Physics

Question 1

Periodic Table (Group x Period) 1-20번까지!

Answer 1

1 수헬
2 리베붕탄질예쁘네
3 나만알지펩시콜라
4 크카

H 수소 Hydrogen
He 헬륨 Helium
Li 리튬 Lithium
Be 베릴륨 Beryllium
B 붕소 Boron
C 탄소 Carbon
N 질소 Nitrogen
O 산소 Oxygen
F 플루오린 Fluorine
Ne 네온 Neon
Na 소듐 Sodium
Mg 마그네슘 Magnesium
Al 알루미늄 Aluminium
Si 규소 Silicon
P 인 Phosphorus
S 황 Sulfur
Cl 염소 Chlorine
Ar 아르곤 Argon
K 칼륨 Potasium
Ca 칼슘 Calsium

Question 2

kWh, kJ, kCal 변환

Answer 2

1kWh = 3,600kJ = 860kCal

1kWh = 3.6mJ
1MWh = 3,600mJ

Question 3

BTU, kJ 변환

Answer 3

0.95BTU = 1KJ

Question 4

Electrochemistry

Electrolytic conductors에서 energy carrier?

Metal의 energy carrier?

Answer 4

Ions

Electrons

Question 5

Electrode 의 종류는?

Answer 5

전극의 종류
양극 Anode
음극 Cathode

Question 6

Energy conversion

Efficiency와 Capacity의 수식
그리고 net, gross 차이는?

Answer 6

Efficiency @ point in time = Electrical output/ heat input (fuel power)

Capacity @ period of time = (Electrical output + Heat Extraction) / heat input (fuel energy)

net, gross 차이는 self-consumption 유무

Question 7

High conversion efficiency 에너지는?

Answer 7

Energy with a high proportion of exergy can be converted into 고효율에너지

In general, mechanical and electrical energy

Question 8

전류 공식

Answer 8

I = Q / t
I = U / R

Question 9

전하의 denotion 과 단위, 공식

Answer 9

Q (quantity of electricity)
Coulomb

공식은 없지만 1A = 1C/s

Question 10

7 GHGs included in LCA

Answer 10

Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 이산화탄소
Methane (CH4), 메탄
Nitrous Oxide (N2O), 아산화질소
Hydro-Fluorocarbons (HFC), 걍 HFC
Perflurocarbons (PFC), 걍 PFC
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6), 육플루오르화황ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ
Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) - Kyoto Protocol에서 정한거보다 +1

Question 11

1kg OE, 1kg CE 변환

Answer 11

1kg OE = 10k kcal (10,000 kcal)
1kg CE (coal equivalent) = 7k kCal

Question 12

Oil 단위

Answer 12

barrels (bbl)
1 bbl = 159 l = ca. 0.136t

Question 13

Gas 단위

Answer 13

1 cubic feet / day = 10.34 mˆ3/year

Question 14

단위 변환 - 와트를 질량으로

Answer 14

1W = 1 N * m / s
1N = kg * m / s^2
따라서 1W = 1 kg * m^2 / s^3
1GW = 10^9 W

Question 15

지구의 구성성분,

그리고 petroleum geologists에게 가장 중요한 성분을 두가지로 나누어서 설명

Answer 15

Crust(지각), Mantle(맨틀), Core(핵)

Oceanic crust: thin, heavy rock formed as molten rock (magma) cools

Continental crust: thick, rel. lighter rock. Continuosly changing & moving due to 2 major forces of nature; orogeny (조산운동) & weathering

Orogeny: plate tectonics (지질학) & volcanism 지각변동에 의해 layers of the crust are folded and pushed upward 되는 과정.

Weathering & Erosion: opposing forces in which the sediments are broken down and transported.

Question 16

Mineral resources를 크게 두가지로, 그리고 그 둘을 세부적으로 구분하고 예시를 들기

Answer 16

1. Fossil fuels ˜= Geo-energy resources
   - Coal: anthracite (무연탄), bitumen (아스팔트), subbituminous coal, lignite
   - Crude oil
   - Natural Gas
2. Non-fuel minerals
   - Metallic: gold, silver, tin, copper
   - Non-metallic: sand, gypsum(석고), halite (암염)

Question 17

Oil & Gas Windows

Kerogen types에 따라 4가지 종류로 구분되는데, 이들은 지속적으로 압력과 온도의 변화를 겪으며 3가지 단계로 구분된다.

Answer 17

Diagenesis
Catagenesis
Metagenesis

Question 18

CHP
CCGT
CCS
ETS

stand for?

Answer 18

Combined Heat and Power (열병합발전)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (가스터빈 연소 사이클)
Carbon Capture and Storage (탄소포집 및 저장)
Emissions Trading System

Question 19

공급 유형에 따른 계통, 발전기 용량

Answer 19

(Transmission) EHV: Grid 380kV or 220kV, 발전기 용량 200MW - 1,600MW

(Distribution) HV: Grid 60 - 110kV, 발전기 용량 20MW - 200MW

(Distribution) MV: Grid 6 - 30kV, 발전기 0.5MW - 20MW

(Distribution) LV: Grid 230V - 430V, 발전기 0.5MW 이하

Question 20

독일 TSO 4곳

Answer 20

Tennet, Amprion, Transnet BW, 50Hertz

Question 21

오일 파이프라인의 재활용 가능성

Answer 21

Oil 은 헤비하게 클리닝을 해야하고, 노화된게 많아서 (90년대 것 부턴 사용가능) 전체의 30% 가량만 재활용 가능.

Question 22

열역학 제 1법칙

서술, 공식

Answer 22

열과 일은 등가이다 (“Principle of conservation of energy”)

Δu(내부에너지변화) = Q(열) - W(일)

Energy of a constant mass can neither be “produced” nor “destroyed”, it is conserved.

Energy balance equation for open systems: (mass 가 변할때) E = Epot + Ekin + U = constant

The change in energy of an open system is equal to the sum of supplied or discharged work and heat, plus the energy of the supplied and extracted mass.

Question 23

열역학 제2법칙

서술, 공식

Answer 23

엔트로피 증가의 법칙. 열이 높은곳에서 낮은곳으로 이동한다.
“It is never possible to convert anergy into exergy.”
“All natural processes are irreversible. Reversible processes are nothing else then idealized boarder line cases of irreversible processes.”

ΔS(엔트로피) = Q(열량) / T(온도)
Entropy S: A state variable for quantitative measurement of irreversibility.

Question 24

Carnot-Efficiency

Answer 24

Maxium efficiency at given temperature. (For reversible process Sirr = 0, the thermal efficiecny equals the ideal Carnot-efficiency).

Question 25

SDG 7

Answer 25

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Keywords: Share of renewables, Energy efficiency, Financial flows

Question 26

SDG 11

Answer 26

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Keywords: Urban population, public transport, air pollution

Question 27

SDG 13

Answer 27

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Keywords: Natural disaster, Investment in fossil fuels

Question 28

What is the sustainable development?

Answer 28

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Brundtland Report in 1987

Question 29

Cumulative Energy Demand 계산방식에서,

System boundaries 를 정의하기 위해 System, Surroundings, Boundary를 각각 정의하시오.

Answer 29

System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study

Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system

Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings.

Question 30

CED 계산 방식에서, 분석을 진행하기 위해 Process 와 Process chain 이 무엇인지 정의하시오.

Answer 30

Cumulative Energy Demand

Process: The activity of using resources to enable the transformation of inputs into outputs.

Process chain: A process chain illustrates the processes, as part of a system, and the relations between them.

Question 31

CED 계산 방식에서 functional unit이란 무엇인가

Answer 31

A functional unit is a quantified description of the function of a product. It serves as reference basis for all calculations regarding the impact assessment. (e.g. 1 l of red wine, 1 kWh, 6000h of lightening with 1000 lumen)

Question 32

LCA에서 model이란?

Answer 32

A simplification of reality

Question 33

LCA란 conversion of inventory analysis results to common units and the aggregation of the converted results within the same impact category.에서 impact category란?

Answer 33

Life-Cycle Assessment

An impact category is a “class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned.”

Question 34

핵분열과 핵융합 각각 영어로?

Answer 34

핵분열: Nuclear Fission
핵융합: Nuclear Fusion

Question 35

핵분열 원리 설명

Answer 35

핵분열은 말 그대로 하나의 무거운 원소를 분열시키며 에너지를 만들고, 핵융합은 가벼운 원소들이 융합하면서 에너지를 만든다.

이중 핵분열은 우리가 잘 알고 있는 원자력 발전의 원리가 된다. 이를 위해선 무거운 원자핵(우라늄)이 외부에서 낮은 에너지를 가진 중성자(열중성자)와 충돌하는 과정이 필요하다. 중성자와 충돌한 원자핵은 각기 다른 원자핵 2개로 분열되며 중성자 2~3개와 막대한 에너지를 방출하게 되고, 이 에너지로 물을 끓여 터빈을 돌리는 방식으로 ‘원자력발전’이 이뤄진다.

핵분열과 핵융합 모두 막대한 에너지 획득이 가능하면서도 탄소배출이 없다는 장점이 있다. 대신 핵분열의 경우 방사성 폐기물이 발생하므로 높은 수준의 관리가 필요하다

Question 36

핵융합 원리 설명

Answer 36

수소와 같은 가벼운 원소(element)들이 합쳐지는 과정이다. 이들 원자핵을 초고온으로 가열시키면 원자핵 간 거리가 가까워지며 강한 핵력에 의해 결합하게 된다. 이 과정에서 역시 어마어마한 에너지가 발생한다. 태양이 내뿜는 엄청난 에너지가 바로 이 핵융합을 통해 만들어진다.

Question 37

Impact category의 뜻과 commonly used 예시

Answer 37

An impact category is a class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned.

• greenhous gas emissions/ global warming
• stratespheric ozone depletion
• acidification
• eutrophication
• photochemical ozon formation
• land use impacts
• water use impacts
• Resource depletion
• Depletion of energy carriers
• Human- and eco-toxicity

Question 38

Geothermal - from Potential to Reserve 설명하시오

Answer 38

Volcanic crater (화산분화구)로부터 얼마간 떨어진 거리에 Fumarole (화산 분기공), CI Spring (Clorine Isotope spring) 몇개로 Probable Resource 범위를 규정 –> 그 안에서 Proven Reserve가 Well

Question 39

Earth’s crust: 3 basic rock types

Answer 39

1. Igneous rocks: granite, basalt
2. Metamorphic rocks: slate, marble
3. Sedimentary rocks: limestone, sandstone, clay

Question 40

Exergy 의 정의와, exergy 관점에서 electric heater를 설명하시오.

Answer 40

전기는 100% exergy임 (그래서 가스보다 5배 비쌈). Exergy란 the capacity of energy to be transformed into any other form of energy i.e. to do physical work.

그런데 전기 히터에서 heat은 mechanical energy로 transformed 되었을 때 이미 lower quality 임. Only very little output of heat can be subsequently used to perform work 하기 때문에 an electric heater has a low exergy output.

Question 41

Wind energy 의 conversion chain?

Answer 41

ƞ

Mechanical energy in wind (P_Wind= 1/2 m v^2)

Mechanical energy in the rotor (P_Rotor=P_Wind * Power coefficient)

Mechanical energy in the shaft (Effieiciency Eta ƞ_el : Aerodynamic rotor losses and mechanical losses in bearings and gears)

Electrical energy (P_electrical power = P_Rotor * Efficiency_el)

Question 42

손실 전력을 최소화 하는 법

Answer 42

손실전력을 줄인다 = 전압을 높인다.

1.송전선의 저항을 줄인다.
1) 저항이 작은 송전선 사용 (e.g. Ag 은.. 너무 비쌈)
2) 도선 굵기를 굵게.

2. 송전 전류의 세기를 줄인다.
   P = Iˆ2R (Joule’s law) 에서 I을 줄이는거고,
   P가 그대로인상태에서 P=UI (Ohm’s law)인데 I이 줄면 U는 늘어나는것. 따라서 전압이 높고 손실전력이 낮은상황 설명. (전압이 높을수록 전력손실이 줄어드니까).

Question 43

전자기 유도: “reverse”effect by Lorentz force

Answer 43

3차원 공간에서 전기력도 받고 자기력도 받으니 생기는 힘.

Movement of a magnet in a coil induces a voltage: magnetic field and electrons are in motion relative to each other, charges are seperated by Lorentz force.

(N극 가면 가지말라고 S극으로 변화, N극 오면 오지말라고 N극으로 변화)

With constant polarity: charges are always deflected in the same direction –> direct current (DC)

With alternating polarity: charges are deflected in different directions –> Alternating current (AC)

Question 44

Fuel cells 프로세스 설명

Answer 44

결론은 hydrogen 과 oxygen (“cold combustion”)을 통해 열과 전기를 생산하는 것.

Hydrogen 이 Anode (negative pole)와 만나면 electrons과 protons로 분리됨.

중간에는 nickel 이나 platinum으로 코팅된 ion-permeable membrane인 electrolyte로 분리되어 있고.

Protons이 electrolyte를 지나 cathode (positive pole)에 도착하면 주입된 산소와 electron들과 함께 결합해서 물과 열을 생산함.

Question 45

히트펌프 원리와 프로세스 설명

Answer 45

(액체상태에서 기체상태로 쉽게 변할수 있는 냉매를 활용하여 주변의 열을 흡수하도록 하는것)

A heat pump is a machine that generates heating energy from a low-temperature heat source using an electrically driven compressor.

압축기(Compressor)에서 나온 고온, 고압의 냉매(Refrigerant)가 응축기(Condenser coil)에서 로 가고, 압력을 낮춰서 온도가 낮은 액체가 됨. 이때 표면에서 열이 방출됨.

저온,저압의 냉매는 증발기(Expansion valve)로 넘어가서 주변의 온도를 뺏으며 기체상태가 됨. 이때문에 냉장고 전체가 시원해짐. 증발기에서 나온 기체는 압축기로 되돌아감.

Question 46

Biomass의 정의와 기본 원리 설명하셈

Answer 46

The term Biomass is used for all materials of organic origin, i.e.
living matter (trees)
products derived from it (paper)
wastes (straw, manure).

Biomass thus inclues:
- plant and animal matter (primary biomass)
- all wastes and by-products (secondary biomass)
- products derived from them through one or more conversion steps (tertiary biomass)

through Photosynthesis

Sustainable

1) Basic material: crops (miscanthus, bamboo), agri crops (corn, soybean), aquatic crops (algae)

2) Processes: Fermentation Drying, Processing Biomass gasification, Biomass-to-Liquid

3) Products: Vegie oils, Logs, Wood pellets, Stalk-type fules, Biogas, Biodiesel, Bioethanol

4) Utilization: Fuel

Question 47

Biomass 에서 energy crops 분류

Answer 47

1) Conversion into gaseous bioenergy sources: Biogas for electricity and heat production

2) Conversion to liquid bioenergy sources: biofuels and heating fuels

3) Use as a solid bioenergy source: Combustion or thermochemical gasification

Question 48

Biomass 에서 Biomaterials 분류

Answer 48

Bioplastics
Natural fiber reinforced plastics
Wood-Plastic-Composites

Question 49

Biomass에서 중요하게 다뤄지는 이슈들

Answer 49

• Tank-and-plate controversy (그땅으로 농사지으면 되지않냐)
• Land use issues
• Monocultural production (loss of biodiversity)
• Imports of biomass from other countries
• Using biomass as a quasi Co2-material fuel or as CO2-absorbing sink?

Question 50

Tidal energy의 컨셉, 그리고 원리 두가지 설명

Answer 50

Conversion of the potentials between wave crest and wave trough into electricity

원리
Pneumatic chamber: 파도에 따라 들어오는 물의 양이 달라지면서 공기의 압력을 통해 터빈을 돌림. Usually to be combined with storage.

Sea snake: 컨테이너 여러개 이은 정션에서 motion이 hydraulics and generator로 인해 전기로 변환

Question 51

EBITDA 설명

Answer 51

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortisation

바텐팔 Income statement 에는 EBITDA + Impairment (자산가치의 손실, 감손) 고려하고 있음.

Question 52

감가와 상각의 차이 구분

Answer 52

적용 대상이 다르다.

Depreciation은 유형자산 (잔존자산이 있으니)
Amortisation은 무형자산 (잔존자산 없음)
Depletion은 Natural resources에 적용한다.

유형자산은 구매 초기에 가치 하락폭이 더 크고, 무형자산은 일정하게 하락한다.

Question 53

Capital Asset Pricing Model 의 수식 정리하시오

Answer 53

Expected Return on asset j = Risk-free rate + Beta * Market risk premium

r_Eq_j = i + (r_M - i) * beta_j

beta_j = cov (r_j, r_M) / var (r_M) = asset specific risk

Question 54

Minimum cooling capacity of the condenser 구하라면 뭐하라는 걸까

Answer 54

Q_out을 구하라는 것.

Q_out = Q_in + P_p - abs(P_t)
(Qin - Qout + Pin - Pout = 0이니까)

그럼 Q_in에 효율 곱해서, P_p에 효율 곱해서, P_t터빈은 고대로 빼주면 됨.

Question 55

분명한 목적의식이 당신을 이끌지 않는다면, 당신은 눈에 보이고, 당장 성취할 수 있으며, 당신에게 정말로 중요하지는 않은 것을 얻는 데에 당신의 시간과 에너지를 낭비해버릴 가능성이 높기 때문입니다.

Answer 55

If you’re not guided by a clear sense of purpose, you’re likely to fritter away your time and energy on obtaining the most tangible, short-term signs of achievement, not what’s really important to you.

Question 56

한계비용에 집중하는 것은 기업의 좋지 않은 판단을 초래하는 한편, 사람들 까지도 길을 잃게 만들 수 있다. 이번 한번만 옳지 않게 행동하는 것의 한계 비용은 언제나 매력적이게도 낮게 보인다. 그 결과가 어떤 길로 이끌지 당신은 보지 않는다. 핵심은 당신이 무엇을 지지하느냐, 그리고 어디까지를 안전한 곳으로 지정하느냐를 정의하는 것이다.

Answer 56

And just as a focus on marginal costs can cause bad corporate decisions, it can lead people astray. The marginal cost of doing something wrong “just this once” always seems alluringly low. You don’t see the end result to which that path leads. The key is to define what you stand for and draw the line in a safe place

Question 57

설득력있는

Answer 57

On the last day of class, I ask my students to turn those theoretical lenses on themselves, to find cogent answers to three questions

Question 58

경향

Answer 58

People who are driven to excel have this unconscious propensity to underinvest in their families and overinvest in their careers—even though intimate and loving relationships with their families are the most powerful and enduring source of happiness.

Question 59

필요한 협력을 이끌어내기 위해 어떤 툴을 휘둘러야 하는지를 아는 것은 근본적인 매니징 스킬이다.

Answer 59

Knowing what tools to wield to elicit the needed cooperation is a critical managerial skill.

Question 60

among others 라틴어

Answer 60

inter alios

Question 61

unequivocally

Answer 61

명백히, 분명히

in a way that is total, or expressed very clearly with no doubt:

She unequivocally denied the allegations.
He unequivocally ruled out the possibility of military intervention.

Question 62

purport to

Answer 62

(사실이 아닐수도 있는것을) 주장하다, 요지

They purport to represent the wishes of the majority of parents at the school.

The study purports to show an increase in the incidence of the disease.

The tape recording purports to be of a conversation between the princess and a secret admirer.

Question 63

plausible

Answer 63

그럴듯한/ 그럴듯하게 구는

seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed:

a plausible explanation/excuse

Question 64

invalidate

Answer 64

(생각·주장 등이) 틀렸음을 입증하다
(서류·계약·선거 등을) 무효화하다

A few minor factual errors should not invalidate the theory.

Question 65

without prejudice

Answer 65

다른 어떤 권리를 침해하지 않는다는 의미.
소송에서 사용하지못하도록 넣는 문구.

without prejudice save as to costs는 법원이 사건 자체에 판결을 내릴때까지만 적용되고, 비용 정산에는 적용되지 않는다.

Question 66

repudiate

Answer 66

거부하다, 물리치다 (=reject)
(공식적으로) 부인하다 (=deny)
구식 (사람과) 절연하다, (아내를[와]) 버리다[이혼하다]

He repudiated the allegation/charge/claim that he had tried to deceive them.

I utterly repudiate those remarks.

Question 67

간접적으로,
뭐든지 비교군을 같게 잡았을 때 (전년동기대비 등)
두가지 단어

Answer 67

Over the next decade, more powerful offshore will bring a host of knock-on cost reductions.

We anticipate offshore wind capex to drop by a quarter by 2030 on a like-for-like basis.

Question 68

ibid.

Answer 68

ibidem의 약자로 바로 앞과 동일하단 뜻 (in the same place)

Question 69

op. cit

Answer 69

opus citatum 중간에 다른논문 인용했었지만 앞에서 인용된 논문일때

Question 70

On closer observation, it can be seen that the share of state
funding vis-à-vis the total funding volume is, however, falling

Answer 70

vis-à-vis ~에 비하여

Question 71

외인성의 <> 내인성의

Answer 71

exogenous [엑서-제너스], endogenous [엔더-제너스]

Question 72

2,3,4,5배의

Answer 72

double, triple, quadraple, quintuple

Question 73

장점을 내세우다, 홍보하다, 암표상

불어: 간단히 말해, 더할것도 없이

(일부러) 애매하게 만들다, 혼란스럽게 만들다

Answer 73

Whether you call it propaganda or greenwashing, companies have long used marketing to tout the good they do for the environment while obfuscating any negative externalities of their businesses.

tout court [투 쿠어]

Question 74

급증, 확산

몹시,강렬히

Answer 74

However, thanks to the rise of the internet and social media and the proliferation of data on ESG performance, consumers (and employees) are now acutely aware of whether organizations are actually practicing what they preach.

Question 75

만들다, 주조하다

질책하다, 꾸짖다

Answer 75

The term greenwashing was coined by environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986 as a rebuke to companies that claimed to be environmentally friendly without offering any evidence to back up their claims.

Question 76

격식 (사실이 아닐지도 모르지만) …라고 알려진[진술된]

이면의,숨은

Answer 76

Its purported mission was to encourage environmental stewardship, but the ulterior motive seems to have been to shift the blame for plastic waste pollution from the companies to their customers.

Question 77

요긴한 것

Answer 77

boon

The move was a PR boon for these companies, but more importantly, a significant win for the planet.

Question 78

하락세의, 상승세의

Answer 78

하락 bearish,
상승 bullish

Question 79

은폐하다, 단속하다

후퇴하다

Answer 79

But a mild weather outlook with continued strong renewable generation will likely keep a lid on emissions, with few signs of recovery for industrial sectors and aviation emissions retreating from summer holiday highs.

Question 80

꺾다

Answer 80

Although power sector emissions will likely be dampened by prolonged low demand, mild weather and strong renewables output, there are some upside risks from prolonged nuclear plant outages, conservative hydropower generation and gas supply uncertainties.

Question 81

부진한

Answer 81

The outlook for industrial sectors continues to look sluggish on weak output and energy cost uncertainties.

Question 82

(하던 일을 힘들더라도) 그대로 계속하다[끝까지 버티다]

둔화되다

Answer 82

Aviation emissions are expected to stay the course for their pandemic recovery, but at a decelerated pace after the summer holiday season - and their impact on EUA (EU Emissions Allowances) demand will be buffered by the addition of 2.7 mil free aviation allowances for 2023.

Question 83

약간의 증가

Answer 83

Power generation has reduced by 19% month-on-month in August to date despite an expected uptick because of high summer temperatures.

Question 84

대체 가능한

Answer 84

Rising aviation emissions come just as free allocation is set to be phased out for the sector, pushing up airlines’ hedging activity and raising demand for EUAs, as EUAs and EUAAs (aviation allowances) are fully fungible.

Question 85

진압하다, 가라앉히다

위기에 시달리는 –> 위기에 시달리는지 알쏭달쏭한

스미다, 배다

Answer 85

Pries for European energy commodities remain subdued compared to the crisis-riddled 2022 but have shown a slight inclide in August. This is particularly the case for natural gas, whose price swings have seeped into the price of EUAs.

Question 86

(단단한 표면을 세게 쳐서) 움푹 들어가게 만들다[찌그러뜨리다], (자신감·명성 등을) 훼손하다

Answer 86

Low demand, strong renewables dent power sector emissions

Question 87

부글부글하는, 당장이라도 폭발할 것 같은

가마솥

Answer 87

A simmering cauldron of renewables ‘revenue cannibalization’

Question 88

약해지다, 차츰 잦아들다

반박하다

Answer 88

Keynes’s influence started to wane in the 1970s, partly as a result of the stagflation that plagued the Anglo-American economies during that decade, and partly because of criticism of Keynesian policies by Milton Friedman and other monetarists, who disputed the ability of government to favourably regulate the business cycle with fiscal policy.

Question 89

도래, 출현

재기, 부활

Answer 89

The advent of the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 sparked a resurgence in Keynesian thought.

Question 90

지주, 받침대

Answer 90

Keynesian economics provided the theoretical underpinning for economic policies undertaken in response to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 by President Barack Obama of the United States, Prime Minister Gordon Brown of the United Kingdom, and other heads of governments.

Question 91

자유방임주의

Answer 91

Keynes’ father was an advocate of laissez-faire economics, an economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

Question 92

선봉/선두지휘하다

Answer 92

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands.

Question 93

흔히 못마땅함 엄격한, 융통성 없는 (=inflexible), 뻣뻣한, 단단한, 잘 휘지[구부러지지] 않는

(공 등이 어떤 것을 치고) 다시 튀어나오다[튀어오르다], 격식 (남을 노리고 한 행동의 나쁜 결과가 자기에게로) 되돌아오다 (=backfire), 명사 스포츠 (공이) 다시 튀어나옴[튀어 오름]

Answer 93

since wages and labour costs are rigid downwards the economy will not automatically rebound to full employment.

Question 94

(특정 화가·음악가·작가의) 대표작[최고작]

Answer 94

He detailed these ideas in his magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in early 1936.

Question 95

파생물, 분파, 전문 용어 새 나뭇가지[줄기], 분지(分枝)

Answer 95

One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, he produced writings that are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots.

Question 96

농노 제도, 농노의 신분

Answer 96

His most popular work, The Road to Serfdom, has been republished many times over the eight decades since its original publication.

Question 97

포상, 칭찬

Answer 97

Ostrom was awarded the accolade for her research analyzing economic governance, with a focus on managing finite resources, referred to as “commons,” within a community.
[ˈækəleɪd ]

Question 98

석좌교수(碩座敎授): 기업 이나 개인이 기부한 기금으로 연구활동을 하도록 대학에서 지정된 교수나 탁월한 연구업적 또는 사회활동을 통해 국내 및 국제적으로 명성이 있는 사람을 선임하여 특별재원으로 임용한 교수

Answer 98

She was a Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science and co-director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, as well as research professor and the founding director of the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona State University in Tempe.

Question 99

경제 쥐글라 사이클순환. (또는 májor cycle)

Answer 99

Juglars [8-10-year business cycles]

Question 100

콘트라티에프 순환(약 50년 주기의 장기순환(장기파동); 키친 순환(Kitchin cycle), 쥐글라 순환(Juglar cycle)의 주원인이 재고·설비투자의 변동인데 비해, 콘트라티에프 순환의 주원인은 혁신(innovation)으로 생각되고 있다)

Answer 100

Kondratieff

Question 101

키친 순환, 재고(在庫) 순환(평균 40개월 주기의 경기 파동).

Answer 101

Kitchins

Question 102

간간이 끼어들다, (문장에) 구두점을 찍다

Answer 102

In Schumpeter’s analysis, the history of capitalism has been punctuated by long and short waves.

Question 103

1.
형용사 즉각적인, 지체 없는 (=immediate)

2.
형용사 신속한, 시간을 엄수하는 (=punctual)

3.
동사 (사람에게 어떤 결정을 내리도록·어떤 일이 일어나도록) 하다[촉발하다] (=provoke)

4.
동사 (질문·힌트 등을 주어 말을 하도록) 유도하다

Answer 103

A long wave is prompted by a new set of technologies and industries coming into existence.

Question 104

격언, 금언

지시된 대로 ((略 ut dict.)) [ ut-díktum ]

Answer 104

In this chapter, Schumpeter offered a new, unique insight into how economies grow, sharply deviating from the traditional economic dictums of his day, which held that markets passively tend toward equilibrium until profit margins are wiped out.

ut dictum

Question 105

연결이 안 되는, 일관성이 없는

돌연한, 갑작스러운,퉁명스러운 (=brusque, curt)

Answer 105

Instead, Schumpeter argued, economic progress is not gradual and peaceful but rather disjointed, abrupt, and sometimes unpleasant.

Question 106

누적되다, 축적되다, (금전·부채를) 누적하다[축적하다] (=accumulate)

Answer 106

Rather, the law of rent refers to the economic return that land should accrue for its use in production.

Question 107

[수학] 당나귀의 다리(asses’ bridge) ((Euclid 기하학에서 [이등변 삼각형의 두 밑각은 같다]고 하는 정리, 둔한 학생(ass)은 이해하기 곤란하다는 뜻에서))

2.
초심자를 테스트하는 설문, 초심자에게는 어려운 문제

Answer 107

[ -æ̀sənɔ́:rəm ]
pons asinorum

Question 108

패혈증 (=blood poisoning)

염증, 패혈증

Answer 108

[ ˌseptɪˈsiːmiə ]

Ricardo died at 51 from an ear infection that led to septicaemia (sepsis).

Question 109

눈이 맞아 함께 달아나다

명사 떨리는 사람[것]

2.
명사 퀘이커(프렌드회(會)(Society of Friends)의 회원, George Fox가 주(主)님의 말씀에 전율한다고 말한 데서 붙여진 속칭으로 프렌드파(派) 자체 내에서는 이 말을 쓰지 않고 Friend라고 칭하고 있음)

3.
명사 Pennsylvania 주(州) 사람(별명), (美)QUAKER GUN

유니테리언교도(삼위일체론을 부정하고 신격의 단일성을 주장하는 기독교의 한 파)

(부부간의) 별거 (기간), (관계의) 소원

Answer 109

At 21, he eloped with a Quaker and converted to Unitarianism, causing estrangement from his family.

Question 110

상업주의
못마땅함 정실(情實) 인사
선도자(격인 사람·사물), (=forerunner)

Answer 110

As a reaction to the common policy of protecting national markets and merchants, what came to be known as mercantilism—nowadays often referred to as “cronyism” or “crony capitalism”—Smith laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory. The Wealth of Nations was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics.

Question 111

자세히 설명하다

Answer 111

In this and other works, he developed the concept of division of labour and expounded upon how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity.

Question 112

합병[연합]하다[시키다] (=merge), 합치다 (=merge)

Answer 112

The EU is a creation of this concept of integration, without national sovereignty having been amalgamated.

Question 113

(특히 마지못해 소유권 등을) 포기하다[내주다] (=give up)

(국가·사업체 등의) 연합[연맹],(캐나다에서) 캐나다 연방

Answer 113

The Member States were not prepared to
relinquish the structure of their nation state — which they had only just recovered and then consolidated after the Second World War — for the benefit of a European confederation.

Question 114

(학교 등의 기관에 많은 돈을) 기부하다

Answer 114

It is also confirmed more specifically by the
establishment of institutions endowed with sovereign rights, the exercise of which affects Member States and also their citizens

Question 115

(고대 로마의) 검찰관, (후의) 재무관

Answer 115

The President, Vice-Presidents and
Quaestors (Members of the European
Parliament entrusted with administrative
and financial tasks) make up the Bureau,
which is elected by Parliament for terms
of 2.5 years.

Question 116

투표권, 선거권, 참정권

Answer 116

Following decades of efforts, a uniform electoral procedure was finally introduced by the act concerning the election of representatives of the European
Parliament by direct universal suffrage in 1976 and then fundamentally reformed by the direct elections act in 2002.

Question 117

총회의, (구성원) 전원 출석의, 제한 없는, 무조건적인
명사 총회

Answer 117

he Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg, where the 12 periods of monthly plenary sessions, including the budget session, are held.