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Physics > Physics 2 test 4 > Flashcards

Physics 2 test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

ALARA stands for

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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2
Q

Three cardinal principles of x-ray

A

STD (MAX, MIN, MAX)
Max, Shielding
Min, Time
Max, Distance

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3
Q

Exposure rate formula

A

2rad/mA/time

2)(mA)(time

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4
Q

How should thr fluro foot pedal be used?

A

In pulsating fashion to reduce exposure and anode heating

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5
Q

Heat unit formula

A

(mA)(time)(kV)
single phase
6 phase pulse
12 phase pulse

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6
Q

A point source or non-point source follows the inverse square law if the distance from the source is what?

A

7 times the source diameter

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7
Q

If the focal spot of the tube is 3mm, how far do you need to be before the inverse square law applies?

A 
21 mm
(7 times away, 7X3=21)
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8
Q

Occupational effective dose is how much of monitor report?

A

10%

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9
Q

Where do you stand in Fluoro?

A 
Stay back
Sides of table
NOT ends
behind other personnel
wear protective apparel
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10
Q

The tenth value layer equals…

A

3.3 hvl

1 TVL= 3.3 HVL

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11
Q

What is my year occupational dose limit?

A

5 Rem a year

would look like 5000 on my report

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12
Q

Protective houseing must reduce leakage radiation to

A

Less than 100 mR/hr at 1m from housing

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13
Q

Control panel MUST indicate when tube is energized, kVp & mA meters by what?

A

Some type of audible notification

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14
Q

MUST be an SID indicator provided with what type of accuracy?

A

2%

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15
Q

Collimators MUST be provided witha light beam with what type of accuracy?

A

2%

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16
Q

`PBL (what does is stand for) is REQUIRED to collimate to receptor size with what type of accuracy?

A

Positive Beam Limitation 2%

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17
Q

Total filtration of at least (blank) equivalent when operated above (blank) kVp

A

2.5 mm Al

70 kVp

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18
Q

Total filtration includes…

A

Glass envelop
Mirrors
Tube housing port
Al filters

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19
Q

Reproducibility refers to

A

Same exposure over and over

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20
Q

Reproducibility exposure duplication can have what variance?

A

5%

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21
Q

Linearity refers to

A

Same mR/mAs using adjucment mA but get the same output

22
Q

Linearity can have what variance?

A

10%

23
Q

How far should a technologist be able to get away from a portable machine and still shot an exposure?

A

2.0 meters

6+ feet

24
Q

Fluoro source to skin distance

A

Can’t be less than 38 cm

30 for mobile c-arm

25
Q

Tabletop Exposure intensity not allowed to exceed:

A

2.1 R/min/mA at 80 kVp

26
Q

Maximum tabletop intensity

What about with pulsating fluoro (optional high level control)

A

100 mGy/min (10R/min)

200 mGy/min (20R/min)

27
Q

What is the primary barrier shielding for scatter requirement?

A

1/16” Pb equiv to 7 ft; 1/32” Pb equiv there to celling

28
Q

What is the concrete equivelant?

A

4” of concrete replaces 1/16” Pb

29
Q 
Radiation weighting factors: how many more times exposure:
X & Gamma rays?
Protons?
Fast Neutrons?
Alpha Particles?
A

1
2
5
20

30
Q

Personel Monitoring is with?

A

Film Dosimetry (photographic emulsion)

31
Q

Intensity/detect contamination is measured with what?

A

Gas-filled radiation detector (Geiger counter)

32
Q

xrays come from what source?

A

Cloud

33
Q

Gamma rays come from what source?

A

Nucleous

34
Q

Alpha particles-what do you know?

A

Huge
External not to worrysome, internal source very worrysome, can’t get out of the body
Not going to go far before stopped

35
Q

Beta particles-what do you know?

A

Small

Going to go far before being stopped

36
Q

Scintillation detection-gamma camera uses what to detect rays?

A

Crystals, like the crystals in our badges

The heat them up and then they give off light, based on the amount of light they give off determins the exposure

37
Q

TLD-Thermoluminescence dosimetery radiation detection-how does it work

A

Has a poshpor when it’s heated up, gives off light.

Lithium Floride crystals, radiolucent can use the same time you’re taking an xray won’t interfere with image

38
Q

This is nearly tissue-equivalent and relatively sensitive

A

Lithium Flouride (LIF)

39
Q

An aluminum oxide detector that gives off light proportional to exposure during processing. Based on excitation of electrons during exposure

A

OSL-Optically Stimulated Luminescence

40
Q

How are OSL’s read and how do they work

A

They’re read with a lazer beam they have “stair step” crystals and work sort of like a step wedge.
The readout gives you quality and strength of the photon

41
Q

Why are OSL’s the most used detector?

A

Significantly more durable and less sensitive to water, heat and light. Can be worn for 3 months at a time.

42
Q

What is the number one cause of Radiation Exposure?

A

Diagnostic Repeats

43
Q

Patient dose/skin entrance dose is measured with what and why

A

TLD, radiolucent, doesn’t measure anything in diagnostic range and doesn’t interfere with image.

44
Q

Describe a “Mean Marrow Dose”

A

A dose of radiation given to a portion of the body and then averaged out over entire bone marrow. Used to estimate risk of late effect leukemia to a population

45
Q

GSD (Genetically Significant Dose)

A

Dose that would produce the same effect on anyone exposed if equal exposure to entire population
1000 people x 0.1 rem=
(10 people x 10 rem)+
(990 people x 0 rem)

46
Q

What is the concern in Mammography exposure?

A

Glandular (not skin dose) accounts for 15% of dose

47
Q

In Mammography when you’re using a grid how much more is the dose increased?

A

Double

48
Q

What type of scanning is CT versus Fluro?

A

CT is dynamic and increases occupational exposure, fluoro is pulsating

49
Q

What are the fetal exposure limits?

A

5 mSv or 500 mrem WHOLE durration of pregnancy

50
Q

How quickly can the total exposure inutero be applied?

A

May not be accumulated faster than 0.5 mSv/month or 50 mrem a month

Physics (7 decks)

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