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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus whereas prokaryotic do not.

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2
Q

Are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells smaller?

A

Prokaryotic

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3
Q

What are examples of a specialized animal cell?

A

Sperm, nerve and muscle

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4
Q

What is the sperm cell’s job

A

Join with ovum during fertilisation to combine genetic material.

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5
Q

How is the sperm cell specialised

A

Long tail allows them to swim to ovum
Mitochondria creates enough energy to swim

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6
Q

What is the job of nerve cell

A

Send electrical impulses around the body

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7
Q

How is the nerve cell specialised

A

Axon carries impulses around the body
Myelin sppeds up transmission of nerve impulses
Synapses allow impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another
Dendrites increase surface area so nerve cells connect easily

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8
Q

What is the muscle cells job

A

To contract
To form muscle tissue

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9
Q

How is the muscle cell specialised

A

Protein fibres mean it can change length
Mitochondria provides energy for muscle contraction

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10
Q

Give examples of specialised plant cells

A

Root hair, xylem, and phloem cells

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11
Q

What is the job of the root hair cell?

A

increases surface area of root

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12
Q

How has the root hair cell been specialised?

A

Does not contain chloroplasts as they cannot absorb light underground

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13
Q

Where is the xylem cell found?

A

Stem

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14
Q

Job of xylem cell?

A

Form long tubes that carry water and dissolved minerals from root to leaf

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15
Q

How has the xylem cell been specilaised?

A

Lignin provides support to plant and causes cells to die
No internal structure so water and dissolved minerals can flow easily

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16
Q

What is the job of phloem cells?

A

Carries dissolved sugars up and down the plant

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17
Q

How has the phloem cell been specialised?

A

Mitochondria in companion cell provides energy

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18
Q

How many stages of mitosis are there?

A

3

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19
Q

Where do we find chromosomes?

A

in the nucleus

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20
Q

How many chromosomes do human bodies contain?

A

23 pairs (46)

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21
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

when cells divide by mitosis or miosis

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22
Q

Describe the 3 stages of mitosis
(write on whiteboard)

A

1st stage) Interphase. DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome. Cells grow and copy internal structure.
2nd stage) mitosis. One set of each chromosome is pulled to each end of cell. The nucleus divides.
3rd stage) Cytokinesis. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells

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23
Q

Why does mitosis happen + give an example

A

for growth and repair + when a broken bone heals

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24
Q

When does mitosis take place

A

during asexual reproduction

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25
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell which can be differentiated to form other types of cells

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26
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

bone marrow

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27
Q

What is bone marrow transplant used for?

A

leukemia

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28
Q

What is the problem with bone marrow transplant?

A

donor has to be compatible with patient
virus could be spread from donor to patient

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29
Q

What is therapeutic cloning used for?

A

diabetes or paralaysis

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30
Q

What is the problem with therapeutic cloning?

A

Some people may have ethical or legal objections

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31
Q

What are stem cells in plants used for

A

To clone a rare plant to stop extinction or mass cloning for farmers

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32
Q

Diffusion =

A

spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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33
Q

Do oxygen molecules move into or out of a cell by diffusion?

A

into cell

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34
Q

Do carbon dioxide molecules move into or out of a cell by diffusion?

A

out of cell

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35
Q

Does urea diffuse into or out of the cell by diffusion?

A

Out of the cell into the blood plasma

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36
Q

Does a larger concentration gradient have quicker or slower diffusion?

A

quicker

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37
Q

Does a higher temperature have a quicker or slower diffusion?

A

quicker

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38
Q

Does a larger surface area have a quicker or slower diffusion?

A

quicker

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39
Q

Osmosis =

A

diffusion of water from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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40
Q

What is the name for when a cell becomes swollen?

A

turgid

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41
Q

What is the name for when a cell shrinks?

A

flaccid

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42
Q

Active transport =

A

movement against a concentration gradient from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

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43
Q

Organise animals from smallest to largest

A

DNA, nucleus, Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

44
Q

Organelles =

A

made up of nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria

45
Q

Cells =

A

unit of a living organism

46
Q

Tissues =

A

group of SIMILAR cells that work together to perform a particular function

47
Q

Organ =

A

group of DIFFERENT tissues that work together to perform a particular function

48
Q

Organ system =

A

group of organs that work together to perform a particular function

49
Q

Organism =

A

an individual plant or animal

50
Q

Where are the products of digestion absorbed into?

A

bloodstream in small intestine

51
Q

What is the human small intestine covered in?

A

microvilli

52
Q

Do the small intestine have a thick or thin membrane?

A

thin

53
Q

What happens to molecules in the small intestine that cannot be absorbed by diffusion?

A

absorbed by active transport

54
Q

What are the three types of large molecules that humans digest?

A

starch, proteins and lipids (fats)

55
Q

State the enzyme, small molecule, and digestion route for starch/ carbohydrate

A

Amylase
Maltose/ simple sugars
Mouth, pancreas, small intestine

56
Q

State the enzyme, small molecule, and digestion route for proteins

A

Protease
Amino acids
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

57
Q

State the enzyme, small molecule, and digestion route for lipids

A

Lipase
Glycerol and fatty acids
Pancreas, small intestine

58
Q

Where is bile produced, stored, and released?

A

produced in liver
stored in the gall bladder
released in the small intestine

59
Q

What is the job of bile?

A

speed up digestion of lipids

60
Q

What is the problem with single circulatory system?

A

blood travels to organs slowly so it cant deliver a lot of oxygen

61
Q

What is good about a double circulatory system?

A

blood passes through the heart twice so it can travel to body cells quickly and deliver the oxygen that they need

62
Q

What type of circulatory system do humans have?

A

double

63
Q

What is the heart mostly made up of?

A

muscle tissue

64
Q

What is the job of the heart

A

to pump blood around the body

65
Q

Where are the coronary arteries?

A

branching out from the aorta and goes around heart

66
Q

Where is the pacemaker found?

A

right atrium

67
Q

What does the pacemaker do?

A

controls the natural resting heart rate

68
Q

What happens if your pacemaker stops working?

A

doctors can implant an artificial one

69
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

carries food and oxygen to the cells in the body and carries waste products to where it can be removed

70
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

71
Q

What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary artery

72
Q

What are the main components of blood vessels?

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

73
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

thick muscular walls

74
Q

In which direction and at what pressure do arteries carry blood?

A

very high pressure from the heart to other organs in the body

75
Q

Describe the structure of the veins

A

thin walls and valves

76
Q

In which direction and at what pressure do veins carry blood?

A

low pressure to heart

77
Q

What is the purpose of valves

A

to stop blood flowing backward in veins

78
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

It has a nucleus
thin walls only 1 cell thick
smallest part of blood vessels

79
Q

Describe the movement of substances in the capillaries

A

Glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood to the cells
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells back to the blood

80
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

81
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of red blood cells

A

A biconcave disc that has no nucleus. Haemoglobin gives it a red colour.
Carries oxygen from lungs to the body

82
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of white blood cells

A

Has a nucleus.
Defends infection by eating pathogens.

83
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of platelets

A

No nucleus
Helps blood clot at wound

84
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of plasma.

A

No nucleus.
The liquid that carries everything

85
Q

What is a stent used for?

A

If coronary arteries get blocked by fatty material then a stent can be put in to keep it open.

86
Q

What are statins used for?

A

Reduces cholesterol levels

87
Q

What are lungs protected by?

A

ribcage

88
Q

What happens to the air you breathe?

A

goes through trachea and splits into two tubes - bronchi and bronchioles

89
Q

What do lungs contain?

A

millions of air sacks called alveoli

90
Q

Describe aerobic respiration and where it takes place

A

with oxygen
mitochondria

91
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration and where it takes place

A

without oxygen
cytoplasm

92
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

lower concentration so water will enter the cell (hypothermia)

93
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

same concentration in and out of the cell so no net movement

94
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

higher concentration so water will leave the cell
(hyper = high)

95
Q

Good health =

A

a state of physical and mental wellbeing

96
Q

Pathogen =

A

a microorganism that causes disease

97
Q

What are the four main types of pathogens?

A

virus
bacteria
fungi
protists

98
Q

What are the different types of stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
Plant meristem cells

99
Q

What are advantages of using plant meristems?

A

Rare species can be cloned and plants with special features can be cloned

100
Q

Independent variable =

A

thing you change each time

101
Q

Dependent variable =

A

thing you measure

102
Q

Control variable

A

Thing you keep the same

103
Q

What factors affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?

A

pH and temperature

104
Q

What do you use to test for starch and what is the positive result?

A

Iodine
Blue/black

105
Q

What do you use to test for protein and what is the positive result?

A

Biuret
Purple

106
Q

What do you use to test for fat and what is the positive result?

A

Emulsion
Cloudy

107
Q

What do you use to test for sugar and what is the positive result?

A

Benedicts
Red

Science (6 decks)

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