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Science > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What does the radius of an atom equal?

A

0.1 nanometres

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2
Q

In an atom, what does the nucleus contain?

A

protons and neutrons

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3
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

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4
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

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5
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

0

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6
Q

Charge of a proton?

A

+1

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7
Q

Charge of a neutron?

A

0

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8
Q

Charge of an electron?

A

-1

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9
Q

In an atom, the number of protons is equal to…

A

number of electrons

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10
Q

If an ion has a 2- charge, does it have more electrons or protons?

A

electrons

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11
Q

If an ion has 3+ charge, does it have more electrons or protons?

A

protons

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12
Q

On an element nuclear symbol, what does the top number represent?

A

Mass number

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13
Q

What two things add up to make the mass number of an element?

A

protons + neutrons

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14
Q

On an element nuclear symbol, what does the bottom number represent?

A

atomic number

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15
Q

What is the atomic number equal to?

A

amount of protons

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16
Q

How do you work out the number of neutrons from an element’s nuclear symbol?

A

mass number - atomic number

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17
Q

Element =

A

A substance made up of only one type of atom and has the same number of protons in the nucleus each time.

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18
Q

Isotopes =

A

Different forms of the same element. Same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

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19
Q

Relative atomic mass =

A

sum of (isotope abundance x isotope mass number)
_
sum of abundance of all isotopes

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20
Q

Compound =

A

two or more different elements chemically combined

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21
Q

What is ionic bonding and how do you do it?

A

When a compound is formed from a metal + a non-metal. The metal atom loses electrons to form positive ions. Non-metal gains electrons to form negative ions. Opposite charges are strongly attracted.

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22
Q

What is an example of ionic bonding?

A

Sodium chloride and magnesium oxide

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23
Q

What is covalent bonding and how do you do it?

A

When a compound is formed from a non-metal + a non-metal. Each atom shares an electron with another atom

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24
Q

What is an example of covalent bonding?

A

Water and carbon monoxide

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25
Q

Approximately, how many elements are in the periodic table?

A

100

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26
Q

Mixtures =

A

different elements or compounds that are not chemically combined.

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27
Q

What do you need to do to go from a compound to an element? + give examples

A

Use a chemical reaction like reduction or electrolysis

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28
Q

What do you need to do to separate a mixture? + give examples

A

Use a physical separation technique like filtration, distillation, crystallization or chromatography.

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29
Q

Molecule =

A

two or more elements that are the same or different, chemically combined

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30
Q

What does filtration separate?

A

an insoluble solid from a liquid

31
Q

What does crystalisation seperate?

A

soluble solid from a liquid (not keeping the liquid)

32
Q

What does simple distillation seperate?

A

soluble solid from a liquid (keeping the liquid)

33
Q

What does fractional distillation seperate?

A

different liquids that have different boling points

34
Q

What does chromatography seperate?

A

different substances based on their different solubilities

35
Q

Describe how to do filtration and the end result
(write on whiteboard)

A

1) Fold filter paper into a cone shape
2) Hang your filter paper over the top of a beaker
3) Pour liquid into filter paper

The liquid will pass through the filter paper’s tiny pores into the beaker. The liquid caught at the bottom is the filtrate. The solid material cannot pass through and is left in the filter paper.

36
Q

Describe how to do crystallisation
(write on whiteboard)

A

There are 2 ways to make it happen:
1st way) Leave the solution for a few days and the liquid will evaporate and leave behind solid crystals.
2nd way) (quicker way) Gently heat the solution to evaporate water.
The 2nd way is quicker but certain chemicals will break down if heated so it is better to let evaporation happen on its own.

37
Q

Describe how to do chromatography
(write on whiteboard)

A

1) Grab a piece of chromatography paper and draw a pencil line near the bottom.
2) Draw dots on the line with the colours you are testing
3) Place the bottom of the paper in a solvent.
4) The solvent will make its way up the paper and dissolve the ink of dots which now start to move up the paper
5) If the colour was pure: then there will only be 1 dot of colour. If the colour wasn’t pure: then it must be a mixture of colours and all these colours will be shown in dots.

38
Q

When doing chromatography, why do we draw the line in pencil not pen?

A

so the pen doesn’t dissolve

38
Q

How do we do fractional distillation?
(write on whiteboard)

A

1) Put your mixture into a flask and stick a fractionating column on top
2) Place heat under the flask.
3) Different liquids have different boiling points so they will evaporate at different temperatures.
4) The liquid with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first. When the temperature of the thermometer matches the boiling point of the liquid, it will reach the top of the column.
5) Liquids with higher boiling points will also start to evaporate but the column is cooler at the top so they will only get part-way before condensing and running back down to the flask.
6) The liquid with the lower boiling point will pass through the condenser into a beaker waiting.
7) When all of the first liquid has been collected, raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top and passes through the condenser into a fresh breaker.

39
Q

Describe how to carry out simple distillation and the final result.
(write on whiteboard)

A

1) Heat the liquid in flask. This will start to evaporate and turn into vapour.
2) Vapour rises up the glass tube.
3) Thermometer reading increases.
4) Vapour passes into the condenser
5) The cold water from the condenser causes the vapour to condense which turns back to a liquid as it passes through.
6) Liquids collect in a beaker at the bottom

Crystals of the solid are left in a flask and the liquid is collected in a beaker.

40
Q

How did scientists carry out the alpha scattering experiment?
(write on whiteboard)

A

1) Take a piece of gold foil and fire tiny alpha particles at the foil.
2) Most of the particles travelled straight through the foil without changing direction, but sometimes they were deflected or bounced off.
3) This proves the plum pudding model wrong and therefore is the start of creating the nuclear model

41
Q

What did the alpha scattering experiment prove?
(write on whiteboard)

A

That the plum pudding model is wrong because most particles traveled straight through without changing direction which shows atoms are mostly empty space.
Deflected particles show there must be a positive atom (nucleus) in the centre of the atom.
Bounced-back particles show an atom contains a great deal of mass.
The plum pudding model now gets replaced with the nuclear model.

42
Q

Describe how to do evaporation
(write on whiteboard)

A

1) Pour the solution into an evaporating dish
2) Slowly heat solution
3) The solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated.
4) Eventually crystals will start to form
5) Keep heating the dish until all you have left is dry crystals.

43
Q

What does evaporation seperate?

A

Soluble salt from a solution but you can only use it if the salt doesn’t decompose when heated. Otherwise, you’ll have to use crystallisation.

44
Q

Who and when conducted the alpha particle scattering experiment?

A

Ernest Rutherford in 1909

45
Q

Who created the nuclear model?

A

Niels Bohr

46
Q

Who created the periodic table?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

47
Q

How is the periodic table organised?

A

increasing atomic number

48
Q

Do metals form positive or negative ions?

A

positive

49
Q

Do non-metals form positive or negative ions?

A

negative

50
Q

As you go down group 1, does reactivity increase or decrease?

A

increases

51
Q

As you go down group 7, does reactivity increase or decrease?

A

decrease

52
Q

As you go down group 7, do melting and boiling points increase or decrease?

A

increase

53
Q

As you go down group 7, do relative atomic masses increase or decrease?

A

increase

54
Q

As you go down group 0, do boiling points increase or decrease?

A

increase

55
Q

What are the elements in group 1 called?

A

alkali metals

56
Q

What are the elements in group 7 called?

A

halogens

57
Q

What are the elements in group 0 called?

A

noble gases

58
Q

As you go down group 0, do relative atomic masses increase or decrease?

A

increase

59
Q

what is an ion?

A

charged particles

60
Q

What happens to get from solid to liquid?

A

melting

61
Q

What happens to get from liquid to solid?

A

freezing

62
Q

What happens to get from liquid to gas?

A

boiling

63
Q

What happens to get from gas to liquid?

A

condensing

64
Q

What happens to get from solid to gas?

A

sublimation

65
Q

What was the order of atom discovery?

A

electron, proton, neutron

66
Q

Who discovered the electron and the plum pudding model?

A

JJ Thompson

67
Q

Who discovered the proton and the gold foil experiment?

A

Ernest Rutherford

68
Q

Who discovered the neutron?

A

James Chadwick

69
Q

Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in the table?

A

As the elements hadn’t been discovered yet

70
Q

How did Mendeleev order the periodic table?

A

Increasing atomic weight

71
Q

How do we order the periodic table now?

A

Increasing atomic (proton) number

72
Q

Put nucleus, chromosome, gene, and cell in order starting from smallest

A

Gene, chromosome, nucleus, cell

73
Q
A

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