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Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy cannot be… but it can be…

A

created or destroyed
transferred, stored, or dissipated

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1
Q

Dissipated energy =

A

waste energy

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2
Q

Give an example of dissipated energy

A

thermal energy in car
sound energy in blenders
light energy on fire

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3
Q

Higher thermal conductivity =

A

higher rate of energy transferred by conduction

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4
Q

Should building insulators have a high or low thermal conductivity?

A

low

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5
Q

With a thicker material, is more or less heat conducted?

A

less

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6
Q

Kinetic energy (J) =

A

0.5 x mass (kg) x velocity squared (m/s)

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7
Q

Elastic potential energy (J) =

A

0.5 x spring constance (N/m) x extension squared (m)

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8
Q

Gravitational potential energy (J) =

A

mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m)

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9
Q

What should we assume the gravitational field strength is if not stated otherwise?

A

10N/kg

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10
Q

work done is the same as…

A

energy transferred

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11
Q

How many energy stores are there?

A

8

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12
Q

Name all energy stores
(write on whiteboard)

A

Thermal, kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear

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13
Q

Name the 4 ways energy is transferred

A

mechanically (force), electrically (moving charges), heating, or radiation

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14
Q

What is a system?

A

single object or group of objects

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15
Q

When a system changes, what 3 ways is energy transferred?

A

into or away from the system, between different objects in the system, and between different types of energy stores

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16
Q

Closed system =

A

no matter or energy can enter or leave
net change = 0

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17
Q

Radiation = + example

A

electromagnetic waves at the speed of light
e.g. the sun

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18
Q

Conduction = + example

A

transfer of heat between adjacent (nearby) molecules
e.g. burning feet on hot sand

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19
Q

Convection = + example

A

Transfer or heat through the air or liquid currents. Warmer and less dense regions will rise above denser, cooler regions. Therefore heat is transferred from warmer regions to cooler regions.
e.g. boiling water in a kettle

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20
Q

Change in thermal energy (J) =

A

mass (kg) x specific heat capacity (J/kg degrees) x temperature change (degrees)

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21
Q

Power (W) =

A

work done (J) divided by time (s)

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22
Q

Work done (J) =

A

force (N) x distance (m)

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23
Q

Efficiency =

A

useful energy transfer (J) divided by total energy transferred (J)

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24
Q

What is an insulator?

A

a material that does not conduct electricity

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25
Q

Name all fossil fuels

A

coal, oil, and natural gas

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26
Q

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?

A

Renewable will never run out, whereas non-renewable will one day.

27
Q

Name all renewable energy sources

A

solar, wind, water waves, hydro-electricity, bio-fuel, tides, geothermal

28
Q

Which type of energy source provides most of our energy?

A

Non-renewable

29
Q

Which type of energy source causes more damage to the environment?

A

Non-renewable

30
Q

Whenever something moves, what type of force usually acts against it?

A

Frictional force

31
Q

What can be used to reduce the friction between the objects’ surfaces when they are rubbed together?

A

Lubricants

32
Q

What is an example of a lubricant?

A

usually liquid (like oil)

33
Q

When an object is heated, where is the energy transferred to?

A

thermal energy stores

34
Q

Name all types of renewable energy sources
(write on whiteboard)

A

Wind power
Solar cells
Geothermal power
Hydroelectric power
Wave power
Tidal barrages
Biofuels

35
Q

What does wind power involve doing?

A

Putting lots of wind turbines up in exposed places like on moors or round coasts.
Each turbine has blades that turn the generator inside and produce electricity.

36
Q

Positives of wind power

A

No pollution
No permanent damage to the landscape
Minimal running costs

37
Q

Negatives of wind power

A

Spoil the view
Very noisy
Turbines stop when winds stop or wind too stong
High initial costs

38
Q

Describe how solar cells work

A

They generate electric currents directly from sunlight

39
Q

Positives of solar cells

A

No pollution
Reliable in sunny countries
Running costs minimal

40
Q

Negatives of solar cells

A

Only works in daytime
High initial costs

41
Q

Describe how geothermal power works

A

Possible in volcanic areas or where hot rocks lie near the surface
The source of energy is the slow decay of various radioactive elements deep inside the earth

42
Q

Positives of geothermal power

A

Free
Very little damage to enviroment

43
Q

Negatives of geothermal power

A

Not very many suitable locations

44
Q

Describe how hydroelectric power works

A

Flooding of valleys by building a big dam. Water is allowed out through turbines.

45
Q

Positives of hydroelectric power

A

No pollution
Immediate energy
Minimal running costs

46
Q

Negatives of hydroelectric power

A

Big impact on the environment
High initial costs

47
Q

Describe how wave power works

A

Lots of wave-powered, moving turbines located around a coast are connected to a generator

48
Q

Positives of wave power

A

No pollution
Minimal running costs

49
Q

Negatives of wave power

A

Disturbs marine animals
Spoils view
Hazard to boats
High initial costs
Unreliable as when wind drops, waves tend to die out

50
Q

Describe how tidal barrages work

A

Big dams built across river estuaries with turbines in. As the tide comes in, it fills up the estuary, and the water is allowed out through turbines at a controlled speed.

51
Q

How are tides produced?

A

By the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon.

52
Q

Positives of tidal barrages

A

No pollution
Minimal running costs

53
Q

Negatives of tidal barrages

A

Prevents free access by boats
Spoils view
Alters habitats of creatures who live in sand
High initial costs

54
Q

Describe how bio-fuels work and what they are used for.

A

Created from either plant products or animal dung. They can be solid, liquid or gas and they are burnt to produce electricity to run cars in the same way as fossil fuels.

55
Q

Positives of bio-fuels

A

Crops take a short time to grow

56
Q

Negatives of bio-fuels

A

Not immediate
Takes up space for other crops that are grown for food
Increases CO2 and methane emissions

57
Q

What are the different types of non-renewable energy?

A

Fossil fuels and nuclear energy

58
Q

Positives of non-renewable energy

A

Cost-effective
Quick response for change in demand

59
Q

Negatives of non-renewable energy

A

Slowly running out
Coal, oil and gas release CO2 into the atmosphere which adds to the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming

60
Q

What does cavity wall insulation do?

A

When houses have cavity walls (inner and outer walls with a gap in the middle) we can fill them with foam. This reduces energy transfer by convection.

61
Q

What does loft insulation do?

A

Reduces convection currents being created in lofts

62
Q

What do double-glazed windows do?

A

Leave an air gap between two sheets of glass to prevent energy transfer by conduction.

63
Q

What do cavity walls do?

A

Leave an air gap between the inner and outer walls which reduces the amount of energy transferred by conduction.

64
Q

What do draught excluders do?

A

Block gaps by doors and windows to reduce energy transfer by convection (like in Grandad’s living room)

65
Q

Describe how to do the specific heat capacity experiment

A

1) Place the beaker on balance and press zero
2) Add oil to the beaker and record the mass of the oil
3) Place a thermometer and immersion heater into the oil
4) Wrap beaker in insulating foam to reduce energy transfer to surroundings
5) Connect a joulemeter and powerpack to the immersion heater
6) Time for 30 minutes
7) Read the number of joules of energy that passed into the immersion heater
8) Read final temperature of oil

Science (6 decks)

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