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Physics 2 test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

At nearly every stage in the sequence of events after radiation exposure to human cells, it is possible or not possible to repair radiation damage and recover?

A

Possible

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2
Q

The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue

A

Radiobiology

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3
Q

Radiation interacts in the human body at what level

A

Atomic level

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4
Q

What percent of the body consist of hydrogen and oxygen?

A

85%

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5
Q

What percent of the body is water?

A

80%

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6
Q

What does it mean to fractionate radiation exposure?

A

To give small amounts over a period time, versus all at once in one setting.

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7
Q

What does it mean to Protract radiation exposure?

A

Spread out a single large dose continuously at a slower and lower rate.

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8
Q

What is extrapulation?

A

Scientifically theorizing results to exposure

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9
Q

Very large molecules that sometimes consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms

A

Macromolecules

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10
Q

Four of the five principle molecules found in the body are

A

Proteins
Lipids (fats)
Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
Nuleic acids

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11
Q

What type of molecules are life supporting and contain carbon?

A

Organic Molecules

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12
Q

Which molecules make up Organic Molecules?

A

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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13
Q

This molecule is one the rarest molecules, a nucleic acid concentrated in the nucleus of a cell and is the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule.

A

DNA

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14
Q

Most abundant molecule in the body and simplest

A

Water

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15
Q

The body’s attempt to maintain a constant internal environment through perspiration and replacement

A

Homeostasis

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16
Q

The breaking DOWN of molecules ending in water an carbon dioxide

A

Catabolism

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17
Q

The PRODUCTION of large molecules

A

Anabolism

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18
Q

Catabolism + Anabolism

A

Metabolism

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19
Q

Long chain macromoleucles that consist of a linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

A

Proteins

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20
Q

Proteins make up what percent of the human body

A

15%

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21
Q

Name the variety of uses Proteins provide the body

A

Structure and support

Function as Enzymes, hormones and antibodies

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22
Q

A catalyst which speeds up reactions

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

Molecules that excersise regulatory control over some body functions such as growth and development

A

Hormones

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24
Q

Hormone molecules are produced and secreted by what?

A

Endocrine glands:

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and gonads

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25
Q

The body’s defense system

A

Antibodies

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26
Q

Molecules that consist of one molecule of gycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

A

Lipids

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27
Q

Lipids are composed of what?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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28
Q

Lipids are a part of cell membrane in what body tissue?

A

EVERY body tissue

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29
Q

Lipids are

A

Thermal insulation ( just under the skin) and a Secondary energy source-easier to get to energy from than carbohydrates

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30
Q

What is the cheif function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

To provide fuel for cell metabolism

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31
Q

Carbohydrates are also called

A

Saccharides

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32
Q

What are the two sugars in Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

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33
Q

Plant startches and Animal Glycogen

A

Polysaccharides

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34
Q

Chief cell function of carbohydrates

A

Cell Metabolism

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35
Q

A simple sugar, is main fuel for body

A

Glucose

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36
Q

Glucose is composed of what?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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37
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in glucose?

A

2:1 same as water molecules, hydrated water

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38
Q

Two principle Nucleic Acids important to human metabolism

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid- DNA

Ribonucleic Acid- RNA

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39
Q

Resides in the nucleus, control center for cell and contains cell hereditary info

A

DNA

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40
Q

Extrememly large and complex macromelecules are

A

Nucleic Acids

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41
Q

Mostly in cytoplasm, there are two types of this and messenger and transfere

A

RNA

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42
Q

Describe Nucleotides

A

Base-sugar-phosphate combinations strung together. two chains attach at bases and then spiral to form DNA

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43
Q

Bases of Nucleotides are allowed in only two combinations

A

Adenine + Thymine
or
Cytosine + Guanine

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44
Q

The order of base combinations in DNA carries what

A

Genetic code

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45
Q

Basic component of all living material

A

Human Cell

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46
Q

The two major structures of the human cell are

A

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

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47
Q

The principle molecular component of the nucleus is

A

DNA

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48
Q

Other than DNA what else if contained in the nucleus

A

RNA
Protein
Water

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49
Q

(Blank) makes up the bulk of the cell and contains great quantities of all molecular components except (blank)

A

Cytoplasm

DNA

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50
Q

The (blank) is a channel or series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm.

A

Endoplamic Reticulum

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51
Q

Located in the cytoplasm (blank) are large bean-shaped structures. Their purpose is to provide (blank) for the cell

A

Mitochondria

Energy

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52
Q

These small dot like structures are located throughout the cytoplasm or the (blank). (blank) are the site of protein synthesis.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

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53
Q

(blank) are small pea-like sacs that contain (blank) that help with cellular digesting.

A

Lysosomes

enzymes

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54
Q

The normal number of chromosomes in a human cell

A

46

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55
Q

Ocupational radiation is measured in what?

A

mR milli rad

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56
Q

Mammalian cells may be killed by doses of less than (blank) rad or (blank) Gy

A

100 rad

1 Gy

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57
Q

What part of the cell is most sensative to radiation and why

A

DNA because you only have to much

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58
Q

If radiating cytoplasm and not the nucleous, how much radiation in rad and Gy could it take for cellular death

A

1000 rad or 10 Gy

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59
Q

If something is avascular it means what in relation to blood supply and radiation treatment and why?

A

Not a good blood supply
Not very responsive to treatment such as Chemo, meds etc
Oxygen is carried through the blood, if the blood supply is low, oxygen is low and oxygen is key for treatment

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60
Q

Because DNA is the most radiosensative part of the cell, the faster a cell replicates the (blank) radiosensative it is.

A

More

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61
Q

Describe Mitosis

A

Cell swells up, chromosomes lines up, Chromosomes split and migrate toward nucleus

62
Q

In radiology what process of cell reproduction are we most concerned with

A

Interphase

63
Q

Describe interphase

A

The part of cell reproduction that varries in time from cell to cell. Ths is where DNA is replicating.

64
Q

Most radiosensative cells are and whats different about them from other human cells

A

Sperm and Ovary
Spermatogonium and Oogonium
They go through Meiosis versus mitosis

65
Q

The less mature a cell or cell system the (blank) sensative

A

More

66
Q

Reproductive cells go through regualar mitosis where you have two cells alike, then those two cells do what…and the end result is what?

A

Divide again without going the “S” phase so they do not synthesis DNA. End result you have four cells with 23 chromosomes each
46-46-23/23 and 23/23

67
Q

Undifferentiated, presursor or stem cells are concidered what kind of cells? Are these cells more or less radiosensitive than mature cells?

A

Immature cells

More

68
Q

Cells, tissues and organs that are highly sensative take more or less radiation

A

Less

69
Q

What type of cells have low sensativity?

A

Muscle, brain and Spinal (Nerve)

70
Q

High metabolic acitivty means what in relation to reproduceability and radiosensitivity?

A

Rapid reproduction

Highly sensitive

71
Q

If you are fractionating radiation you are doing what?

A

Giving small doses over an extended period of time.

72
Q

If you are protracting radiation you are doing what?

A

Giving continuous radiation over a longer period of time.

73
Q

List the 9 things that affect radiation response

A 
LET
RBE
Fractionation
Protraction
OER
Age
Sex
Recovery
Chemical agents
74
Q

Define LET

A

Linear Energy Transfer: How much energy a given photon deposits in the tisue over distance (micrometer)

75
Q

The more energy a photon gives up, the (blank) the LET

A

Higher

76
Q

As LET increases, bioligic damage produced (blank)

A

Increases

77
Q

About the rate at which diagnostic x-rays give up energy

A

3 keV per micrometer

78
Q

Degine RBE

A

Relative biologic effectiveness: The effectiveness of LET radiation

79
Q

As LET (ability to transfer energy to tisue) goes up, RBE goes (blank). Is this directly proportional?

A

Up

no

80
Q

When do RBE levels, level out? can’t get any higher

A

3, triple the effect of diagnostic

81
Q

What is the RBE of diagnostic x-rays and in what kVp range is this

A

1

20-130

82
Q

How can you increase radiation tolerance? What effect if any do these have on biological effectiveness?

A

Use protraction or fractionation

Either would reduce the biological effect of the exposure

83
Q

As RBE goes up, LET goes (blank) and OER goes (blank)

A

Up

Down

84
Q

As OET goes up, RBE goes (blank) and LET goes (blank)

A

Down

Down

85
Q

Define OER

A

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio: A numerical descriptin of the effect oxygen has on tissue damage

86
Q

What does the presence of oxygen do the the effectiveness of radiation?

A

Effectiveness goes up

87
Q

Cells that duplicate faster are more radiosensitive-they have less time for repair before time to divide again. This means they are more likely to to be hit during what cell division phase?

A

Mitosis

88
Q

In vitro irradiation occures (blank) the body or (blank) the cell

A

Outside

89
Q

In vivo irradiation occures

A

In the living cell

90
Q

In vitro or In vivo are more radio-sensitive

A

In vivo

91
Q

Major radiation responses of DNA (5) and viscosity results

A 
Main-chain scission:
sever one side rail-thinner
sever both side rails-thinner
with cross-linking-thicker
Point lesions
Change or loss of base
92
Q

Which radiation response to DNA is more likely to cause a mutation?

A

Main-chain scission with cross-linking

93
Q

Difference between direct and indirect hits of radiation to DNA

A

Direct-hit the actual DNA
In direct-hit water and then effected the DNA

Doesn’t matter which is hit, the end result is the same.

94
Q

3 types of damage to DNA

A

Cell death
malignant disease
genetic damage

95
Q

Describe radiolysis of water

A

Water that has been irradiated dissociates into other molecular products.
Breakingdown of water

96
Q

What happens to an atom of water that is irradiated?

A

It ioizeses and dissociates into two ions-an ion pair H+ and OH- and two free radicals

97
Q

Describe a free radical

A

Unchaerged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in the outer shell. Short life span.

98
Q

How is hydrogen peroxide in relation to free radicals

A

The OH* free radical can join with a similar molecule to form hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide can also be formed with two hydroperoxyl free radicals

99
Q

The principal damaging products after radiolysis of water

A

Hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxyl radical

100
Q

Describe a hydroperoxyl radical

A

H* interacting with an oxygen molecule

101
Q

Priciple action of radiation on humans is (blank)

A

Indirect

102
Q

Target Theory

A

There are key sensitive molecules that no other colecules can pick up the work of if damaged to the point of non-function.

103
Q

What is the target molecule

A

DNA

104
Q

What must happen for cell death to occur

A

The target molecule must be damaged to the point it ceases to function

105
Q

Describe a “hit”

A

An ionization that inactivates the target molecule (DNA)

106
Q

What probability of a “hit” does high LET radiation ionization have?

A

High

107
Q

Will adding or increasing oxygen with a high LET dose increase the liklihood of a “hit”?

A

No

108
Q

Low LET radiation ionization does or does not get many “hits”

A

Does not

109
Q

What happens to the likelihood of a “hit” when you add oxygen to low LET?

A

Increases the liklihood giving a greater area of effectiveness

110
Q

As dose increases inactivity damage likelihood (blank)

A

increases

111
Q

How are lethal effects of radiation determined?

A

By observing cell survival NOT cell death

112
Q

What is D37

A

The amount of radiation that if uniformly distributed would be enough to inactivate ALL the cells exposed (kill all the cells)
The 37 represents 37% of the cells hit would survive

113
Q

A specimen with a LOW D37 is (blank) radiosensitive.

A

Highly-doesn’t take a large dose to kill 63% of cells

114
Q

A HIGH D37 means the specimen has (blank) radiosensitivity

A

Low-takes a good bit of radiation to inactivate 63% of cells exposed

115
Q

Complex organisms like human cells require two or more “hits” to inactivate a cell. This is known as

A

Multitarget, single “hit” theory

116
Q

In what phase of mitosis are cells most resistant to radiation exposure? and why?

A

Late S phase-have double/extra DNA

117
Q

3 stages of Acute Radiation Syndromes

A

Prodromal
Latent
Manifest Illness

118
Q

What happens in Prodromal?

A

Immediate, brief, acute symptoms seen at min dose of 100 rad (1gy)

119
Q

What happens in Latent?

A

Symptom free hours to weeks with from greater than 5000 rad, to 100-500 rad

120
Q

Manifest Illness

A

Acute, lethal symptoms

121
Q

Hematologic effects of radiation exposure

A 
200-1000 rad (2-10 Gy)
reduced cell count
manifested by vomiting, mild diarrhea, malaise, lethargy, and fever
pt MAY recover
4-60 days (dose Depentent)
122
Q

Gastrointestinal effects of radiation exposure

A

1000-5000 rad (10-50 Gy)
Death within 4-10 days (Dose Independent)
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

123
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Over 5000 rad (50 Gy)
Death within hours to 3 days (Dose Dependent)
Disoriented, seizures, lethargy, coma, death
elevated fluid in brain increases intracranial pressure

124
Q

What is LD 50/30

A

Dose response for human lethality
threshold, nonlinear
Dose that will kill 50% of subjects within 30 days
For humans about 300 rad (3 Gy)

125
Q

Damage to (blank) cells results in the earliest manifestation of radiation injury to the skin

A

Basal Cell

126
Q

Erythema

A

Sunburn like reddening

127
Q

Desquamation

A

Ulceration and Denudation

128
Q

Epilation/Alopecia

A

Hair loss

could temporary or permanent

129
Q

Erythema dose that will be created in 50% of the people irradiated

A

@600 rad (6Gy) for humans

130
Q

Gonadal exposure

A

Responses documented at doses as low as 10 rad (.1 Gy)

131
Q

Ovarian exposures:

(blank) may suppress menstruation
(blank) may increase genetic mutations
(blank) temporary sterility
(blank) permanent sterility

A 
10 rad (.1 Gy)
25-50 rad (.25-.5 Gy)
200 rad (2 Gy)
500 rad (5 Gy)
132
Q 
Testicular Exposure:
Sperm replace every (blank)
(Blank) reduces sperm count
(Blank) temporary sterility
(Blank) Permanent Sterility
A 
Every 3-5 weeks
10 rad (.1 Gy)
200 rad (2 Gy)
500 rad (5 Gy)
133
Q

Most Radiosensitive

A

Lymphocytes and Spermatogonia

134
Q

Radiation-induced Chromosome aberrations follow a (blank) dose-response relationship

A

Nonthreshold

135
Q

What is Cytogenetic analysis

A

The study of the genetics of cells, particularly cell chromosomes

136
Q

What is a karotype

A

Chromosome map

137
Q

Single hit chromosomes are (blank) and nonthreshold

A

Linear

138
Q

Multihit chromosomes are (blank) and nonthreshold

A

Nonlinear

139
Q

Reciprocal Translocations (Chromosomes)

A

No loss of genetic material, rearranged

140
Q

Chromosome hit

A

Visible derangement, by then multiple DNA have been severed

141
Q

Radiation safety guidelines and practices are based on linear or non linear, and threshold or nonthreshold dose-response

A

Linear

Nonthreshold

142
Q

Chromosome linear nonthreshold exposures can continue to show abnormalities for how many years after exposure?

A

20+

143
Q

What can skin look like at the linear nonthreshold exposure dose?

A

Weathered, discolored and callused

144
Q

Threshold for radiation induced cataracts?

A

1000+ rad (10+ Gy)

145
Q

What pattern do radiation induced cataracts follow?

A

Threshold, nonlinear

146
Q

What is the latent period for Radiation induced cataracts?

A

5-30 yrs of apparent well-being

147
Q

1 rad is equal to how many MR

A

1000

148
Q

What pattern does life span shortening follow with radiation exposure?

A

Linear, nonthreshold (no amount of radiation is safe)

149
Q

What is the worse case senario for life span shortening?

A

Reduction of 10 days for every rad

150
Q

Explain Relative Risk in relation to Radiation induced malignancies and genetic effects

A

One population was exposed, all the details of exposure are not known

151
Q

Explain Absolute Risk in relation to Radiation induced malignancies and genetic effects

A

Two groups, one known exposure one “control” or non effected group, compare to each other

152
Q

Explain Excess Risk in relation to Radiation induced malignancies and genetic effects

A

Cases above what would be expected in general population

Physics (7 decks)

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