Ultrasound waves are produced by piezoelectric crystals found within the transducer

A

True

40
Q

As a sound wave vibrates the tissue, heat is produced

A

True

41
Q

Heat units are Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Celsius

A

True

42
Q

Ultrasound waves travel by a series of compressions and rarefactions

A

True

43
Q

The units of density is kg per meter cubed

A

False

44
Q

Pressure is a concentration of force in an area

A

True

45
Q

Units of Pressure are cm, feet, miles, and mm

A

False

46
Q

ALARA principle is not folled in ultrasound, only when using x-rays

A

False

47
Q

Oscillation

A

to vibrate back and forth

48
Q

Propagation

A

to travel

49
Q

Attenuation

A

to lose energy as the wave travels through the tissue

units are dB

50
Q

Absorption

A

a conversion of energy from the sound wave into heat within the tissue

51
Q

Reflection

A

the sound wave changes direction and returns to the source

52
Q

Refraction

A

the sound wave bends due to a change in the propagation velocity at an angle other than 90 degrees

53
Q

Hyperechoic

A

above, or high level echoes as compared with surrounding tissue

54
Q

Hypoechoic

A

below, or low level echoes as compared with surrounding tissue

55
Q

Calcified

A

strongly echogenic with acoustic shadowing

56
Q

Anechoic

A

without echoes

57
Q

Complex

A

mixed echogenicity, can have anechoic areas as well as calcifications and/or low level echoes

58
Q

Transducer

A

a device which converts energy from one form to another

59
Q

Hertz

A

standard unit of frequency

60
Q

M-mode

A

type of display used to measure fetal heart rates

61
Q

Real time B mode

A

a display of a rapid series of images

62
Q

What are five operations performed by the receiver?

A

Amplification

Compensation

Compression

Demodulation

Reject

63
Q

What is the function of the electrical cord on the transducer?

A

The electrical cord provides power to the crystals in the transducer

64
Q

What is the function of the housing on the transducer?

A

The housing protects the components in the transducer

65
Q

What is the function of the damping layer?

A

It stops the vibrations, keeps the crystals from producing one long continuous vibration

66
Q

What is the purpose of using ultrasound gel on patients?

A

The gel allows the soundwaves to move through the patient more effectively

67
Q

What does TGC stand for?

A

Time gain compensation

68
Q

What does the overall gain do?

A

It changes the overall brightness of the image

69
Q

Can the sonographer change the acoustic power of the sound wave?

A

Yes

70
Q

Does Color Doppler increase the MI and TI to the patient?

A

Yes

71
Q

Name two natural piezoelectric materials

A

quartz, tourmaline, salt crystals

72
Q

What is the function of the TGC?

A

to compensate the returning echoes due to attenuation

73
Q

Why is PZT used as the element in the transducer over a natural piezoelectric material?

A

man made

easily reproduceable in a controlled setting

74
Q

Digital Scan converters have replced Analog Scan converters making ultrasound machines more portable

A

True

75
Q

Transducers are normally made up of many crystals

A

True

76
Q

The thickness of the crystal determines the frequency of the transducer

A

True

77
Q

In real time imaging, the crystal is continuously emitting sound waves

A

False

78
Q

Therapy was the first medical use of ultrasound

A

True

79
Q

Dynamic Range of the image refers to the number of grays that is displayed

A

True

80
Q

Write magnification produces a better quality image than Read magnification when using a magnification tool

A

True

81
Q

The average speed of sound in soft tissue is 1540 m/sec

A

True

82
Q

Explain the round trip effect and give an example.

A

The round trip effect is the total distance it takes for the soundwave to get to the obect being scanned and back to the transducer. For example, the liver is 6cm deep, but it is another 6cm to return. So, the total distance the sound travels would be 12cm.

Summer:Final Exam Questions (3 decks)

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